...of optogenetics integrates optics and genetic engineering to measure and manipulate cells (frequently neurons...Scientists have identified a variety of naturally occurring microbial opsins that respond to different wavelengths...proton efflux. Researchers have used genetic engineering to improve these natural opsins - by inducing...direct stimulation of ion channels. Naturally occurring channelrhodopsins were discovered in the green...to place the optic fiber outside of the brain, rendering the experimental procedure less invasive. Different...LARIAT Inhibits protein function by reversibly sequestering targets into large, optically assembled protein...Illumination causes the photoswitch to unfold, lowering the toxin's local concentration near the cell ...
