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...constructs with AAV. In the case of channelrhodopsins, fewer channel proteins are required for the transduced...is to increase the AAV concentration. In this flowchart, you can see the dwindling proportion of AAV particles...gets transported up the cell’s axon. While the mechanism for this function is not yet fully understood,...S9-S15. PubMed PMID: 11841606. 2. Schultz BR, Chamberlain JS. Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Transduction...

...research projects.   Understanding drug resistance mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dr. Patricia Sheen...her group are interested in understanding the mechanisms behind Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance ... these proteins will be tested. Investigating changes in neuronal activity after ischemic brain injury... investigates the molecular and cellular etiopathomechanisms of ischemic stroke, the most common type ... Tsakanova to image cortical neurons and study changes in neural activity after ischemic brain injury....

...results. GBEs seemed to follow the same initial mechanism as in mammalian cells — by excising the freshly... A's, producing C → A edits. Figure 3: Mechanism of cytosine transversion editors. Red arrows indicate...agreed on the first part of the likely editing mechanism: cytidine deaminase converts C to U, and UNG excises... Base Editing terms   Base transition Base changes between purines (A ↔ G) or between pyrimidines ...pyrimidines (C ↔ T).   Base transversion  Base changes from purine (A or G) to pyrimidine (C or T) or vice-versa...Glycosylase base editors enable C-to-A and C-to-G base changes. Nature Biotechnology, 39(1), 35–40. https://doi.org...

... virus used. All of these expression control mechanisms require a specific modification of the viral ... years ago. Since then, medical technology has changed a lot, but viruses have stuck around. Vaccine development...Viral vectors are being explored as the delivery mechanism for increasingly popular nucleic acid-based vaccines...specifically AAV, are also being exploited as delivery mechanisms for gene therapy. The tractability of AAV, low...1742-4690-4-66. PMID: 17888184; PMCID: PMC2075523. Bulcha, J.T., et al. Viral vector platforms within the...

...open-source microscopy seeks to change this. This recent push gives users the chance to understand the "black...much more involved. Challenges such as the provision of an accessible supply chain for parts that are ...Krishnamurthy, Ethan Li, Pranav Vyas, Nibha Akireddy, Chew Chai, Manu Prakash, "Squid: Simplifying Quantitative ...

...signaling throughout the body. Because calcium levels change rapidly during neuronal activity, scientists can...developed a new calcium indicator, OCaMP. The challenge: Expanding the fluorescent toolbox Modern neuroscience...Figure 2). Figure 2: OCaMP structure and mechanism of action. Reproduced from Aggarwal et al. 2025...OCaMP shows: Higher ΔF/F0 (the measure of signal change during calcium events), Greater brightness, Less...the science behind OCaMP, including detailed characterization as protein or in neuronal cultures, zebrafish...

... the materials in our catalog are very well-characterized. During this time, we’ve also created a variety...this, throughout the year we rolled out multiple changes to our website, including the recent homepage and... a look at the least visible part behind these changes: the backend technology that powers the new website...granularly customize the search engine, and a scoping mechanism that allows category-specific, narrow searches...among others. We also created a normalization mechanism to “collapse” variations and synonyms of the same...

...designed by the Toettcher Lab, OptoNBs are photoswitchable engineered nanobodies whose binding of their...small (~15 kDa), single monomeric variable heavy chain antibody domain.  How do these components interact... Sons of Sevenless (SOS), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates Ras. They expressed this...message reaches the nucleus where gene expression changes lead to cell proliferation and differentiation....Optogenetic control of protein binding using light-switchable nanobodies." BioRxiv (2019): 739201.  Additional...

...from a camelid antibody lacking a light chain, called a heavy chain antibody (Muyldermans S., 2013). They...antibody: An ~150kD protein with both light and heavy chains made by immune systems. But here, we're not interested... or less immunogenic version is needed.  Single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) are ~27kD engineered ...They are comprised of the variable heavy and light chain regions, connected by a short linker peptide. The...

...matter of applying that framework to the myriad challenges we encounter. As you spend time in a lab learning...protocol modifications, and ultimately decided on the changes to implement. As with any skill, there will always...yourself if you missed any important details. Or challenge yourself to think of more creative solutions. ... know-how and more about how you approach new challenges.     Know your strengths! Research experience...employer that you are well equipped to work through challenges from day one in your new position. Of course,...

... in D.C. for a few years, Susan was ready for a change of scenery. She moved to Seattle and continued ...to articles for the Fred Hutch website, social channels and Hutch magazine. Getting pulled in all of these...finding that uninterrupted time to be creative is challenging,” says Susan.  Another difficulty is that some... scientist or someone who’s affected by climate change or affected by a superbug. I think we solve these...you enjoyed this series, subscribe to the Career Channel of the blog so you don’t miss out on future career...

...go ahead with raises. What will these further changes mean? The abrupt reversal in salary raises at institutions...Continuing efforts to gather information and expedite change We are continuing to update our FLSA and Postdocs..., under “How institutional plans have/have not changed since the injunction”. Postdocs around the country...enterprise and promote their voices in driving changes in science. Follow him on Twitter @BiophysicalFrog...the Addgene Blog Read Gary's Previous Article: Changing Labor Laws Bring Increased Postdoc Wages Read ...

...viruses yield dsRNA through a slightly different mechanism thought to be associated with bidirectional transcription...knew about all the diverse in vitro production mechanisms. siRNA, also known as RNAi, are short, dsRNA ...and dysfunction, it is unclear what the precise mechanism behind the production of these dsRNAs is. A major...response. However, if dsRNA sensors are mutated or mechanisms which suppress endogenous dsRNA formation are...levels, possibly due to dysregulation of removal mechanisms, an array of diseases can result (Fanconi Anemia...

...Sauermann, Henry, and Michael Roach. "Science PhD career preferences: levels, changes, and advisor encouragement...would be the effects, positive and negative, of changing the workforce structure? Helping to answer some... the following panel members: Jonathan Dinman, Chair of the Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics Department...collects data on the careers of science PhDs. Michael Teitelbaum is a Senior Research Associate at the...

...person in the group for your needs. Beth Schachter of Beth Schachter Consulting is part of that group and ...are for the coaching relationship. Do you want to change jobs? Grow your professional presence? Learn a ...and make direct suggestions for improvement and change. Work with the coach to define how you will know... Polk of From PhD to Life. She runs great tweet chats, has an outstanding blog and, while her PhD is in...

...and has provided clues to their previously uncharacterized cellular roles. In the current phase of NURSA... expression and reporter plasmids and the free exchange of these vectors between laboratories. The development...example, was a key development in the functional characterization of NRs and coregulators, and although the ...Bert O’Malley, M.D., is Tom Thompson Professor and Chair of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology...Nuclear Receptor Signaling.   Further Reading: Chawla, A., Repa, J. J., Evans, R. M.and Mangelsdorf, ...

...base-to-base conversion in principle, but some changes require multiple steps and enzymes. Prime editing...can encode any of the 12 possible base-to-base changes in a single edit. Prime editing is also more precise...breaks has been widely used to generate precise changes. However, the efficiency of Cas9 cleavage is relatively....2021.09.018 Choi, J., Chen, W., Suiter, C. C., Lee, C., Chardon, F. M., Yang, W., Leith, A., Daza, R. M., Martin...J., Pierce, S. E., Tolar, J., Meissner, T. B., Chaikof, E. L., Osborn, M. J., & Liu, D. R. (2024). Efficient... L., Schmidt, R., Solley, S. C., Gilbert, L. A., Chan, M. M., Bauer, D. E., Marson, A., Parsons, L. R....

...synaptic connections and physiology is particularly challenging as they are great in number, generally very small...’s native locus, but introducing large genetic changes in C. elegans with CRISPR can be difficult since...her colleagues at Yale University fused a color-changing fluorescent timer (FT) protein to the histone ...synthesis and, after a few hours, a conformational change causes the protein to fluoresce red. H2B-FT-red...a Cre-dependent, soma-targeting inhibitory channelrhodopsin. It’s now available as AAV5. Find the AAV...

...work,” she said. “School will always be there.” Changing your path! It’s okay! Our blog writer, Beth Kenkel...research and technical assistant, when her life changed––she had a daughter. Needing a career switch because...thought, ‘Let me pursue this, let me make a slight change so I can have flexibility and be up to date with...Bioinformatics it is.’” Though she misses the bench, the change gave her the balance she needed. It is incredibly...incredibly helpful to me to know that you can make big changes in your career path and still find comfort and ...

...with characterized behaviors are available from Addgene and other sources; second, characterizing a part...strangers to cloning. If you’re reading this, then chances are you have been in the cloning trenches yourself...specific functions. Most individual parts have characterized activities with predictable behaviors. While...part in different contexts and plug different characterized parts into a TU! What is modular cloning useful...