... it passes through and scatters in different directions. The degree of scatter is captured by detectors...Light that scatters sideways to the path that it was initially traveling is called side scatter (SSC) and...granulocytes in a plot of forward scatter (FSC) versus side scatter (SSC). Users can gate around their...protein composition. It is used for a variety of applications such as measuring target protein expression ...expression levels, assessing post-translational modifications, determining cell health, analyzing cell cycle stages...size and complexity, measured using visible light scatter The optical system has both visible and fluorescent...as it was initially traveling is called forward scatter (FSC) and provides information about the relative...

...described above showed successful target modification, indicating that AAV is a good delivery vehicle for... with AAV. This system fuses catalytically dead dCas13b to the catalytic domain of RNA deaminase ADAR2...overall packaging capacity but necessitating purification and co-infection of two AAVs. Cas9 orthologs...Streptococcus thermophilus and a rationally-designed truncated Cas9. Unfortunately, certain drawbacks limit the...that limits the number of targetable loci, and truncated Cas9 has much lower efficiency than its wild-type...the AAV-SaCas9-sgRNA constructs mediate genome modification, but they did so without a substantial immune...ADAR2. Constructs containing the ADAR2 truncation ADAR2DD(delta984-1090) are approximately 4.1 kb in length...

...activated” Cas13 produces a quantifiable signal that indicates the presence of your targeted nucleic acid. To...amplified using RPA (recombinase polymerase amplification) or reverse transcriptase (RT)-RPA, respectively...RNA for subsequent detection by Cas13. This amplification step in combination with the ssRNA reporter ... introduced in 2017 so the lab made further modifications to improve their detection system. They named... SHERLOCKv2 uses far less primer in the pre-amplification step allowing for greater quantitation without...hour. Find the SHERLOCK plasmids at Addgene! Applications of the SHERLOCK detection system The Zhang lab...portability. This method can be used for an array of applications including clinical diagnostics (e.g. pathogen...

...use, functional in most species, and has many applications. That said, SpCas9 is not the only game in town... makes this molecule unique, and the various applications of Cas13a. The origins of Cas13a: An RNA cleaving...53 potential candidate genes that fell into 3 categories based on the architecture of the CRISPR protein... is analogous to the PAM sequence for Cas9, is located at the 3’ end of the spacer sequence and consists...discussed below. Subscribe to CRISPR Blog Posts Applications of Cas13a   Figure 1: Using Cas13a as...) is amplified using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) or Reverse-transcription RPA (RT-RPA),...fluorophore. The fluorescent signal can be used as an indicator to determine whether the target sequence is present...

...excellent communication skills” try giving an example, like “I have extensive communication experience...usually yes! A good cover letter won’t hurt your application, but it can certainly help you stand out.  In...letter is vital, particularly in fields where communication and writing are key skills. Other fields, often...consider cover letters an important part of the application. Even within an organization, there can be variance...good cover letter!) As with any part of the job application process, it's a good idea to talk to people in... to proactively address questions about your application. These could be logistical, like briefly explaining...explaining a gap in your job history or sharing relocation plans. They can be skills-based: if you're switching...

...software that let me create graphics that better communicated the science in my blog posts. This post highlights...free tools which will hopefully also help you communicate your science, whether it’s in presentations, ...number of drawing tools, so it’s harder to draw intricate figures, like a brain or a mouse. Vectr Vectr ...without the watermark, which are better suited for publications, if you sign up for a paid account.  I’m proud... free medical images organized into four main categories: anatomy and the human body, cellular biology...appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made to the images. This requirement...easier to give attribution, than for journal publications. Google Image Search Google image search is ...

...Rep78/68 play a key role in AAV genome replication. Replication initiates from the AAV genome ITRs on ...contains the proteins needed for the virus to replicate,  and the transfer plasmid which contains the ...aka the RepCap plasmid encodes two genes: the replication (rep) gene and the capsid (cap) gene. In wild-type...its products. Created with BioRender.com   Replication (rep) gene The rep gene encodes four proteins...proteins that are required for viral genome replication and packaging: Rep78, Rep68, Rep52, and Rep40. Rep gene... generate a 3’ hydroxyl group needed for DNA replication, Rep78/68 binds the Rep binding element (RBE)...nicked by its endonuclease domain. Following replication, Rep78/68 stays attached to the AAV genome and...

...formal scientific communications, they are fantastic fodder for science communication. The trick is to ... is far from the only way to communication science. Science communicators also use the hero’s journey,...this small glimpse into the world of science communication and can use what you've learned to share your...Finding Conflict in Science  In all science communication, what you are doing is telling a (nonfiction...details often aren’t included in scientific communications, but they’re firmly part of the story to the...conflict gives you an easy framework with which to communicate your science. The act of building towards your...your results right at the beginning of your communication, use conflict to get your audience invested ...

...normalization and loading controls needed for relative quantification of a western blot — and why you might want ...accurately compare different lanes? In relative quantification, the POI bands are normalized to the loading...other errors in experimental design and gel quantification. Figure 3: In a perfect world, protein...and it’s also problematic for computational quantification. Outside the linear detection range, band intensity...common error associated with Western blotting quantification” (Gilda & Gomes, 2013). To address this source... Gilda & Gomes, 2013. Figure 7: Semi-quantification of liver lysate using different loading controls...concentration of β-actin in panel A. Indeed, the quantification in panel B is not especially linear. In panel...

... reagent. This interplay falls into two broad categories and thus, causes two types of editing outcomes...altering its function). HDR is crucial for certain applications, for example, correcting the allele that causes... dissociation rates and discovered that the catalytically active form of the nuclease dissociates very...we measured identical dissociation rates for catalytically inactive dCas9 molecules. We followed these ...Our in vitro results also demonstrated that catalytically inactive dCas9 produced a “bubble” structure...nucleofection The in vivo editing experiments in this publication were performed using a technique called nucleofection...Additonal Corn Lab Members who worked on this publication:         References 1. Richardson, Christopher...

...consistent, and controllable pulses of light. Complicated patterns of light intensity and wavelength can... also be used to engineer new pathways with sophisticated gene expression controls. Most cell types do...light; these two systems can be coexpressed for sophisticated control of gene expression. An E. coli light-sensitive...; only two plasmids are required per system. Applications of these systems The large dynamic range of ...suitable for various scientific or engineering applications.   References Refactoring and optimization ...Oct 11. PubMed. Find the plasmids from this publication at Addgene. Synthetic biology: engineering Escherichia...:441-2. PubMed. Find the plasmids from this publication at Addgene. A synthetic genetic edge detection...

... plasmid or group of plasmids' functions and applications. We hope that these articles make it easier ...FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy) applications. To demonstrate the power of mCyFP1, the Lin... Coselection efficiency is so high that some applications may permit working with edited “pools” of cells...showed high editing efficiencies with AsCpf1, indicating that ouabain coselection is a robust and flexible...be found at Addgene and in Figure S12 of the publication. Agudelo D, et al. Nature Methods. 2017. PubMed...potential of base editing for precise genome modification. Plasmid ID Plasmid Name Cas9 Variant Speacial...(NGG)  Very low off-target activity; protein purification vector  87439  pCMV-HF-BE3  HF-Cas9 (NGG) ...

...injections, or the location of a specific cell type doesn’t always lend itself to direct application of virus. ...addition of a helper virus or plasmid allows it to replicate episomally, essentially remaining an extrachromosomal...extrachromosomal part of the host genome that can replicate and divide along with the endogenous DNA. AAV also...gamma-retro viruses. This is large enough for many applications, but in some cases multiple AAVs (co-infection...and AAV. If you’re wondering more about what applications these viruses are good for, we have plenty of...Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Delivery: Potential Applications for Gene and Cell-Based Therapies in the New...Gammaretroviral vectors: biology, technology and application. Viruses. 2011 Jun;3(6):677-713. DOI: 10.3390...

...and consultant whose work is focused on education and education policy. Additional Resources on the Addgene...that routinely hit the inbox at the BioBuilder Educational Foundation. With a goal of “bringing tomorrow...BioBuilder answers the call by offering a variety of educational programs all focused on current questions and...effectively contribute as part of a team.” As a seasoned educator, Kuldell also knew that the best days in the classroom...As a result, Kuldell launched the BioBuilder Educational Foundation in partnership with high school teachers...grown into a recognized name in the field of STEM education worldwide. The BioBuilder curriculum is now taught...critical thinking, persistence, teamwork, and communication. And as a program focused on an emerging scientific...

...biological pathways;  to observe a phenotype, the modification of multiple genes is often necessary. Guide ...recognition and cleavage. This sequence flexibility indicates that gRNAs could be incorporated into these constructs...the 5’ end. PTG construct schematics. Scissors indicate cleavage sites. After confirming gRNA cleavage...) How many loci can Cas9 modify? To test the application of this system to gRNA multiplexing, Xie et al...deletion with 4-20% frequency at the four loci, indicating that Cas9 can be guided to at least 8 distinct...multiplexing further illustrates the potential of PTGs. Applications of PTGs The major advantage of the PTG system... Mar 2. PubMed. Find the plasmids from this publication at Addgene Other Techniques for gRNA Multiplexing...

...should I choose? Writing a research paper for publication in a scientific journal requires several considerations...detailed information on lab resources, such as catalogue numbers and manufacturers’ details for antibodies...Information Framework (NIF) called the Resource Identification Initiative. During this project, authors are...likely that researchers have enough information to replicate your experiments, making research more reproducible...the reproducibility and reliability of science publications. Peer reviewing To make sure your manuscript...happens before the manuscript is accepted for publication and is, in most cases, blind (meaning you don...revised before it can be published, this can delay publication and manuscripts may go through several rounds...

...Here's what you'll find in this post: Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation...viral preps targeting interneurons Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation...popular choice for a variety of synaptic imaging applications. Find iGluSnFR4 plasmids here! Aggarwal, A...., Iyer, R., … Podgorski, K. (2025). Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation...DNA vector that contains everything needed to replicate inside a host cell but with space to insert your...This requires both targeting a specific genome location and isolating the interacting proteins. Lucky ...immunoprecipitation. The top panel depicts the identification of heat-shock proteins at the FOS gene promoter...

...methods Not in a native context. While native purification preserves RNA structure and naturally occurring...used the Contamination Repository for Affinity Purification (CRAPome), to identify highly biotinylated background...research groups that performed BirA*-based affinity purification mass spec experiments. These background proteins...subtracted from Ramanathan et al.’s RaPID datasets. Applications of RaPID RaPID sounds like a nifty technique...help answer? Ramanathan et al. outline three applications of RaPID: Discovery. To discover novel RNA-... that QKI is a host protein critical to Zika replication. Human genetic disease. RaPID can also be used...binding patterns. Hereditary Hyperferritinemia-Cataract Syndrome (HHCS), a disease characterized by increased...

... Haoyi Qiu He Tian Every two years, we seek applications for awards to early career scientists using ...virtual conference attendance. We also opened up applications to research technicians and undergraduate researchers...mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) which catalyzes the desulfuration of 3-mercaptopyruvate and generates...the chromophore that are susceptible to redox modification, the MPST hydrosulfide can be transferred to... and CNO silencing. (D) Immunohistochemistry verification of the dual virus expression in CR neurons of...where she engineers genetically encoded voltage indicators. Tian developed a video-based high-throughput...archaerhodopsin‑derived genetically encoded voltage indicator which had improved performance in live mouse brains...

...Summer Science Communication Series. We’ll be covering the basics of science communication, tips and tricks...science with others, and introducing science communication as a research field. And there will even be ...be a few tips for scientific communication (manuscripts, talks, etc…!)  Deep Dives You probably are familiar... Dives” series comes in! We’ll take a common application or concept and go beyond the basics - diving ...you’re ready for the next steps on some common applications, join us as we get into the weeds on some of... the end of this month! We’ll be sharing our educational resources and tips and tricks for those new to...media endeavors - in between some much-deserved vacations, sunshine, and beach trips, of course.    *not...