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  1. Making Career Development an Integral Part of the Science Training System

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...undergraduate experiences, they were provided with ample resources and a positive perspective on the transition...career training approaches in a way that can be implemented widely in the community.  Talk alone is not going...resulting in concrete actions and outcomes. For example, pd|hub assembled a coalition of higher education...Sciences (NIGMS) will support the development and implementation of collections of evidence-based practices.... disseminated by “train the trainer” programs.  Please join us for the pd|hub Workshop Report Public Release...

  2. More Data for You: Find Articles Citing Addgene Plasmids

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...below the citation. An example of these "Associated Plasmids" is shown in the purple box below, where the...Now you can learn how a plasmid has been used by multiple labs and see what experimental systems it has ...right column of the plasmid page. Check out the purple arrow in the screenshot below to see what I mean...the dropdown to increase the length of the list (purple oval in the screenshot below). You can also use...

  3. Viral Vectors 101: AAV Variables That Matter

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Using AAV vectors in complex biological systems can be tricky at best, and downright infuriating at worst... that several steps in testing are effected by multiple AAV variables.    Serotypes Serotype refers...what works great in one system or cell type can completely fail in a different system (Issa et al., 2023...postsynaptic transmission (Oh et al., 2020). For example, AAV1 and AAV9 tend to spread farther from the ...Off-target expression can still occur (Fig. 3) - for example, some neurons can transiently express TH - so you..., 2010).  Second, high efficiency transduction coupled with a strong promoter, may result in overexpression...

  4. Technique: Probe Phage Genomes for Host Binding Proteins

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Viruses (5). Please refer to the paper for more details on the assay, including examples of RBPs successfully...faces as it approaches a host cell surface are complex polysaccharide structures, many of which are easily... genome amplification (by a mechanism known as multiple displacement amplification) even in the presence... of 10-20 colonies using primers bordering the multiple cloning site of the vector. In order to reduce...others in liquid culture, dilute and plate the complete library of transformants for single colonies (...

  5. Building Global Connections with the International Mentorship Program USA-EUROPE

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Mentorship Program? In an era where millions of people hold a PhD, achieving our career goals can be a...with and be inspired by the mentor’s successful example. For evidence of this, you needn’t look any further...cancer. She has guided me in my next steps. For example, how to get a fellowship to travel abroad, how ... a post-program self-assessment, participants completed follow-up self assessments and program evaluations...result directly in positive impacts on the lives of people and society. Future generations of IMP Motivating... MD, PhD, is a Board Certified neurologist and multiple sclerosis specialist, currently President and ...

  6. Developing Transferable Skills During Science Training

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...finishing your PhD or perhaps you have almost completed a postdoctoral position… or two. You have learned...less experienced grads Manage a project involving multiple scientists, create and stick to timelines Be a...collaborations to advance science faster. Help other people when you can. The colleagues you help will be future...another field maybe, and publish Join a lab that has multiple collaborations, even with Industry labs Work on...Truth About Soft Skills—Workplace Lessons Smart People Wish They’d Learned Sooner by Peggy Klaus Looking...

  7. Editor's Choice, September 2016

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...King soundtrack and writing this post, it is my pleasure to announce that we once again reached new heights...and all those who have helped edit over the past couple of months. Read on to discover what new post contributed...P1 phage. 2) The post describes an ingenious but simple technique to screen for proteins that could be .... FOP), that, while affecting a small number of people, deserves our attention and has huge potential ...Symposium Tips for Writing a Good Cover Letter Multiple Plasmids at a Low Price: Kits from Addgene Savvy...

  8. From our Table to Yours: An Inside Look at Lunch at Addgene

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...hope of accomplishing it all. How do we encourage people to take a break from their everyday tasks and make... everyone at Addgene, and send random sets of 4 people out to lunch.   I think these random lunches would...these lunches would provide a friendly setting for people in different labs to chat informally about their...about helping scientists share between labs, and people work hard at Addgene to make plasmid sharing as...to take a break from work to share time with the people around us. It makes the quality of our work better...

  9. Working 9-5: an Addgene Co-op

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...everyone was very approachable.     Fig. 1: Examples of DNA sequencing QC work    In addition to... core hours) at a time that works for you. For example, if I needed to go to an appointment at 3 PM, I...finished on time, there were no issues. Another example of helpful flexibility was the ability to work ...at Addgene. There is a clear effort to make sure people feel connected.    As I became accustomed to the...Northwestern University. She is one of several students completing their co-op at Addgene. This is her second contribution...

  10. Antibodies 101: Fc Effector Functions

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...response to a viral infection a) antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD) b) antibody-dependent cellular... Erp, et al., 2019.    Antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD) Antibodies can bind to a pathogen... known as opsonization. In antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD), opsonization of IgG and IgM...pathogen activates the immune system's classical complement pathway, starting a cascade of events that results.... PMID: 10742152. Dunkelberger, J., Song, WC. Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses...

  11. Plasmids 101: Positive and Negative Selection for Plasmid Cloning

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...medium containing the corresponding antibiotic. For example, if the DNA you’re inserting into the plasmid backbone...an essential amino acid), and a plasmid that complements the auxotrophy (i.e., synthesizes the critical... resistance spontaneously arises in yeast. For example, Markus Ralser’s lab created a yeast prototrophy...prototrophy kit containing 23 plasmids to complement auxotrophy. Negative selection: Cells that have lost a specific... gene. SacB can be used similarly to CcdB. For example, in the gene expression plasmid pGTvL1-SGC from...

  12. ReFigure: Save Scientific Figures into Dashboards and Share Your Insights

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Pinterest for scientists”? ReFigure extension is a simple Chrome plugin that allows you to save any image... even include your own data in a ReFigure. For example, you might include a confirmatory image to show...visibility. For instance, long before a study with multiple patients was published, Zika researcher Christa...knowledge of which findings are reproducible. For an example, see our ReFigures on the therapeutic use of anti-CD47...reach the ReFigure team at [email protected] Please support ReFigure by creating ReFigures and answering...

  13. What's the Best Way to Elute and Store Your Plasmid DNA?

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... last step will influence the stability of your sample over time and determine which experiments you can... impact the time you will be able to store your sample without having substantial degradation and which... DNA, it will limit what you can do with these samples. This is because divalent cations are essential...reaction, an effective possibility is to dilute your sample in water to reduce the EDTA concentration. Alternatively...temperature and longevity You should consider a couple of more things when you elute your DNA: where you...

  14. Plasmids 101: What is a plasmid?

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...also contains multiple protocols and troubleshooting tips to make plasmid usage as simple and straightforward...for selection of plasmid-containing bacteria. Multiple Cloning Site (MCS) Short segment of DNA which ...clone into. Regardless, once the cloning steps are complete, the vector containing the newly inserted gene... topic suggestions for our Plasmids 101 series, please let us know in the comments. Note:Marcy Patrick...

  15. Walking beside Academia and giving it a high five: My transition from graduate work to a position at Addgene

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...energized by talking to people about science and that I love explaining things to people. When I started my...work better and because I really like talking to people about and communicating science. The path to science...useful and interesting than that will simply get people ordering plasmids. The need to keep content coming...plane back to Boston from Kentucky where I spent a couple of days talking to researchers about their work...

  16. Hot Plasmids and Viral Preps - September 2021

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...biosynthetic pathways. Biosynthetic pathways containing multiple enzymes could be successfully reconstituted in..., this cell free system allows for a relatively simple, controlled “one-pot” reaction capable of reproducing.... The lab demonstrated that XMAS-TREE can be multiplexed and can be used in human pluripotent stem cells...Resources page. Here are some highlights from the past couple months including several pooled libraries: Cas13X...found in the metagenome datasets from hypersaline samples, were engineered and adapted for RNAi experiments...

  17. Fluorescent Proteins 101: Monitoring Cell Mobility Using Fluorescent Proteins

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...In complex metazoans, rapid cell division and large scale cell mobility are essential processes during...organism. Studying cell mobility within these complex environments has never been easy and, for many ...in thick specimens. See the video below for an example of two-photon intravital microscopy from PLoS Pathogens...scientists could easily track GFP expressing cells. For example, by harvesting lymph nodes at different times after...dynamics in lymphoid organs. In lymph nodes, for example, two-photon microscopy allowed scientists to better...time. Photoactivable fluorescent proteins, for example, have been successfully used to study B and T cell...

  18. Fluorescent Proteins 101: Photoactivatable Fluorescent Proteins

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Fluorescent proteins (FPs) offer scientists a simple yet powerful way to tag cellular proteins and investigate...another (e.g. green to red, or cyan to green). For example, mEosFP (named after the goddess of dawn in Greek...state (“quenching”). The photoswitch can occur multiple times by activating with two distinct wavelengths...trafficking and dynamics (fission, fusion, etc). For example, by engineering PA-GFP tagged to a mitochondrial...relies heavily on the same fluorophore being imaged multiple times in order to reconstruct an image. The best...variants are more monomeric than mEos2 (mEos4b is completely monomeric) and display bright and photostable...

  19. Cancer and the Immune System: Deciphering the Relationship

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Binghamton University Cancer is one of the greatest examples of survival of the fittest. Cancer cells find ... use the blood stream to commute to and invade multiple organs, and most importantly escape the immune... also known to precede cancer development, for example, inflammatory bowel disease is associated with ...the expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins on their surfaces to avoid...therapies must be explored. When attacking cancer, multiple immunotherapy targets can be utilized at the same...and suppression of tumor-aiding cytokines, for example, will more broadly activate the immune response...

  20. A Primer on Optogenetics: Introduction and Opsin Delivery

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... learning behavioral optogenetics in order to implement the technique in my lab at The Rockefeller University...physiology in order to directly show that, for example, the firing of a specific type of neuron in a specific...too but that’s what collaborators are for). For example, if you study neural pathways involved in addiction... proper controls are required and include, for example, confirmation of opsin expression in the intended...you may need to allow the virus to express. For example, if you inject into the ventral tegmental area ...22055387;  PMCID: PMC3225502. 4. Mattis J, et al. Principles for applying optogenetic tools derived from direct...

  21. The MTA at Addgene

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...more consistent, and more pleasant for everyone, which in turn encourages people to share more, since they...positive feedback on “our” MTAs, which sometimes makes people think our MTAs are different than other institutes...has placed a request for your plasmid, they must complete a Recipient Scientist Acknowledgment (RSA), which...use for the requested material. Once the RSA is completed, the recipient organization is sent the MTA to...

  22. The Importance of High Titer for AAV Transductions

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...and therefore higher titer will be required. For example, retrograde AAV gets transported up the cell’s ...titers for successful transduction. In another example, neuronal gene expression by an anterograde AAV...visualize expression of fluorescent proteins, for example, as many viral particles must infect a cell to ... can optimize AAV production. We’ve listed some simple steps you can take below but you should read our...possible, use low-bind or siliconized tubes to store samples as it is more difficult for viral particles to ...

  23. Fluorescent Protein Travel Awards - FLiPs and Fluorescent Protein Biosensors

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...efficient product of HMOs that could be used to supplement newborn diets and promote the formation of a ...breaks down the HMO of interest into its component simple sugars (including lactose), and a lac operon controlled...to determine the amount of HMO originally in the sample. The second sensor is a fusion protein consisting...researchers to engineer healthier microbiomes in people all over the world. Toward this end, she recently...training and wants to make her work understandable to people both inside and outside the scientific community...

  24. Early Career Researcher Toolbox: Free Tools for Science Writing

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...equivalent of crossing off days on the calendar after completing your writing goal, which can serve as positive...graph of which days of the week you most often completed your habit is useful for figuring out when to ...makes suggestions on how to make your writing less complex. While I don’t think you should accept all of the...jargon in your writing. While it’s not possible to completely avoid jargon, this tool can help you avoid overusing...tools for grad school Hello PhD Podcast episode 15 "Simple tricks for time management: the pomodoro technique...

  25. Revamp Your Lab Meetings With Creative Virtual Collaboration

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...make socially distanced work more creative. An example could be making lab meetings more interactive and...and brainstorm! Image from Joseph Mucira.   Implement new tools for creative interaction During Zoom...promote creative interaction. A great tool that a few people use is the built-in whiteboard, in which participants...GA, O’Reilly CM, Lofton ME, Catalán N (2018) Ten simple rules for collaboratively writing a multi-authored...journal.pcbi.1006508 Vicens Q, Bourne PE (2007) Ten Simple Rules for a Successful Collaboration. PLoS Comput...

  26. With Our New Viral Service, We're Taking CRISPR Further!

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...lentivirus production frustrating - a researcher can complete an entire lentiviral production protocol only ...material pages associated with each item. There are multiple CRISPR tools available as lentivirus and we’ll...ll be adding more as the need arises. For example, we’ve teamed up with the Broad Institute to provide...the publications associated with these libraries. Please note, the pooled libraries we distribute in lentivirus...or are thinking about using our viral services. Please send any questions or comments to help@addgene....

  27. 5 Great Apps for Lab Life

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... counter, lab timer, dilution calculator, and a couple of other nice features. This app also has a great...universally useful. 4. Chemical Safety Data Sheets by ThatsMyStapler Safety always comes first with research! It...pocket.   5. +AMINO- by iGreenEarth AMINO is a very simple app that packs important biological information...can safely say that I still have the single and triple abbreviations of the amino acids memorized, but...researchers in the lab. If you have a favorite lab app, please share it in the comments section below! Many thanks...

  28. Components of CRISPR/Cas9

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...to the Cas9/tracrRNA complex. D) The mature crRNA is used to guide the Cas9 complex to the target DNA which...functions of the various CRISPR/Cas9 components. Please note that while this post is intended to provide...requirements of these different systems can vary (for example, xCas9 is a variant with increased PAM flexibiliy...remainder of this post, we’ll refer to this RNA complex as the “gRNA”. The gRNA contains both the 20 nucleotide...

  29. Addgene Welcomes John Doench to the Advisory Board

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Sharp. After a few rotations, Doench decided to complete his PhD work in Sharp’s lab.  Doench says, “what...what I loved about [RNAi], ... it was just this complete black box. The RNAi process had just been discovered...he says, “In the case of CRISPR, the hype was completely justified… it has been just an incredibly useful... [at the Broad] too… to make science easier for people everywhere…. the nonprofit, sharing ethic that ...comb through the literature, to go and talk to the people who actually have these plasmids, figure out what...

  30. Resume Writing for Non-academic Science Careers

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...chronologically. With a resume however, most often people choose a reversed chronological style (the latest...and tailor the resume for the job posting. For example, if the job asks for experience in “statistical...necessary in order for you to do your research. For example, did you help put together a grant application?...be meaningful for your potential employer. For example, my experience in science outreach and writing ... into a communications role instead after she completed her MSc in Experimental Medicine. She is the Community...

  31. Choosing Your Fluorescent Proteins for Multi-Color Imaging

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...cell imaging experiments is the ability to follow multiple fluorescently tagged species simultaneously. To...do so with fluorescent protein labels requires multiple fluorescent proteins whose excitation and emission... proteins should be separated by 50-60 nm. For example, CFP (ex 430 nm / em 474 nm) and YFP (ex 514 nm...protein of interest has a similar spectrum. For example, here's a screenshot from the Chroma Spectra Viewer...biliverdin as a cofactor and so you may need to supplement your cells with biliverdin for maximal brightness...

  32. Finding and Joining Your Dream Lab

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... with your CV to people you’d like to work with next.” Connie Cepko looks for people who are dedicated... and interested in science. “Postdoc hires are simpler because of their documented history in science....satisfaction (especially for scientists and technical people) is linked to engagement and access to growth opportunities...Finding your dream lab While none of us will feel completely happy at work all of the time, the goal is to...

  33. CasPEDIA: A Functional Classification of Cas Enzymes

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Cis/trans activity, PAM requirement, gRNA, and multiplex ability Experimental guidelines and applications... the cis and trans activity of each entry. For example, SpyCas9a (one of the most frequently used Cas ...you need more nitty-gritty details — how can I multiplex this enzyme? What other RNA components are required.... For each enzyme, it will also show you how multiplexed arrays would be designed, if that’s your end ...details to refine your search (trans activity, multiplex ability, gRNA design, etc.). With this feature...

  34. Viral Vectors 101: Biosensors

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...present in the system at a given point in time. For example, if ATP was the molecule of interest (analyte),...depending on the biology you are studying. For example, calcium dynamics in the cytosol and sarcoplasmic... have been tested in vivo, in tissue preps, in multiple species, and in cell culture models. Some of them... them have even been expanded for multiplexed imaging for advanced monitoring of different factors, in...all have specific sensors designed for them. For example, this class includes tension monitors associated...

  35. Viral Vectors 101: Types of viruses

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...that use reverse transcriptase to synthesize complementary DNA copies of their genome upon infecting a ... These viruses have a cargo capacity of ~ 8 kb, ample room for most experimental needs, and can transduce...administration, such as in mouse experiments. AAV also has multiple serotypes (12 naturally occurring and more synthetic...enough for many applications, but in some cases multiple AAVs (co-infection), an alternative virus, or ...applications these viruses are good for, we have plenty of information on that too. May your titer always...

  36. Viral Vectors 101: Viruses as Biological Tools

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...applications, while electroporation of a human, for example, isn’t a reasonable option. Since viruses used...used in labs are derived from viruses that infect people in nature, extra safety measures, like replication...therapies have already been approved in the US for multiple diseases, including hemophilia B and spinal muscular... immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (1992) 6580... Multiple Authors...

  37. Early Career Researcher Toolbox: Social Media for Scientists

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...help my research and my career. Here are three examples of how using social media has helped me or my ... can start using Twitter and provide real-life examples of how they and others have used Twitter professionally...also find Dr. Page and Hello PhD on Twitter: @ThePurplePage and @HelloPhD "Role" call. #BLACKandSTEM what...do you do? — Stephani Page, PhD 👩🏾‍🔬💜 (@ThePurplePage) February 13, 2014 2. "The Scientist's Top... for Twitter pros as well, like tip #4: “Follow people for about a week and then unfollow those who do...

  38. Why and how to start studying chromatin (with Addgene's help)

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...interact with each other. Chromatin regulation is complex and influences--directly or indirectly--many other... we definitely don’t have that you really want, please let us know! And if you study chromatin and want...t see the gene you’re looking for on this list, please consider searching directly on our website. ...phosphoinositol-dependent binding of the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex to chromatin after T lymphocyte receptor signaling...not the first Addgene blog post about chromatin--multiple Addgene colleagues and guest bloggers have written...

  39. Luminescent Imaging with Nano-lanterns

    Type
    Blog Post
    .... This luminescent technology is based on the principle of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (...photobleaching/phototoxicity, they successfully imaged multiple subcellular compartments over several minutes ...improve long-term imaging, which is limited by depletion of luminescent substrate, they synthesized diacetyl... handy. This approach is especially suited to complement optogenetic tools, where light used for excitation...external light source. Therefore, especially thick samples may not be appropriate for use with Nano-lantern...

  40. AAV Q&A with Tim Miles

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...somewhat more reliable quantitation. Differences in sample treatment across methods can affect reported titer...that users keep titering method consistent across samples within a project. Targeting Your AAV Q4: Are there...for very high MOI on top of very high coverage. Please see this paper for more information about PHP.eB... will very likely cross-react with each other. Multiple labs have tried to transfer PHP.eB's enhanced ...which may be linked to epigenetic changes, such as multiple sclerosis?  A: Basic science and preclinical researchers...

  41. Sweating the Small Stuff: Details in the Lab

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... For example, setting up your pipette tips to match your plate layout can help you track samples as you...change variables to fix a failed experiment.  For example, I used to constantly underestimate time needed... and make a checkmark next to each step as you complete it. Yes, this can be incredibly tedious, but it...remember what's been added and what hasn't. Developing simple habits like these can consistently reduce errors...

  42. Plasmids 101: Methylation and Restriction Enzymes

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... Methylases involved with these processes (for example Dam and Dcm methylases) are independent from the...conversely, activating enzymes such as DpnI. For example, cleavage by XbaI may be blocked due to methylation...those sites will be methylated. Using the same example plasmid as above (which has the XbaI site blocked...methylation by altering your choice of bacteria. For example, if you must use a restriction site that will be...produce DNA that is unmethylated at those sites. Please keep in mind that dam-/dcm- strains may have an...

  43. How to Keep a Lab Notebook for Bioinformatic Analyses

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...labels, since I often work on multiple projects in a given day. For example, instead of naming a file “output...experiments can be found in each folder. This can be a simple .txt document. Record the name, date, and location...folder: You will often use the same data files for multiple analyses. Rather than copying these files to your...result was, so try not to do this. These are the simple rules that I try to follow in my own research. ...

  44. The time and cost required to make a plasmid

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...outlined in Table 1.   Of course, this is for the simple insertion of a PCR product into a vector. The time...calculate, in both our 2018 and 2023 poll, most people said it took them more than 22 hours, so at least...published in. That’s also a great way to get to know people doing interesting and relevant work in your field...That way, you can run one PCR, one gel, etc. for multiple plasmids at once. Over time, this can save you... Multiple Authors...

  45. CRISPR 101: Cas9 vs. The Other Cas(s)

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...is guided by an RNA molecule, the gRNA, to a complementary site in the genome where it will proceed to ...degradation. Cas3 DNA digestion can proceed up to multiple kilobases, but only in one direction. Cas3 is ...that Cas14 also indiscriminately cleaves non-complementary ssDNA when engaged by its target sequence. Why...used in lieu of siRNA or shRNA for efficient, multiplexable RNA knockdown. Cas13 has also stirred up interest... the other Cas family members make for useful implements in the scientist toolbox. If your genome engineering...

  46. RANbodies: Reporter Nanobody Fusions

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...of the sample due to the smaller size of RANbodies compared to antibodies. Staining with multiple HRP-RANbodies...used at a time. Samples can be sequentially stained with two HRP RANbodies if the sample is stripped. HRP-RANbodies...process that’s difficult for individual labs to complete. The nanobody based RANbody platform from the ...

  47. Transferable Skills Guide: Problem Solving

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...ill-defined. In this article, I try to clarify what people mean when they ask about “problem solving skills...problem.  Step Three: Decide on a strategy and implement it.  Step Four: Assess how effective your strategy...the cause. To test the most likely cause, you implement an experiment designed to fix the problem. Then...modifications, and ultimately decided on the changes to implement. As with any skill, there will always be room ...Know your strengths! Research experience presents ample opportunities to practice problem solving skills...

  48. Plasmids 101: CcdB - The Toxic Key to Efficient Cloning

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...ccdB aspect, Gateway takes advantage of the same principle that cells will not propagate while expressing...system contains ccdB. A successful insertion will completely replace ccdB with the investigator’s insert of...interest.   CcdB resistant E. coli strains complete the system But ccdB alone isn’t the only key to...most appropriate method for your own experiments. Please check out Addgene’s Choosing a Molecular Cloning...protein involves poisoning of DNA-topoisomerase II complexes.” J Mol Biol. 1992 Aug 5;226(3):735-45. PubMed...

  49. Troubleshooting Your Plasmid Cloning Experiment

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Assembly, Golden Gate etc.), and try to find the simplest way to do it (i.e. avoid assembling too many fragments...methylation like XbaI, ClaI, etc. If you are doing multiple digestion be sure that the buffers and temperature...Remember to quantify the DNA concentration of all the samples by gel or by nanodrop to assemble the  fragments...molar ratio. Assembly of the fragments There are multiple ways you can assemble the different parts of a...plasmid. Many vectors contain sequences that are complementary to standard sequencing primers. If not, design...

  50. Gendered Innovations: Why Does Sex of the Cell Matter?

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...conduct research that fails less and helps more people, we need to take sex into account. Gendered Innovations...s Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Trial, for example, found that the study saved lives. Reduced use ...analysis and 2) provides case studies with concrete examples of how gender analysis leads to discovery and ...experiments—which can lead to failed research. For example, an international research team from Norway and...studies that draw from a body of research that is incomplete (because sex was not analyzed) may harm humans...
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