...review how these indicators work, their general applications, and why viruses are essential to their use ...this later). Chemigenetic sensors take a hybrid approach and utilize both a genetic component as well as...sensing to signal output slightly slower than other approaches. Functionally, the voltage sensitivity of the...improvement. These sensors still have many useful applications, though, and if you’re in the market for a VSD...tissues depths (1 mm), important for certain applications such as in vivo tissue imaging.   Figure...your cell type of interest. For in vivo imaging applications, the ability to direct your voltage sensor selectively... as biological tools, our blog has you covered. Happy voltage sensing!   Figure 3: Components ...

...mainly do over the price of a used car. Later, as I applied for jobs, I knew I should negotiate my salary after...vacation (New York City or Hawaii?). So how can you approach improving this transferable skill? Negotiation...one of us wins, the other loses. Although this approach to negotiation is the most straightforward, it...it can mean that everyone leaves disappointed (we’ve all won an argument but felt bad afterwards). Or ...there’s no agreement at all and everyone leaves unhappy.   Negotiation as a creative problem-solving process...process Although at first glance it may appear that there has to be a winner and a loser when negotiating...negotiating, what if we instead approached it as a creative problem-solving exercise? Asking questions like ...

...emission wavelengths, which are pivotal in their application in biotechnology (Grimm & Lavis, 2022). These... substrates/peptides and antibodies. Example applications of this include coupling to an antibody, whereby...typically bind to. Stability of fluorescence: For applications that involve ranges of pH, and significant lengths...light, is another factor to consider. If your application requires longer periods of exposure, you’ll want...descriptions, or technical manuals. Specific applications and matching dye/ligand choices For effective...Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) applications, the dyes need to have compatible excitation...more stable fluorescence for super-resolution applications. Other current advancements include work exploring...

...tool that can be used for a variety of research applications. Within the immune system, antibodies are produced...antibodies to bind proteins is useful for research applications as well because they allow scientists to target...150 kDa, a nanobody is 12-15 kDa.   Research applications for antibodies You can use antibodies for experiments...method of detection. You’ll also want to use the appropriate controls for your experiment to account for potential...Let’s dive in and take a look at some of these applications. Western blot Western blots are used to detect...quantitatively if you also load the gel with appropriate controls for normalizing the protein concentration... by binding to cell surface receptors. These applications are typically used for investigating signaling...

...not-so-technical skills you’ve built over time are only applicable to those positions you have already held. Imagine...have the desired degree, you have mastered the applications they use, you’ve gained experience working with...that you will contribute openness, clarity, approachability, and professionalism to team meetings and projects...identified by another person. Similar reasoning may also apply to other acquired skills.” It is nice when other...second to reflect. For example, say your boss approaches your team with a project she needs one of you... have leadership skills that are just not being tapped at the moment? You can take this time to step up...more of a leader than you thought! When change happens at your organization, when your boss needs someone...

...cellular imaging with ultrasound. In his research he applies naturally occurring bacterial “molecular buoyancy...biomolecule-based dyes. This technology is widely applicable as bacterial expression of dyes allows dye visualization...acoustic reporter genes’ on our blog. Creative approaches to presenting the microbial world After learning...the lab, I was excited to learn about creative approaches to visualize bacteria in an educational setting...setting. The Symposium on ‘Creative Approaches to Presenting the Microbial World’ showcased complex connections...connections and ideas in various visualized approaches from hand-drawn comics (Dr. Sanja Saftic) to educational...makes scientific topics both interesting and approachable!   The grand finale of visual impressions was...

...effectors (TALEs) as anchors for genome engineering applications was still very new. Now, Konermann and her colleagues...just how flexible their LITE system could be by applying it to altering gene expression via epigenetics...light retraction. Finally, because light can be applied non-invasively, its use is not restricted to cultured...optogenetic tools." In total, the researchers applied the LITE system to 28 different genes to establish...cellular processes." The LITE system can now be applied to unraveling the genetic and epigenetic players...disease states. While LITE plasmids have clear application to anyone with an interest in neuroscience, their...elegans and in Plasmodium. For those who do want to apply LITEs for the transformation of neurons, she offers...

...becoming increasingly important as more complex approaches to scientific questions become popular. There... and don’t be afraid to make something concrete happen. You may have more willing collaborators than you...and meeting people with different mindsets and approaches can truly broaden your mind. When I first began...felt that I had to overcome some hesitation to ‘approach strangers’ and learn how to communicate outside...somewhat awkward in the beginning. But, as so often happens, one gets better with repetition. I learned to ...and started to be fun. I just had to remember to approach the relationship with the perspective of my potential...collaborators in mind. Being at a university allows you to approach people outside the university within the context...

...the appropriate ligand, but relying on a lack of fluorescence for readout may render this approach less... Aptamer biosensors are used in a variety of applications, including detection of environmental pollutants... opens aptamers for use in many entirely new applications including aptamer based fluorescent biosensors...less sensitive in most applications. Learn About Fluorescent Biosensors Light-up aptamers (or, fluorescing..., MG proved to be too toxic for many in vivo applications, but this work proved the concept that RNA could...and biochips. Ultimately, there are just some applications that lend themselves to aptamer-based instead...Kyung-Mi, et al. “Aptamers and Their Biological Applications.” Sensors (Basel). 2012; 12(1): 612–631. PubMed...

...impact. In molecular and cellular biology, this happens through the development of tools that exploit and...observations, Koonin and Makarova found that Cas7-11 appeared to have derived from the more complex type III-A...experimental design and its potential for clinical applications. Specifically, efficacy rates of Cas7-11 were...patient's specific mutations. With a drag and drop approach, however, the specific mutations wouldn’t matter... the entire gene, allowing a one-size-fits-all approach to gene replacement therapy for most patients....PASTE). Finding the right integrase for this new approach proved a challenge. The old standby of CRE/flp...place, while increasing the number of potential applications. But they weren’t done engineering quite yet...

...control antibody. Alternative applications Oftentimes, an IP-appropriate antibody simply isn’t available...specificity of anti-epitope antibodies make this approach appealing, but the disadvantages must be carefully ...measure the target. However, the two different approaches allow for optimized strategies for differing ...target protein is then eluted. This method is appropriate for most situations.  A slightly different method...Protein A and Protein G are not suitable for all applications, such as protein isolation from serum. In this...capture antibody interaction and/or the downstream application. Typically, if the target protein will be detected...

...experimental approach you choose, it’s essential to consider the technical limitations of each approach and to...affect the phenotype. Viral vectors and genetic approaches are continuously refined and developed so there.../loxP or Flp/FRT, with AAV vectors are common approaches to control transgene expression by restricting...post-translational regulatory elements. Examples of these approaches are given in Tables 3-7. 3. Making use of AAV...populations using viral strategies Combining different approaches can increase the specificity of cell targeting...experimental design and data. With these different approaches to open science, we aim to accelerate the rate...

...Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), although the application of this approach is limited to protoplast cells (plant...current CRISPR research focuses on its potential applications for human medicine (Waltz, 2016), the potential...desirable traits using traditional plant breeding approaches, these techniques are cumbersome, often requiring...selected the correct CRISPR components for your application, it is time to deliver these components to your...find many plasmids for a wide variety of CRISPR applications in plants available through Addgene. In addition...N (2016) The CRISPR/Cas Genome-Editing Tool: Application in Improvement of Crops. Front Plant Sci 7: ....10.1073/pnas.1818290116 Zhu H, Li C, Gao C (2020) Applications of CRISPR–Cas in agriculture and plant biotechnology...

...in the blood. But the virus doesn’t completely disappear; it just hides in latently infected cells. To ...of the integrated HIV-1 genome. For a targeted approach, Zhang et al. turned to the CRISPR/Cas9 Synergistic... essential to HIV-1 replication. However, this approach could permit some viral protein production, so...animal models, and it’s difficult to tell if one approach might be more successful. “Shock and kill” has...HIV-1 to deplete the viral reservoir, and this approach doesn’t require a functional Cas9 nuclease, so... reservoir spans multiple organ systems. Both approaches may prove more successful early in the course...for either “shock and kill” or viral excision approaches, and each of these gRNAs will need to be validated...

...suitability of a systemic capsid for an individual application is dependent on a number of factors, including...test your chosen capsid before using it in an application.     Figure 1: AAV toolkit for targeted...doses are recommended for all systemic capsid applications. For example, AAV-PHP.eB is typically administered...capsids or transgenes. Sensory neurons and liver appear especially susceptible to off-target transgene ...experimentally determine the best titer for your application.   Pro tip!Want to know if a capsid is a good...always, validate the capsid for your specific application and animal model.  Other model organisms Tropism...astrocytes or oligodendrocytes when paired with appropriate cell type-specific promoters or Cre lines. Spatial...

...experienced. Finding an antibody that works for your application, specifically detects your protein, is species...and have been widely used across species and applications. In this blog, we will review the most common...not exist, or they don’t exist for a specific application, or they exist but are unreliable for a variety...almost certainly already been optimized for your application. Depending on the tag, directly imaging or tracking...our affinity purification tag blog!).   Applications of epitope tags   The tags A number of...with moderate to high success rates across all applications. You can find FLAG antibodies on Addgene’s catalog... biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. (2003) 60:523-533 DOI: 10.1007...

...out that the approach he and his colleagues took to optimize sensitivities can now be applied to dozens ...Because they are chemical compounds, they have to be applied or injected, and they don’t always end up where...lymphocytes, too, making them a versatile tool for application in both neuroscience and immunology. Don’t be...FRET-based sensors. For example, his team is now applying it to improve upon an indicator they developed... calcium versus zinc should require the simple swapping of binding domains, in practice optimizing the... large dynamic range,” he says. Merkx recently applied this “trick” to the development of additional color...

...reproducible if its findings can be predictably applied to future work. Importantly, no one should expect...studies, as reported by drug companies attempting to apply the findings from these studies, are quite low (...low rates of reproducibility. Failed attempts to apply irreproducible results to future work cost both ...solutions based on what I’ve learned. I hope you can apply some of these solutions to your own research and...ridiculous to expect that one should be able to apply someone else's new and incredibly useful technique...information about fluorescent proteins so you can best apply these technologies to your own research needs. Other...evidence shows otherwise. Others will go on to try to apply these findings in their own work ultimately wasting...

...interesting, much of what a phage faces as it approaches a host cell surface are complex polysaccharide...involves digesting phage genomic DNA into 1-3 kb (approximately gene-sized) fragments so that these fragments...competent E. coli and analyze transformants for appropriately sized inserts. We consider a library worth using...-side up onto a fresh LB plate containing an appropriate inducing agent (0.4 mM IPTG is a good start if...organism and incubate overnight according to appropriate cell growth conditions. Note: if using fast-growing...Franklin L., et al. "Revisiting phage therapy: new applications for old resources." Trends in microbiology 23.4...Mirzaei, and Anders S. Nilsson. "Adapting drug approval pathways for bacteriophage-based therapeutics....

...received many applications, employers were requesting that only scientists with an MSc or higher apply. It was...scientific research would be very competitive, and so I applied for a summer role as a Research Scientist at the... edge of London to gain relevant experience. I applied for this summer position as I felt I needed more...I had to reassess what I wanted to do and so I applied for a role in Industry. I wanted to get "a real...university to study a Masters of Science I decided to apply to study a Master of Science (MSc) in Human Molecular...virology classes in California and enjoyed them, so I applied for a role at a commercial virology testing company...enjoy helping people and decided to compromise and applied anyway. I later found out the job was with Addgene...