We narrowed to 912 results for: IRE;

...are measured. While the entire genome can be knocked out with CRISPR, the entirety of the small molecule... another way, only cells or organisms with the desired phenotype will survive and be assayed at the end...phenotype in the surviving population. Selections do require there to be a culture condition that can apply ... have to be addressed with screens. Selections require there to be a culture condition which eliminates...then assay cells which survive as these must have acquired a favorable mutation. But if the cellular pathway... with cellular redundancies, a screen would be required to answer your experimental question. Now that....1246981. Leemhuis, H., Kelly, R.M., Dijkhuizen, L. Directed evolution of enzymes: Library screening strategies...

...Plasmids 101 posts, we focused mainly on the elements required for plasmid maintenance within an E. coli cell... across many different cell types and each one requires different elements for vector propagation. This...cerevisiae; however, we’ve also noted some features required for the replication of fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces...These plasmids lack an ORI and must be integrated directly into the host chromosome via homologous recombination...for use in S. pombe, on the other hand, do not require a well defined ORI. Instead, the size and A-T content...organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth. Many auxotrophic strains of yeast...they have incorporated the plasmid carrying the required gene.  The table below lists some of the most...

... antibody was directed toward a protein of interest but the second antibody was directed toward AHA. Now...these experiments are problematic because they require radiolabeled amino acids. The use of radioactive...radioactive materials is highly regulated, requires designated work areas and come with health risks. Importantly...Erin M Schuman, a former Caltech researcher, now Director at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research... In the standard PLA assay, primary antibodies directed towards two endogenous proteins of interests, ...Central PMCID: PMC300121. 3. Söderberg, Ola, et al. "Direct observation of individual endogenous protein complexes... PubMed PMID: 17072308.  4. Dieck, Tom, et al. "Direct visualization of newly synthesized target proteins...

...graduate students and postdocs will be hired, direct and indirect costs, etc. It may be helpful to ask ...Research at universities typically requires funding from a variety of government and academic institutions...skills, Elucidates the big picture and future directions of the project, Outlines a detailed scope of...! Additionally, keep in mind that universities require application submission in-house approximately 2... RFA contains all of the important information required for a successful grant application. It typically...avoidance of ‘to be’ verbs creates strong, well-directed meaning and delivers strength to the sentence....

...bacteriophage; requires T7 RNA polymerase Sp6 Constitutive Promoter from Sp6 bacteriophage; requires Sp6 RNA ...eukaryotes. In bacteria, the core RNA polymerase requires an associated sigma factor for promoter recognition...in eukaryotes is much more complex. Eukaryotes require a minimum of seven transcription factors in order...Drosophila actin 5c gene Gal4/UAS Specific Insect Requires UAS regulatory element and yeast Gal4 gene; often...

...Nammour, J., Maiz, D., Dujardin, S., Ramirez, S. H., Hudry, E., & Maguire, C. A. (2019). Selection of an Efficient...(2021). Directed evolution of a family of AAV capsid variants enabling potent muscle-directed gene delivery...off-target expression, it may be better to choose a direct delivery method over systemic delivery. Otherwise... packaging Cre-dependent transgenes can also be paired with Cre-expressing transgenic mouse lines to restrict...expression to specific tissues and cell types. If desired, spatiotemporal control of transgene expression...and astrocytes located in the CNS, however, it requires high doses. Requests have shifted toward the more...effectively transduce astrocytes or oligodendrocytes when paired with appropriate cell type-specific promoters or...

...CyOFP1-NLuc-CyOFP1; Antares). Direct injection of plasmids for Antares or firefly luciferase into mouse livers... like HaloTag® Fusion Protein, codon-optimized Firefly luciferase genes (e.g., luc2), and NanoLuc® Luciferase...brighter than our more common luciferases like firefly (FLuc) and Renilla (RLuc) luciferase. This is important...for how sensitive you can make a reaction. NLuc requires 100-fold less protein to produce the same amount... wavelengths (Fluc emits at 610 nm) and do not require external light sources. Unfortunately, detecting...detecting traditional luciferases’ dim light emissions requires long acquisition times that may be impractical...changes in intracellular calcium and is useful for direct imaging of events in cells and brain explants. ...

...extra level of safety, they also require a fourth plasmid. The requirement for additional DNA can impact ...third generation systems such that it no longer requires the viral transactivator, Tat. For more information...increasing the number of recombination events that are required to generate RCL. To overcome the titering hurdles...unconcentrated prep. With this in mind, if the experiment requires a certain volume of virus, consider scaling up...larger vessel, such as a 3 or 5-layer flask will require some initial optimization; cell number, media volume... method is relatively inexpensive and does not require an ultracentrifuge, PEG will precipitate all proteins... may not be the best method when pure virus is required downstream. When assessing lentiviral titer, don't...

...E.coli, named TadA7.10 in ABE7.10)  a catalytically impaired Cas protein (dCas or Cas nickase)  a guide RNA...accessible. Image from Gaudelli et al., 2020. Directed evolution identifies adenine base editors with...editing in cell lines Nicole Gaudelli, the Associate Director and Head of Gene Editing Technology at Beam Therapeutics...insertions and deletions (indel) by the catalytically impaired D10A nickase from ABE7.10 can be a problem. Therefore...editors The most commonly used S. pyogenes Cas9 requires the target site in the genomic DNA to contain ...editors are precise molecular tools, they do have undesired off-target editing effects. ABEs have been described...off-target editing frequencies. For applications that require high DNA editing specificity, for example for potential...

...users to generate a plasmid containing a direct fusion of the desired gRNA to the U6 promoter, and a second...genomic site and, using the endogenous homology directed repair pathway, a new user-defined DNA sequence...designs either oligos or synthetic DNA for the desired gRNA target sequence, as well as the 5’ and 3’ ... and a Cas9 expression plasmid will insert the desired genetic tag and marker sequence into the targeted... the insertion, and 3) a vector containing the desired tag, which can be obtained as a universal donor...expression vector. They can also be introduced directly into a Drosophila S2 cell line stably expressing...homology to the gene of interest to promote homology directed repair after a CRISPR/Cas9 induced break. Learn...

...expand applications that require very specific targeting, like homology directed repair and base editing...order to bind DNA, Cas9 and other CRISPR enzymes require a short PAM sequence adjacent to the targeted sequence...David Liu’s lab, have gone one step further, using directed evolution to create xCas9, an enzyme recognizing...more complicated if you’d like to use homology directed repair to make precise edits or knock-ins. Editing...other species, like S. aureus and N. meningitidis require different PAM sites than SpCas9, in this case, ...broader PAM flexibility. Creating xCas9 through directed evolution Hu et al. used phage-assisted evolution...about CRISPR Base Editing Learn about Homology Directed Repair Resources on Addgene.org Check out our...

...kind of resources - including your time - will be required to produce an outcome you’re happy with. Know ...semester-long after school program? Comparing your desired outcome to the limitations and potential of your... communications below!   Format Resource Requirements Pros Cons Video Medium to high Uses visuals.... Easy access from smartphones with low data requirements.  No visuals. Variety of hosting platforms can...distribution.  Static. Can be difficult to convey an entire story or context via still images. Some things ... Digital or print distribution.  Static. Often requires both artistic and scientific training. Cartoons...media type to another is cognitively demanding. Requires multiple areas of expertise.  Social Media ...

...quantity of DNA that is required and, as a consequence, also dictate the required sizes of the bacterial...extraction. Restriction enzyme based approaches can require several hundreds of nanograms or micrograms of ...Gibson assembly or Golden gate assembly use a more direct approach, allowing scientists to clone from a smaller...extraction. Figure 2: Use cloning grade DNA for direct cloning of your gene of interest into a plasmid... plasmid in mammalian cells and it will likely require micrograms of plasmid DNA for each reaction. As...chemical contaminants, these DNA samples must also be entirely endotoxin free. Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide...

... beginning of the coding sequence to delete the entire gene? Perhaps you are more interested in the c-...expression cassette. The target sgRNA can be cloned directionally into the BbsI site. (c) The pCAG-EGxxFP target...the two halves of EGFP to recombine by homology directed repair, and resulting in the expression of EGFP...component of the system. However, it is easier to directly inject the pX330 plasmids used in the validation...Working with plasmid DNA is much easier and doesn’t require the extra precautions needed when dealing with ...they are born, it’s time to screen them for your desired edit. Good news! Remember the primers you designed...genotyping), but bear in mind that this method will require you to house mice that may have no mutation, costing...

...don’t require the organism to be specified and are truly organism agnostic. Other tools require an organism...Multi-locus asseEENdb database ssment would be required to fully evaluate off-targeting, but currently...design. These databases are still young and will require a collaborative effort from the community in order... Advanced functions: These functions are not entirely necessary but should be considered extremely useful...available mostly work on any computer but generally require working knowledge of the command line or scripting...scripting. Input flexibility: Software tools require some kind of data input in order to generate results...it takes authors to add a genome to the tool’s repertoire. Organism agnostic tools are the better solution...

...doesn’t require a functional Cas9 nuclease, so there’s no potential for aberrant DNA cleavage. Direct HIV-... notably CD4+ T-cells, and eventually leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in untreated ...infections not usually seen in healthy individuals. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can virtually eliminate plasma... to survive, but preventing re-infection would require sustained expression of Cas9/gRNAs, which could...at the level of protein structure, CRISPR gRNAs require DNA sequence-specific binding. Patients’ HIV-1 ... and kill” strategy may be a better option than direct cleavage. Despite the potential difficulties in...Putatunda R, Young WB, Khalili K, Hu W. CRISPR/gRNA-directed synergistic activation mediator (SAM) induces ...

...bypasses the 5′ mRNA cap required for eukaryotic systems and instead directly engages the ribosome for... Good tools for measuring intracellular pH are required in order to determine the relationships between...fluorophore is pH-dependent. Signal is simultaneously acquired from the the fluorescent and luminescent siganls... a gene-specific forward primer containing the desired restriction site (the MCS has several options) ...specified order using Multisite Gateway cloning. A desired insert is cloned using traditional restriction ...vectors in a Multisite Gateway reaction with a desired destination vector expressing a separate reporter...MluI, XhoI or SalI sites must be removed by site-directed mutagenesis in order to use the module as a building...

...materials. Problems with Chip-seq ChIP-seq typically requires a large amount of input material, cells or tissue...experiment can be a major technical hurdle.   ChIP-seq requires  cross-linking during an initial fixation step...sites when in fact they are just non-specific or indirectly interacting. The CUT&RUN method Enter CUT&RUN... the University of Washington. CUT&RUN doesn’t require fixation and significantly decreases background...wing as a model. A typical ChIP-Seq experiment requires around 1,000 wings. Collecting that much tissue...controlled by the addition of calcium, which MNase requires for its nuclease activity and is chelated from...cells or when a high degree of signal to noise is desired. It also provides an excellent additional measure...

...primarily used for direct visualization while epitope tags are used for both direct and indirect visualization...must be performed after primary purification and requires a second clean up step to remove the cleaved tag...Also, purifying GST by affinity chromatography requires proper folding of the tag, which prevents insoluble.... Mammalian purification is still possible but requires optimization and often more stringent washing....especially if downstream antibody detection is desired… and yes, we have an antibody for that!   ...

...be overcome by directed evolution using bacteriophages. Researchers moved a gene required for phage propagation...breaks and can deliver large sequences and even entire genes. Figure 1: Mechanism of CAST systems...eukaryotic cells — at least, until they met the directed evolution expertise of the Samuel Sternberg and...highly tailored treatments to specific mutations require individualized optimizations, safety testing, and...experiments, PASSIGE had higher efficiency, but evoCAST required less optimization for new targets and produced.... (2019). Transposon-encoded CRISPR-Cas systems direct RNA-guided DNA integration. Nature, 571(7764), ...