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We narrowed to 591 results for: cel.2;

Showing: 321 - 340 of 591 results

  1. Antibodies 101: Conventional vs Spectral Flow Cytometry

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...from another within a fully stained sample. Figure 2 is an example of the emission spectra for two fluorophores...another during spectral unmixing.     Figure 2: The full emission spectra for BV421 and BV711 on ...co-expression among cellular markers You’ll also need to know if markers are co-expressed in your cells when designing...immunologists, allowing for the rapid analysis of cell populations within a heterogenous tissue type, such...methods, the identification and isolation of rare cell types. In recent years, full spectrum flow cytometry...detector to detect one fluorophore and therefore one cellular marker. However, emission spectra of certain fluorophores...Spectral flow allows for autofluorescence extraction Cells produce a low level of fluorescence called autofluorescence...

  2. Simple CRISPR-based Epigenetic Editing: dCas9-directed DNA Demethylation

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...targeted DNA demethylation. Cell Discov 2, 16009. https://doi.org/10.1038/celldisc.2016.9.   ...Hrit et al. 2018, Kaas et al. 2013). Figure 2: CRISPR TET-based epigenetic editing. In reality, ...its oxidized derivatives. Cell 152, 5 P1146-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.004.  Xu X, Tao...enzymatic activity cause demethylation?  Dividing cells depend on DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to copy...methylate sites blocked by dCas9. Within a few rounds of cell division, the original methylated strand is diluted...dCas9 expression and pLM-CMV-R-Cre. Selection for cells stably and highly expressing these constructs can...can be achieved by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and stable gRNA expression can be achieved using...

  3. Antibodies 101: Antibody Engineering and Directed Evolution

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... follow the same general cyclical process (Figure 2). The differences typically come in when generating...starting point for the next cycle. Figure 2: General process of antibody directed evolution. Created...module_attribute "schema_version" is_json="true" %}{% raw %}2{% endraw %}{% end_module_attribute %}{% module_attribute...high-throughput screening techniques such as ELISA and cell surface display are common. ELISA enables quantitative...for comparing relative affinities across mutants. Cell surface display systems, such as bacterial, yeast...presentation of your mutant libraries on the surface of cells. This enables direct screening via flow cytometry...provide recombinant antibodies that target families of cell surface and secreted proteins (glypicans, integrins...

  4. Plasmid-based Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies: What They Are and Why You Should Be Excited About Them

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...from animals or hybridomas.   Figure 2: (Left) Figure 2: (Left) The light chain and heavy chain genes... be introduced into host cells, such as bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cells, for antibody production ...Nanobodies and recombinant binders in cell biology. Journal of Cell Biology 209:633–644 . https://doi.org...animals and bleed dates and even clonal hybridoma cell lines can produce more than one mAb (Bradbury et...plasmid or from an integrated sequence in a stable cell line. The genes encode the heavy chain and light...antibody protein binds an antigen. Image from Fvasconcellos.     How are Recombinant Antibodies Made...

  5. Illuminating Epigenetics with A FRET Based Biosensor

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...FRET signal back again. The Ting lab constructed 2 versions of this reporter to target the K9 (pcDNA3... 525.7570 (2015): 533-537. PubMed PMID: 26352475. 2. Bygren, Lars O., et al. "Change in paternal grandmothers...genes should be ‘read’ by the cellular machinery. This is how most cells in the body contain the same ...complex of DNA and histone proteins that compacts cellular DNA into chromosomes and reduces the risk of dangerous...the more compacted it becomes. This prevents the cellular machinery from physically interacting with the...visualise changes in histone methylation in living cells. Essentially this reporter construct consists of...recognise lysine 27 methylation. When tested in living cells where methylation of these sites was controlled,...

  6. Plasmids 101: Terminators and PolyA signals

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...due to the presence of additional helper sequences (2-3). As alluded to above, termination and polyadenylation...and translation processes as well.   Figure 2: The conserved eukaryotic polyadenylation signal directs...Plasmids designed to express genes in a given host cell type are generally broken down into two broad categories...purpose and mechanism of polyadenylation vary across cell types, but polyadenylation generally serves to promote... thought that poly(A)s are used to control the cellular concentration of regulatory RNAs and may additionally...additionally act as a quality control mechanism to rid the cell of mis-folded RNAs. Eukaryotic termination and polyadenylation...signal by using in vitro analyses. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1992. PMID: 1333042. PubMed Central PMCID...

  7. 7 Tips to Secure a STEAM Internship This Summer

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...and scholarships in different subject areas!    2. Resume and cover letter know-how  Tailor your resume...4. Letters of recommendation wisdom  Reach out to 2-3 individuals in your professional circle to vouch...college. Prior to March 2020, internships were a fiercely competitive endeavor. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic...

  8. Form Your Own Peer Mentoring Group: A How-To Guide for Scientists

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...The groups in these programs typically consist of 1-2 mentors and 3-5 mentees who meet together for an 8... together. If you all work at the same place, a 1-2 hour lunch on a regular schedule might work. If not...do once you are in a mentoring relationship.  Celebrate your successes and support each other as you transition...

  9. 28 Hot Plasmid Technologies from 2015

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... Zetsche et al., Nat Biotechnol. 2015 Feb 2;33(2):139-42. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3149. Light-inducible ...and on your favourite signalling pathways (Figure 2). They are all available now at Addgene. 1 Lungu...20;19(4):507-17. 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.02.006. 2 Guntas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015 Jan 6; ...Nihongaki et al., Chemistry and Biology. 2015 Feb 19; 22(2):169-74. High efficiency cloning for enzyme screening...inducible, gene knockdown with shRNA or shRNA-miR30, (2) tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 gene deletion, (3) simultaneous...different fluorescent proteins, 8 constitutive promoters, 2 includible promoters, 3 polyA terminators and various...of plasmids required for each input/output system; 2) removing all chemically inducible promoters; 3) improving...

  10. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) Guide

    Type
    Guide
    ...capsids from serotypes 1, 2, and 5 display differential efficiency and cell tropism after delivery to ...packaging and producer cell lines for the production of AAV vectors . Microorganisms, 12 (2), 384. https://doi.org...components, see the AAV Plasmid Elements table . Figure 2: Plasmids required for rAAV vector production. Created...the central nervous system . Molecular Therapy, 10 (2), 302–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.05.024...retrograde access to projection neurons . Neuron, 92 (2), 372–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.021...based on other human cell lines, such as HeLa and A549 cells, and even insect Sf9 cells , have also been ...able to infect cells and replicate autonomously. Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells are the most...

  11. Retrograde AAV viral preps

    Type
    Collection
    ...Calcium sensor Ting 83899 pAAV-mDlx-GCaMP6f-Fishell-2 mDlx GCaMP6f expression under the control of the mDlx... of Cre, and expresses NLS-EGFP in Cre-positive cells. Control Harvey 137164 pAAV-nEF-Con/Fon/Von eYFP...

  12. 5 Tips for Troubleshooting Viral Transductions

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Central PMCID: PMC3760253. 2. Rohwer, Forest. "Global phage diversity." Cell 113.2 (2003): 141. PubMed ... digest and compare it to some reliable controls. 2. Viral stocks may be sensitive to freeze thaw cycles...contaminating your transduction with the packaging cells. Packaging cell debris can be removed either by filtration... you can reduce the volume of cell culture medium on the packaging cells immediately following transfection...efficiency in cells that are sensitive to the toxicity of polybrene (e.g., hematopoietic or primary cells), and... the packaging cells after 1–3 days of selection. A lower percentage of surviving cells may be the result...adeno-associated virus transduction of cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 291.2 (2006): C386...

  13. Viral Vectors 101: Voltage Indicators

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Indicators GEVIs can be divided up structurally into 2 main groups: voltage sensitive domains and Rhodopsin...depending on your experimental system.   Figure 2: General overview of chemigenetic tools. A genetically...Cellular communication and function depend on potential energy. Cellular activities like action potentials...Indicators As previously mentioned, cellular voltage is measured at the cell membrane, and this voltage is ...endocrine cells. It follows that the specific targeting of these voltage indicators needs to be cell type ...electrical events! Voltage indicators are voltmeters for cells! In this blog we will review how these indicators...related to the electrical impulse of the cardiac cells. To study this phenomenon you will likely want to...

  14. Fluorescent Proteins 101: Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...from GFP and the mutation definitions found in Table 2 may not apply. Table 1: The specific mutations comprising..., V163A EBFP F64L, S65T, Y66H, Y145F   Table 2: Functional role of specific mutations in GFP derivatives...measure, and control molecular signals, cells, and groups of cells in order to understand their activity...Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS): This is a type of flow cytometry that separates mixtures of cells into distinct...Thus, FACS can be used to separate cells expressing GFP from cells that are not. Developmental/transgenic... localization profiles, acting as a biosensor or cell marker, studying protein-protein interactions, visualizing... was non-toxic and could be expressed in living cells, enabling the study of dynamic, physiological processes...

  15. Deep Dive: Fixing and Permeabilizing for Immunofluorescence

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...membrane integrity (Fig. 2). For example, saponin interacts with cholesterol in cell membranes and leaves ... at too high a concentration.      Figure 2: Examples of different permeabilization strategies...holes in the cell membranes of your sample to allow antibodies better access to intracellular targets. If...allowing antibodies into the cell where they could bind to intracellular epitopes. C) Permeabilizing with...method for visualizing molecules of interest within a cell or tissue. In that introduction, we broke down the...structure of your samples, the relationships between cellular components, and the accessibility of your target...cross-linkers work by (as the name suggests) cross-linking cellular proteins. Cross-linking is a chemical reaction...

  16. Google Forums Round Up: First Impressions of NgAgo

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... PMID: 27136078. 2. Burgess, Shawn., et al. "Questions about NgAgo." Proteins & Cell (2016). 3. "NgAgo...engineering methods have their own pros and cons (2). The NgAgo DNA guide is inexpensive and can be 5’...degraded by the cellular machinery, leaving a small amount of active NgAgo/ssDNA complex in the cell. As proposed...results of Gao et al 2016 in a letter to Protein & Cell. Update (August 3rd, 2017) THE ORIGINAL NgAgo ARTICLE... guide, it cannot be produced from a plasmid in cells. Additionally, in vitro assembly of NgAgo/ssDNA ...dangerous, non-physiological temperature for mammalian cells and one which diminishes the endonuclease activity...guide. Therefore, researchers must co-transfect cells with 5’-P-ssDNA guides and an NgAgo expression plasmid...

  17. Chromoproteins: Colorful Proteins For Molecular Biology Experiments

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...amilCP, tsPurple, and gfasPurple) (Figure 2). Figure 2: Chromoprotein expression from bacteria on... them into your cells, you can simply look for blue colonies to determine which cells have taken up the... that the cellular fitness cost varied greatly between chromoproteins. In some cases, cells containing... mScarlet as the donor in HeLa cells.   Find ShadowR for mammalian cell expression here   Now that you...cloning experiment worked just by looking at the cells on the plate. For example, if your plasmid contains...Here, the chromoprotein is expressed and gives the cell a magenta (amilCP) or purple (tsPurple) color. Though...added which induces expression of the toxin. Any cells that grow after this point will be those that have...

  18. Plan Your Experiment

    Type
    Guide
    ...your target cells. There are a variety of ways to deliver and express these components (Figure 2), and the...optimal system will likely depend on your cell type. Figure 2: Different delivery systems utilized for ...and/or Cas9 expression or (2) a lack of efficient target cleavage in cells that do express both Cas9 and...CRISPR-Based genome editing. Trends in Biotechnology , 36 (2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.11.006...difficult-to-transfect cells. You can direct expression to specific cell types by using cell-specific promoters...human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. For more difficult cell types, you may need to look into other...are good choices for more difficult cell types like primary cells. For CRISPR delivery, lentiviral and...

  19. Pooled Library Amplifications

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...estimate transformation efficiency (Figure 2).    Figure 2: Example of a serial dilution to estimate...Genome-wide Inhibition Library. DNA and cell amounts After deciding on a cell type, you will need to determine...DNA and how many cells to use for your transformation(s). The amount of competent cells you need total ... generally electroporated into electrocompetent cells to ensure the highest possible transformation efficiency...efficiency. Using Stbl4 or other ultra-high efficiency cells ensures that plasmid diversity in the library is...transformation may vary depending on the particular type of cells you are using, as well as other factors, such as...transformations, such as splitting 400 ng of DNA in 100 μL of cells over four individual electroporations. The specifics...

  20. Empty Backbones - Choosing Your Perfect Plasmid Backbone

    Type
    Collection
    ...backbone with MS2 loops at tetraloop and stemloop 2 and EF1a-zeo resistance marker pLenti CMV/TO GFP-Zeo...and display of proteins on the extracellular surface of S. cerevisiae cells His-tagged versions of pFastBac... the elements needed for replication in the host cell and are designed for a user to insert a gene of ..., or express the insert they carry in the target cell. These vectors allow you to test the function of....1-mCherry - Expresses mCherry tag in mammalian cells pBI-MCS-EGFP - Tet-inducible Find more Tet-inducible...or Fusion Protein Tags and fusion proteins are excellent tools for further understanding the function... as GFP, which allows you to visualize the cellular localization of your protein. Additionally...
Showing: 321 - 340 of 591 results