...of the Fc receptors FcγRIIB1 and FcγRIIB, inhibit) specific immune responses. These receptors are specific...so IgG isotypes bind to Fcγ receptors; IgE isotypes bind to Fcε receptors; and so on and so forth. There...of different receptors, but their downstream effects can be sorted into three main effector functions.  ... about Fc effector functions and all that antibodies can do! For instance, some Fc receptors, once bound... RA, Towers TL, Presta LG, Ravetch JV. Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytotoxicity against tumor...antibody's binding affinity (Janda et al., 2016; Torres & Casadevall, 2008) but…does it really do anything... the innate immune response, by binding to Fc receptors on other immune cells. (psst! Need a quick review...

...are doing is telling a (nonfiction) story. For there to be a story, you need to have conflict. There are...complete your story: an introduction, and a resolution.   Fig. 2: The structure of a story - not just...communication science. Science communicators also use the hero’s journey, stories from patients or other affected...unrelated stories that they then tuck the science into. There are almost limitless storytelling options,...pursuit of achieving knowledge. Or, as we in the storytelling business like to say, science is all about navigating...inherent tension, is interesting. It’s what drives a story forward - and this drive is so powerful that it ... communications, but they’re firmly part of the story to the scientists doing the work.  And while these...

...searched for and eventually identified a postdoctoral mentor. A good mentor typically writes the grants that ... of reference- the graduate school mentor, the postdoctoral mentor, and at least one more person that ...was contributed by Erik Snapp, the Director of Student and Postdoctoral Programs at theJanelia Research ...reason most people enter postdoctoral training. Similarly, there are several factors to consider when selecting... of your postdoctoral training experience. If you're going to commit to doing a postdoctoral fellowship... you how to write as well as mentor. Yet, even the most dedicated mentor is not always available for mentees...different roles? A second or third mentor. Therefore, seek out additional mentors. I found this beneficial for...

...lentiviral vectors, you need an envelope protein on the virus’s surface and a corresponding receptor in the...lentiviral vector will infect, pseudotyping can help. In pseudotyping, you produce viral vectors using viral...glycoprotein. Lentiviral vectors are also great at infecting neurons and cause minimal inflammatory response, but...Sandoval S (2017) Pseudotyped Lentiviral Vectors: One Vector, Many Guises. Human Gene Therapy Methods ...the host cell. Some of these envelope-receptor pairings are broad, allowing delivery into many cell types...virus. How to pseudotype To pseudotype your viral vector, you use the same protocol for generating lentivirus...also be cell type dependent: if a cell has few receptors for a specific envelope protein, it takes up less...

...In response to a bit of a Twitter storm surrounding NgAgo, its creator, Han Chunyu of Hebei University ... Read All Our Editor's Choice Blog Posts The Addgene Blog has had quite the up-tick in views over the...by PCR & Single Base Editing with CRISPR For my editor’s choice picks this month, I’m picking two posts...give a great science talk from Addgene Executive Director Joanne Kamens. I highly recommend taking a look...Transductions Single Base Editing with CRISPR Cas9 Activators: A Practical Guide 10 Steps to a Perfect Science...

...each and every month, we've decided to start an "Editor's Choice" series. Each month, I'll summarize the...on topics ranging from new tools you can use to monitor cellular perturbations to how CRISPR has made it...I love all of our blog posts, my pick for the "editor's choice" post this month is from guest blogger ... editor's choice...

...future) applications of lentiviral vectors! Lentiviral vector history and components In the early 1990s...design a viral vector system that could do both, Addgene depositor Didier Trono and collaborators turned to...Lentiviral vectors are one of the most popular and useful viral vectors in the lab. Advantages of lentivirus...dividing and non-dividing cells. Lentiviral vectors are the vector of choice for many CRISPR applications,...viral vector systems based on retroviruses like Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV). The vectors could...adeno-associated viral vectors can also target non-dividing cells, lentiviral vectors can carry much more...Lentiviral Plasmid FAQs. Lentiviral vectors in the lab Lentiviral vectors are incredibly popular in the lab...

...Genome Engineering Using FLEx AAV Vectors? Learn about Viral Vector Elements Read Our Primer on Optogenetics...improvement of optogenetic adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Listed below are a few additional uses for FLEx...and Ghyselinck NB. A directional strategy for monitoring Cre-mediated recombination at the cellular level...PMC3406316. Find FLEx plasmids from these Addgene depositors: Ed Boyden Bernardo Sabatini Wenbiao Chen Liquin...

...due to factors such as the experimental cell type and the specific genes cloned into the vector.3  2A ... the creation of bicistronic or multicistronic vectors. Unlike promoters which will create unique mRNA...for each gene that is expressed, multicistronic vectors simultaneously express two or more separate proteins...blog post we’ll cover basics of multicistronic vectors: why they are useful, how they work, and how to...get started with them. Why Use multicistronic vectors? Detecting cells that are expressing your gene,...expressing your gene of interest at high levels. Unlike vectors that express screenable or selectable markers from... the same transcript. Of course multicistronic vectors do not have to exclusively be used as a means of...

...using synthetic vectors and cultured mammalian cells. Of course, these mammalian vectors must be compatible...Instead, reporter genes are often employed to easily monitor transfection efficiencies and expression levels... mammalian vectors...

...elements for vector propogation. This post, along with a future companion post on mammalian vectors, will catch...typically found as a single copy. Unlike the ARS vectors, CEN vectors are stable without integration. Yeast Episomal...plasmid maintenence within an E. coli cell, but vectors can be widely utilized across many different cell...core replication and resistance features of yeast vectors and explain how they differ from the bacterial ...previously described. Why do scientists use yeast vectors? Yeast are eukaryotes and thus contain complex ... and yeast cells. To be useful in the lab, the vectors must contain a yeast-specific origin of replication...replication of fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, vectors at the end.) In a previous post, we briefly discussed...

...Science Mentors series: Part 1: "What Makes a Good Mentor?" and 6 More FAQs About Science Mentoring ...choose an advisor/principal investigator (PI) that will also serve as a good mentor. To read more about what...choosing a lab for postdoctoral work. However, selecting a lab with a PI who is a good mentor is important ...to learn about her mentoring style. How can I find out if an advisor is a good mentor? You have to ask ...on this topic), for this second entry in the “Mentoring for Scientists Series”, let’s focus on how to ...what makes a good mentor, see the previous post in this series. Check out Joanne's Reddit AMA Different...Different types of mentors for grad school vs. postdoc Choosing an advisor to complete a successful PhD is different...

... these plasmids. While clearly an outlier, this story had us wondering: is there a larger trend here? ...also get many more citations This isn’t the whole story, though. It would also be great to know how much... is just a first step. There are lots of other factors that could still be controlled for. As an example...

... Antibody Characterization Laboratory Cancer Any Data repository From the Frederick National Library...notes) Any Data repository Only accepts data for antibodies in Addgene’s repository  IBEX Knowledge-Base...Data repository See blog post mAb3D Atlas Mouse and human brain  IHC Data repository See...there are websites that can help: Antibody data repositories, which share validation data, and antibody search...using antibody search engines and antibody data repositories to find an antibody for your experiment. Search...available antibodies from many vendors, while data repositories share validation and experimental data to help...familiar with in Table 1.  Table 1: Antibody data repositories and search engines Website Targets Application...

...ready-to-use viral vectors in the Addgene repository  Name Serotype Category Depositor  Notes AAV-GfaABC1D-Cre... new preps available in the Addgene viral vector repository! This includes the first Addgene prep packaged... AAV9-X1.1!  We also have eight new AAV-PHP.eB vectors from the Jonathan Ting lab at the Allen Institute...carried out before. We have a bunch of other new AAV vectors as well — including next-generation biosensors ...multiple serotypes Looking for more viral vectors? Browse the full viral services collection or check... check out Addgene's Data Hub to see viral vector reports from other users. And don't forget to use the...below to keep up with the latest in Addgene's viral vector services and resources!   This blog post was written...

...ready-to-use viral vectors in the Addgene repository  Name Serotype Category Depositor  Notes pAAV_hSyn-SIO-stChrimsonR-EGFP-P2A-PdCO-miniWPRE...What's new in Addgene's ready-to-use viral vectors repository? Quite a bit! In this post, we'll share the... the 20 additions we've made to our viral vectors repository since March.  Addgene is now offering an...This is an "optoGPCR" (coupled to Go, so it's an inhibitory opsin!) and due to its bistable nature, it enables... multiple serotypes Looking for more viral vectors? Browse the full viral services collection or check... check out Addgene's Data Hub to see viral vector reports from other users. And don't forget to use the...below to keep up with the latest in Addgene's viral vector services and resources!   This blog post was written...

...made to our viral vectors repository this year (and it's only March!)  In our repository, you'll find the...What's new in Addgene's ready-to-use viral vectors repository? Quite a bit! In this post, we'll share the...as seven vectors newly available in the AAV PHP.eB serotype. We've also added two viral vectors that can...these new vectors, and many more, in the table below.    Table 1: New ready-to-use viral vectors in the ...the Addgene repository  Name Serotype Category Depositor  Notes AAV-CAG-jGCaMP8s-WPRE AAV1 Biosensor...St-Pierre New viral vector pAAV-hSyn-JEDI-2P-WPRE AAV9 Biosensor St-Pierre New viral vector pAAV-CAG-RdLight1... Tian New viral vector pAAV-hSynapsin1-RdLight1 AAV9 Biosensor Tian New viral vector pAAV_hSynapsin_psychLight2...

...researchers.  TALENs In 2010, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were engineered. TALENs... plague).  Base editors The major drawback of all the endonuclease-based gene editors (meganucleases, ...generate the prototypical base editor enzymes. The cytidine base editors (CBE) use a cytidine deaminase...the adenine base editors which can help accelerate the engineering of novel base editor proteins. She is... agricultural products. But it also made SciFi director Ridley Scott wonder what would happen if these...year after the discovery of meganucleases. The storyline involves the resurrection of dinosaurs by extracting...sequences is not ideal. For the early generation gene editors, new amino acid recognition sites had to be designed...

...blog Viral Vectors 101: Viral Vector Elements Viral Vectors 101: Types of Viruses Viral Vectors 101: Viral...would not be great for a gene therapy vector! For viral vectors, only the protein for reverse transcriptase...components of the vector particle, some of the RT protein gets packaged inside of the vector particle, along...and this is where viral vectors and natural viruses diverge. For the viral vector, its job as a tool is ...Central PMCID: PMC372876 Dong, W., & Kantor, B. (2021). Lentiviral Vectors for Delivery of Gene-Editing Systems...seem like an unlikely candidate to use as a viral vector, but retroviruses have been developed into some...gamma-retroviruses — that have been developed into retroviral vectors and 2.) a subclass of retroviruses called the lentiviruses...

...Bicistronic vectors combine excitation and inhibition by using both excitatory and inhibitory channels activated...BioRender.com.   Opto-G-protein coupled receptors  G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) regulate cellular function...some broad classes of optogenetic tools, and what factors to consider when choosing one.     Figure...light-gated ion channels, optogenetic G-protein coupled receptors (OptoXRs), and photoswitches. Light-gated ion ...stimulation to either activate or inhibit a specific receptor or pathway.  Light-gated ion channels Light activated...light within a specific range of wavelengths. Excitatory channels allow positively charged ions such as...gradient to depolarize it (Nagel et al., 2003). Inhibitory opsins are usually light-driven pumps that pass...