We narrowed to 911 results for: TRO

.../gamma-retrovirus Lentiviruses are a class of retrovirus (so all lentiviruses are retroviruses, but not...not all retroviruses are lentiviruses.) This means that lentivirus and gamma-retrovirus share a lot of...as tools in the lab. We will discuss the gamma-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated...somatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSVG). VSVG is a broad tropism envelope protein that can also be pseudotyped to...the common components outlined above for gamma-retroviruses. While not required for lentiviral production...   Fig. 1 - Viral vector components of retrovirus  Adeno-associated virus AAV’s elements are...are quite different from gamma-retrovirus, but they perform very similar functions to infiltrate the host...

...Viral Vectors 101: An Introduction to AAV Viral Vectors 101: The AAV Retrograde Serotype Viral Vectors... more than one.  Most AAV serotypes have broad tropism (the ability of a virus to enter a particular cell... cell type), but there are differences in tropism between animal species or even strains of the same species...well in a rat or non-human primate. Likewise, in vitro efficacy doesn’t always translate to in vivo efficacy...remember that some serotypes can be transported retrogradely and/or anterogradely along the axon. Others,...site or circuit can occur. Promoters The promoter controls how the gene of interest will be expressed; it...or inducible.  Ubiquitous promoters  These often-strong promoters offer the most flexibility for expression...

... PCR-introduced mutations can make alternative approaches more favorable if you want to introduce a point...highly versatile technique that can be used to introduce specific nucleotide substitutions (or deletions...approach can be used in conventional cloning (to introduce or remove restriction sites), in mapping of regulatory...substitution of key residues), and in SNP analysis (to introduce naturally occuring SNPs in a plasmid context)....genome editing. Tailored mutations are commonly introduced to endogeneous DNA through homology-directed ... Mutagenesis In brief, point-mutations can be introduced to plasmids using primers (with the desired mutation...green) amplify the plasmid template (blue), and introduce a restriction site “A*” (in addition to the “A...

...plasmids: Luc (intronless; CMV-LUC2CP/ARE and Luc-I (intron-containing; CMV-LUC2CP/intron/ARE). The Luc-I...all-optical electrophysiology A major challenge in the field of all-optical electrophysiology is designing...field with an improved tool for electrophysiology, minus the use of electrodes. The Cohen lab has made the...Luc-I intron is a chimeric β-globin/immunoglobulin intron that has been commonly used in constitutive splicing...an effort to obtain even more precise temporal control of gene knockout or activation, the c-terminal ...). This system provides users greater temporal control over CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome modification and...Optogenetics is a powerful tool that utilizes light to control and monitor individual living cells in order to...

...muscular atrophy.   Type of Virus Pros Cons Retrovirus Stable Gene Expression Broad Tropism ...the best one for your experiment. Retro and lenti viruses Retroviruses are a family of viruses that stably...The most well-known retrovirus is HIV. Lentiviruses are a genus of the retroviral family that can infect...which means they do not stimulate a strong immune response when introduced into an organism. This feature ...straightforward across applications, while electroporation of a human, for example, isn’t a reasonable...types of viruses used in mammalian research: 𝛄-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated...the need for envelope disassembly. Both lenti and retro viruses can accommodate a cargo up to approximately...

...range (tropism). Pseudotyping is only done on enveloped viruses such as lentivirus, retrovirus, and rabies...et al, 2020). Because retrovirus is closely related to lentivirus, many retroviral envelope proteins have... a few cell types.  If you’re looking for more control in the cell types your lentiviral vector will infect...particles.   Why pseudotype? Lentiviruses and retroviruses typically target immune cells with their wild-type...viruses to infect neurons. Besides altering the host tropism of your virus, there are many other reasons when.... Image from Crawford et al., 2020.   Broad tropism: VSV-G pseudotyping A commonly used envelope protein...stem cells and neurons. However, VSV-G’s broad tropism can be undesired for in vivo studies since there...

...blotting is a loading control. Pro-Tips: 1. It’s all about the MOI. In retrospect I used a way too high...express CAs9 and are included as a control (WT). Vinculin is a loading control. 3. In terms of making the...undigested control. Sometimes the PCR products can look smeared, so having an undigested control can help...those formed from control (GFP gRNA-targeted) BRAF sites (lanes 3, 4) were used as controls. Duplexes were...but that nobody talks about. After months of troubleshooting, those people who did not tell you that essential...Cas9 line that’s “most efficient at editing” to introduce the gRNA, but I just randomly chose one of my ...and BRDN0001146266) ( 76479-LV and 76480-LV) or control GFP gRNA (BRDN0000561167) (80034-LV) were individually...

... application for OptoNBs takes us in vitro: light-controlled affinity purification of unmodified proteins...light-based control of signaling pathways. This is particularly exciting because using light to control signaling...  Option #2 may sound like fiction, but light-controlled protein purification is now a reality thanks ..., and their use for protein purification and controlling cell signaling. Key components of OptoNBs OptoNBs... put AsLOV2 because here it was less likely to destroy the nanobody’s function than if inserted into the...insertion into loops 1 and 6 resulted in light controlled binding, but with opposite effects: insertion...insertion site on light-induced binding.  Light controlled protein purification with OptoNBs The first application...

... when using auxotrophic selection Of course, there are some drawbacks to using auxotrophic markers as ...maintained within the yeast cell. These elements control not only the number of plasmids found in each cell...unstable and may be lost during budding. Yeast Centromere plasmids (YCp): These are considered low copy...incorporate part of an ARS along with part of a centromere sequence (CEN). These vectors replicate as though... The copy number of these vectors can also be controlled if specific regulatable elements are included...yeast Historically, scientists have utilized auxotrophic selection rather than antibiotic selection when...insensitivity of yeast strains to some antibiotics. Auxotrophy is defined as the inability of an organism to...

...possible, include positive and negative controls. Positive controls typically include cell lines or tissues...Gordon J (1979) Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure...Towbin et al., 1979, Burnett et al., 1981).  Introduction to western blotting  In a western, proteins ... Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is the first step of a western. ...immobilized onto a membrane, usually composed of a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) in a step...step called protein transfer. While both nitrocellulose and PVDF are commonly used, PVDF tends to be slightly...validated applications, pay close attention to the controls listed on the vendor’s website. Typically, the...