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  1. Antibodies 101: Polyclonal Antibodies

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    Blog Post
    ...recognizing the target protein remains bound to the column while the rest of the proteins are eluted. Then, the...full-length protein that you want to generate antibodies against, or a unique peptide sequence derived from this...the serum are separated, and the serum - which contains the antibodies - is further processed to isolate...Protein G purification is one common method. These proteins bind the IgG heavy chain. Running the serum over...specific to the immunogen or not, while any other proteins pass through. However, protein A and protein G...Antibodies that don’t cross-react with the serum proteins pass through the column, resulting in a polyclonal...or select a monoclonal or recombinant antibody instead. Otherwise, you might experience variability in...
  2. Recombinase-based State Machines Enable Order-dependent Logic in vivo

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    Blog Post
    ...amount of information regarding which regulatory proteins, signaling molecules, mutations, and environmental...represented in a very small number of registers. Instead, one may use qPCR to determine the fraction of ...combination of red, blue, and green fluorescent proteins in each state. The three methods of state interrogation...tell you the distribution of states in a sample; instead, it will suggest the predominant state of registers...plasmid (high copy, ColE1 origin of replication), contains large serine recombinase genes downstream of inducible...copy, bacterial artificial chromosome backbone) contains the register. Depending on the desired application...endogenous gene expression (2). Our paper (1) explains how to arrange attB-attP pairs on a register to...
  3. Building Global Connections with the International Mentorship Program USA-EUROPE

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    Blog Post
    ...Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, Johns Hopkins University, the Salk Institute, and the... the Karolinska Institutet, among others). Mentors and mentees held scheduled monthly progress video conferences... confined by birth country or financial means. Instead, talent should be realized through equal opportunities...internationalization faces several obstacles; for instance there are few resources to help get individuals...supported, and can more fully identify with and be inspired by the mentor’s successful example. For evidence...2014-15, University of Valencia): “It is very inspiring to be in contact with mentors who are at a professional...universities and high level public and private institutions also showed their support and hope for the IMP...
  4. CRISPR 101: Targeting Non-Coding RNAs with CRISPR/Cas9

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    Blog Post
    ...long ncRNAs is impractical. Instead, tags or stop elements can be inserted to disrupt the transcription...RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcribed but do not encode proteins. They play important roles in many cellular and...permanently disable, protein-coding genes by generating insertions or deletions in the DNA sequence. This same approach...break works well because very small deletions and insertions in the DNA sequence can completely disrupt expression... an open reading frame, so small deletions or insertions may not result in a functional loss (Ho et al...the ncRNA (Hazan and Bester 2021). For example, inserting a polyadenylation signal downstream of the transcription...exon or a large genomic fragment. (D) Knock-in: insertion of a synthetic polyadenylation (spA) signal. Figure...
  5. Open Resources and Plasmid Tools For Studying C. elegans

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    Blog Post
    ...sharing their worm strains through the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC) which maintains and distributes...each half to a gp41-1-N-intein. Split inteins are protein domains that naturally “associate, self-excise...distributes the strains all over the world. When I was at the 22nd International C. elegans meeting, I was again... the Arizona State University (ASU) Biodesign institute developed a 3’UTR database specifically for C.... discovered in plants to conditionally deplete proteins of interest in C. elegans (Zhang et al., 2015)...modified TIR-1 protein can degrade degron-tagged proteins in an auxin dependent manner. This system allows...scientists to both spatially and temporally knock-down proteins of interest.  Plasmids for cGAL and split cGAL...
  6. Hot Plasmids February 2024

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    Blog Post
    ...AAV.CAP-Mac for systemic gene transfer in primate brains Endothelial-specific AAV delivery Recombinant anti-FLAG...COX8a-mStayGold. Scale bars 10 μm (main), 1 μm (inset). Image reused from Ando et al. 2023, under CC-BY...for your next experiments, they will also likely inspire further-improved versions. Thanks to Christophe...Leterrier, whose FocalPlanes piece on mStayGold inspired and informed this section.  Find mStayGold plasmids...2023). Bright and stable monomeric fluorescent proteins derived from StayGold. ResearchSquare (Preprint...alchemy: CAP-Mac unleashes the secrets of primate brains with brilliance By Hridaya Patel (Addgene co-op...systemic gene delivery in non-human primate (NHP) brains.  Systemic gene delivery capsids previously identified...
  7. Antibodies 101: Antibody Engineering and Directed Evolution

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    Blog Post
    ...families of cell surface and secreted proteins (glypicans, integrins, and more coming soon) as well as epitope...engineer the most miniscule parts of life, like proteins, to study or alter their function for a variety...Degenerate primers are a group of primers that contains a variety of degenerate codons (different codon...amino acid) for various amino acids. Essentially, instead of forcing sequence diversity using error-prone...guided directed evolution might be more your style. Instead of leaving sequence generation to chance, you start...regions you want to evolve. With this added layer of insight, you can shrink your mutant library and increase...binding specificity, you can perform binding assays against the target antigen to identify mutants with enhanced...
  8. Our Most Popular Blog Posts from 2019

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    Blog Post
    ...PS: they’re free. 3. Fluorescent Proteins 101: GFP Fusion Proteins - Making the Right Connection by Joachim...optogenetics, chemogenetics, plasmids, fluorescent proteins, careers, and more. These resources can now be...Fluorescent Voltage Indicators, and Photoswitchable Proteins by Cary Valley, Shreya Vedantam, Michelle Cronin...used in cloning. 8. Bright Monomeric Fluorescent Proteins: mNeonGreen, mTFP1, and mWasabi by Jennifer Tsang...and find plasmids containing these fluorescent proteins at Addgene. 7. Designing Your Chalk Talk for ...Fluorescent Vegetables in Aptamer Soup by Aliyah Weinstein RNA aptamers, which are nucleic acid sequences...shares some strategies for generating GFP fusion proteins. From considering protein size and shape, linker...
  9. Tips from the Repository Trenches: Using Barcodes to Track Samples

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    Blog Post
    ...plasmid's journey begins First, each package is opened and the contents are carefully inspected to verify that...different strains of E. coli that can be used for transformation. The preferred E. coli strains for storage... then the journey of transformation and storage begins. Some samples are submitted as bacterial colonies...the year (see graph below). Addgene scientists inspect each sample and make sure they have been barcoded...assigned to a location in a metal freezer rack that contains five levels that can hold five plates on each ... back into because every barcode on every tube contains information about that tube’s appropriate location...been received and stored, it is put into E. coli strains that have been treated to easily take in plasmids...
  10. Addgene’s Expanding Collection of Research Tools for Industry Scientists

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    Blog Post
    ...sought to support scientists at all research institutions. In 2012, we shipped our first plasmid to an...Addgene's search functionality. Fluorescent proteins One of the largest plasmid collections deposited...AI-generated gene editor deposited by Profluent Bio, maintains Cas9 architecture, but is almost two hundred mutations...Vector to generate a tagged fusion protein. Fusion proteins can then be covalently labeled with a molecule... analysis and tools for tracking and detecting proteins fused to NanoLuc, HaloTag, SmBiT, and LgBiT. These...plasmids for the AAV2, AAV5, AAV6, and AAV11 Cap proteins. Additionally, transfer plasmids such as empty... Laboratory. Through our partnership with the Institute for Protein Innovation, Addgene also distributes...
  11. Antibodies 101: Designing Your First Flow Panel

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    Blog Post
    ...the surface or the inside of your cells. While proteins themselves can emit intrinsic fluorescence when...amino acids found in all proteins, so you can't distinguish the different proteins from each other. To distinguish...Lastly, there are fixable dye stains that react with free amines on and inside the cells and are thus typically...distinguish different target proteins in your flow analysis, you'll need to use fluorophores that attach...appropriate readout. A common method of labeling proteins is to fuse them with a fluorescent reporter, such... reporter's fluorescence. Another way to label proteins is through treating cells with fluorophore-conjugated...antibody-fluorophores, fluorescent reporters, and/or dye stains used in your flow cytometry experiment are known...
  12. A Primer on Optogenetics: Introduction and Opsin Delivery

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    Blog Post
    ... of Antonello Bonci, Director of the National Institutes of Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIH-NIDA...are numerous variants for the different types of opsins available and their differences and uses have been...discussed thoroughly elsewhere (here and here for instance) [2], [3]. Karl Deisseroth of Stanford University...details about types of constructs available, instructions for obtaining a material transfer agreement,...published at this point.  In brief, some standard opsins (see table above) include Channelrhodopsin2 (Chr2...and subsequent firing of an action potential. Halorhodopsins (HR) are green/yellow-light sensitive chloride...specific opsin expression. However, the types of opsins you are able to use are obviously limited by the...
  13. CRISPR Activation: A Practical Guide

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    ... Chavez, researchers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. CRISPR/Cas9 is an enormously...and former researcher at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering.     Alejandro (Alex)...prevent your gene from being up-regulated. For instance, generally, the more highly expressed a gene is...similar tools were made using other DNA binding proteins such as zinc fingers (ZF) and TAL effectors (TALE...scale CRISPR-based screens can be used to gain insight into protein structure and function (Pan et al....Ansari R, Harper S, Jackson DA, McRae R, Pooley R, Wilkinson P, van der Meer D, Dow D, Buser-Doepner C, Bertotti...Davidsohn N, Housden BE, Perrimon N, Weiss R, Aach J, Collins JJ, Church GM (2015) Highly efficient Cas9-mediated...
  14. Identifying Sequence Elements with SnapGene's Feature Database

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    Blog Post
    ...microbial strains. It proved to be impractical to catalog every variant of a feature. Instead, we identified... days or even weeks. Primer design was done painstakingly by hand. Records of plasmid construction were...their goals as intuitive and painless as possible. Instead of crowding the interface with every possible option... antibiotic resistance markers and replication origins, but there is extensive heterogeneity in the feature...efforts, such an algorithm has limitations. For instance, it could miss a common feature if the sequence... inaccurately. The best example is fluorescent proteins, which often come in closely related versions ... genomes of newly sequenced bacterial or viral strains. We are working on a way for SnapGene users to ...
  15. Antibodies 101: Chimeric Antibodies

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    Blog Post
    ...and find an ideal antibody against Protein A and an ideal antibody against Protein B. The antibodies are...isotype? Antibodies are composed of light chains and heavy chains made up of variable regions and constant...interact. You read extensive research on the two proteins and come up with a great experimental plan that...detect Protein B and successfully visualize both proteins.     Figure 2: Two primary antibodies ...In most cases, the resulting chimeric antibody retains the binding specificity to the original target ...target and can be used with secondary antibodies against the new Fc region. In addition to increasing multiplexing...     Morelock, M. M., Rothlein, R., Bright, S. M., Robinson, M. K., Graham, E. T., Sabo, J. P., Owens, R.,...
  16. March for Science

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    Blog Post
    ...apolitical process for seeking knowledge. The process begins with a testable hypothesis - an educated guess ...scientists then revise their hypotheses and the cycle begins again. No part of this process is inherently political...States government? Politics and science are intrinsically linked: governments exist in reality and science...Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Institutes of Health endanger scientists’ ability to uphold...consequences While frustration and anxiety have inspired people to rally for science, others are concerned... themselves can come to conclusions themselves instead of depending on scientists or politicians to interpret...lines (18). Feeling like an apple will fall up instead of down when dropped will not make it happen. In...
  17. Four Ways to Package Transgenes That Exceed the Size Limit of Adeno-associated Virus

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    Blog Post
    ...transgene.The AAV encoding part A of the transgene contains a promoter and the 5’-fragment of the transgene...donor. The AAV encoding part B of the transgene contains a splice site acceptor followed by the 3’-end ...methods. The AAV encoding part A of the transgene contains the promoter, the 5’ half of the transgene, a ...homology. The AAV encoding part B of the transgene contains the region of homology, a splice acceptor sequence...help prevent the accumulation of such truncated proteins. Examples of use:  Ghosh et al., 2008 used a...directed repairs (HDR) with CRISPR/Cas9. Donor A contains: 400bp homology arms to the site in the genome...stuffer DNA after the gRNA target site. Donor B contains: 400 bp homology arms to donor A,and “part B” ...
  18. CRISPR 101: Homology Directed Repair

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    Blog Post
    ... generally preferred for large insertions such as fluorescent proteins or selection cassettes. This class...conditional and insertion alleles using long ssDNA donors and CRISPR ribonucleoproteins. Quadros RM, et...Stroik January 24, 2023. DNA damage drives genome instability and contributes to cancer, premature aging, and...sticky or blunt ends and often introduces small insertions and deletions along the way. HDR uses homologous...overhang. This will serve as both a substrate for proteins required for strand invasion and a primer for ...template to create mutations HDR donors can contain insertable sequences or specific mutations, along with homologous...target sequence to be modified. In general, the insertion sites of the modification should be very close...
  19. With Our New Viral Service, We're Taking CRISPR Further!

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    Blog Post
    ...Alex Chavez, researcher at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and member of the Addgene... vectors (~8.5 kb of insert) and the reduced titer associated with large inserts can make lentivirus production...particular, the Church lab at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the Zhang and Doench.... For example, we’ve teamed up with the Broad Institute to provide lentiviruses for delivery of SpCas9...already expressing Cas9. As John Doench (Broad Institute and member of the Addgene Advisory Board) says...Doench/Root labs from the Broad Institute for providing us with advice and expertise as we’ve gotten these...
  20. Addgene-Seeding Labs plasmid grant round 3: microbial drug resistance and biofilms, antidiabetic plant components, visualizing brain injury - and a glowing robot fish

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    Blog Post
    ...Plasmids expressing fluorescent proteins will be used to tag individual strains of bacteria. Their interactions...diabetes mellitus. Recombinant human proteins that play a role in insulin regulation and diabetes will be ...and the activity of the plant compounds on these proteins will be tested. Investigating changes in neuronal...after ischemic brain injury Dr. Gohar Tsakanova, Institute of Molecular Biology of the NationalAcademy of...condition is crucial. Plasmids expressing fluorescent proteins and a new two-photon laser scanning microscope...manipulate neural populations in order to get new insights into functional network interactions. Combining...bacterial strain. The sensor will be transported inside a small 3D printed robot that will “swim” in the...
  21. Viral Vectors 101: Systemic Capsids

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    Blog Post
    ...exists to prevent substances in the blood, like proteins and viruses, from crossing into the brain. While...increase the chances of inducing an immune response against the capsids or transgenes. Sensory neurons and ...as the type of transgene delivered: fluorescent proteins, optogenetic sensors, CRISPR elements, etc... ...capsids express differently in different mouse strains, a phenomenon that we are calling “strain-specific... but is more effective than AAV9 in many other strains, including FVB/NCrl, 129S1/SvImJ, DBA/2J, and C57BL...table from Huang et al, 2019 for affected mouse strains). However, other capsids cross the BBB via interactions...interactions with LY6C1 are effective in both mouse strains. It is therefore important to review the literature...
  22. Viral Vectors 101: Inverted Terminal Repeats

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    Blog Post
    ...binding with Rep proteins and mutations in the trs site reduce Rep nicking. Since Rep proteins are important...with the viral rep (replication) and cap (capsid) proteins, which bind to the ITRs and initiate replication... with ITRs that flank the gene cassette, which contains a promoter, the gene of interest, and a polyA ...flip” or “flop” (Figure 2). Additionally, the ITR contains a 4-nucleotide Rep binding element (RBE) that ...resolution site that serves as the target site for Rep proteins (Savvy et al. 2013). Figure 2: AAV2 wild type...type ITR in flip and flop orientation. The ITR contains three palindromic sequences (A-A’, B-B’, and C-C...sequences. Using recombinant-deficient bacterial strains such as NEB Stable, Stbl3, JC8111, SURE2, or XL10...
  23. GCE4All: Making Genetic Code Expansion Accessible

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    Blog Post
    ...If you study proteins, you’re probably quite interested in the canonical 20 amino acids. But in your ... add in fluorescent or chemically reactive side chains, all of which can help determine structure and ...for the ncAA integrated into the cell’s genome, instead of incorporation via plasmid or media. Theoretically... systems – the cells growing and producing the proteins – are not, and many of the existing GCE tools ...recombinant expression of phosphoserine-including proteins in E. coli (Zhu et al., 2022). It uses the TAG...for the phosphoserine and, because it uses ∆serB strains, does not require exogenously added phosphoserine...checking out all of the plasmids and bacterial strains (available at Addgene for GCE work. Plus, keep ...
  24. Antibodies 101: Isotypes

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    .... Antibody heavy chain proteins as well as the genes that encode those proteins are designated by the ...antibody isotypes. Binding to complement system proteins, which can initiate a cascade that helps attack...their own. The antibody’s heavy-chain constant domains, or Fc region, can be bound by special receptors...location of disulfide bonds, the number of constant domains, and the hinge region length. Now for some essential...minor differences in their heavy chain constant domains. These are typically numbered, i.e. IgG1, IgG2,...IgG3, and IgG4. IgE IgE antibodies help protect against parasites but also play a role in allergies. They... any of the other isotype heavy chain constant domains. This switching helps B cells adapt during the ...
  25. 15 Years of Addgene: The Top 15 Plasmids

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    Blog Post
    ... a VSV-G envelope expressing plasmid. Envelope proteins determine which types of cells a virus can infect...invariant sgRNA scaffold and cloning sites for inserting the guide sequence (pSpCas9(BB)). The 2A-GFP allows...pCMV-VSV-G was deposited by the Bob Weinberg lab and contains an envelope protein for producing lentiviral and...lentiviral packaging plasmid from the Trono lab contains the rev gene. It’s meant to be used with pMDLg...lentiviral packaging plasmid from the Trono lab that contains the gag and pol genes. It also requires pRSV-Rev...lab is a 3rd generation lentiviral vector that contains a scrambled shRNA. This scrambled shRNA is used... cloning vector. Tet-pLKO-puro - Tet-pLKO-puro contains all the necessary elements for packaging, reverse...
  26. Prime Editing: Adding Precision and Flexibility to CRISPR Editing

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    ...However, there are instances where traditional base editors are preferred. For instance, if target nucleotides...genome editing technique that mediates targeted insertions, deletions, and all possible base-to-base conversions...pegRNA) that both specifies the target site and contains the desired edit (or edits) engages the prime ...combined with any of the PE2-PE5 strategies. PEmax contains a reverse transcriptase with a sequence optimized...strategies to evolve more effective prime editor proteins, but found that the mutations that emerged depended... PE6a and PE6b are small prime editors with RT domains derived from the E. coli Ec48 retron RT and the... ✓ ✓ ✓ Evolved reverse transcriptase domains Smaller size and/or improved efficiency   ...
  27. Plasmids 101: The Wide World of Natural Plasmids

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    ...Some bacteria possess plasmid-borne toxins like colicins and subtilisins to kill other bacteria in the area...microbial defense Genes allowing bacteria to survive toxins are the clearest example of a plasmid benefiting...Conveniently, plasmids carrying genes for bacterial toxins like colicin typically also carry the necessary... the host immune system, and those that produce toxins that cause disease. While these plasmids can be...DNA and other molecules to host organisms. For instance, vectors derived from the Agrobacterium Ti virulence... resistance to that toxin, CcdA. Knowing which strains of E. coli contain this F plasmid is critical for...about some other common plasmid features, such as origins of replication and promoters, check out our other...
  28. Making CRISPR Plasmids Using Fragmid

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    ...markers. Need fewer components? A spacer can be inserted instead, allowing everything to stay in the correct...spontaneous insertion)   Drosophilia Plasmid pRDB_053 (for transgenic flies; gypsy insulator sequences... the right CRISPR vectors on Addgene and found instead ones that were… pretty close, or at least close...approach, it’s easy to switch out reporters, Cas proteins, guide cassettes, promoters, N’ and/or C’ terminus...various delivery methods, along with compatible inserts. All destination vectors contain an ampicillin ...also why you can’t skip a module entirely, but instead will have to replace it with a spacer.) Each component...expression) Mammalian Plasmid pRDA_791 (contains only orio and ampR) Drosophilia Plasmid...
  29. Antibodies 101: Stripping and Reprobing Western Blots

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    ...difluoride (PVDF) membrane, which is sturdier and retains the blotted protein better than a nitrocellulose...methods. If you are planning to detect multiple proteins through several rounds of stripping and reprobing...membranes recommend re-wetting with methanol before rinsing with wash buffer, as dry PVDF won’t evenly re-absorb... buffer. Be sure to check the manufacturer’s instructions for the membrane you are using. Dry nitrocellulose...20. Once your solution is made, you’ll want to: Rinse the membrane in water or fresh buffer. Cover the...bad!), so be sure to use it under a fume hood. Rinse the membrane in water or fresh buffer. Cover the...imaging step to check if any secondary antibody remains, whether that involves adding fresh chemiluminescent...
  30. Mouse Modeling, Part 2: Breeding and Crossing Mice

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    ...each mutated allele.  Cre-lox expressing strains Cre-lox strains are a common example of mice that are derived... Crossing mice to generate a desired phenotype Instead, genetic engineering should be used to separately...independently into different mice, and then these strains should be crossed to generate double-mutant offspring...experiments. You should also maintain your parental strains throughout this process. In the F1 and later generations...genetically engineered mice with a single mutation or strains that have been crossed, there are many considerations...gene randomly into their genome, some transgenic strains are difficult to breed. Some problems with transgenic...expression level of the transgene. In existing strains of mice, the transgene can be maintained on a hemizygous...
  31. Hot Plasmids and Viral Preps - March 2021

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    ...Epigenetic engineering with single-pot assembly By Eric Perkins Though it’s easy enough to contemplate DNA in terms... histone-modifying enzymes and reader-effector proteins. b) Golden Gate assembly (backbones available ... create multiple synthetic chromatin-modifying proteins quickly and accurately.   Priode and Haynes, ... is a new tool developed by Rui Tang in Monte Winslow’s lab to label cells after cell-cell interactions...C. elegans since 2015 to conditionally degrade proteins of interest in cells (Zhang et al., 2015). Recently.... TIR1 interacts with endogenous Skp1 and Cul3 proteins to form a SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. In ...protein degradation the Ward lab used fluorescent proteins (FPs) fused to the AID* (minimal 44 amino acids...
  32. A Look Back at One Year of Plasmid Sharing for COVID-19 Research

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    ...and identified interactions of these proteins with human proteins. Their deposited plasmids expressed ...over 75 countries. Figure 1: SARS-CoV-2 proteins and other components. Image from Maya Kostman ...infection and how to interfere with it in a BSL-2 lab instead of a BSL-3 lab. Jesse Bloom’s lab published a protocol...receptor for SARS-CoV. The lab also found that cathepsins play a role in SARS-CoV infection and deposited...Biering et al., 2021). In their search, they found mucins have an important role in viral entry, which are...viral infection.  Expression of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins In the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, the...expressed 26 of the 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins which all but one are cloned into pLVX vectors (for lentiviral packaging...
  33. Cpf1 Update: Comparison to Cas9 and NgAgo

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    ... lab characterized two Cpf1 nucleases, distant cousins of well-known Cas9. Cpf1 cleaves DNA in a staggered...indicated below each graph. Figure adapted from Kleinstiver et al., 2016. Until recently, two major elements...off-target editing efficiency. Kim et al. and Kleinstiver et al. characterized genome-wide editing efficiency... to single mismatches, but variably so, with Kleinstiver et al. reporting that Cpf1 can tolerate mismatches...essential function in Cpf1-mediated editing, as Kleinstiver et al. saw no decrease in Cpf1 activity with ...activity than that previously observed with SpCas9. Kleinstiver et al. suggest that AsCpf1’s off-target rate ...eSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1. Both AsCpf1 and LbCpf1 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) failed to induce off-target editing...
  34. Congratulations, Deck The Lab winners!

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    ...AnltWfKuQg pic.twitter.com/OOrwo9feyJ — BTC Institute (@BTCInstitute1) December 23, 2020   Deck the Lab: ...no other, with many scientists working remotely instead of from the lab. Nonetheless, Addgene’s annual ...showcase it all!           View this post on Instagram                       A post shared...TarlingVallim) December 19, 2020 In third place, the BTC Institute decorated with dozens of individual virus snowflakes... to #DeckTheLab with virus snowflakes from @CVRHutchinson #SciArt #STEAM #WinterWonderlab @Addgene Make...Congratulations to the winners! We’ll DM you with instructions to claim your prize. And thank you to everyone...  Aliyah Weinstein...
  35. 9 tips for a successful postdoctoral experience

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    Blog Post
    ... at the National Institutes of Health, was an Associate Professor at Albert Einstein College of Medicine...Hughes Medical Institute. His interests include the quality control of secretory proteins in the Endoplasmic... Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Today's postdoctoral fellows (PFs) face a number...fellowship lasts five years. Most universities and institutes annually advertise for Group Leader positions...new pieces of data, your talk will probably not inspire you or the audience. Ask yourself: What is the...because the search committee asked someone at my institute about me, even though I had not asked this person...successes can be infrequent and a hobby that provides instant gratification can help boost your ego in between...
  36. Antibodies 101: Validation

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    ...difficult to distinguish between proteins bound by the antibody vs proteins bound to the target protein, ...to confirm that your antibody is not binding to proteins outside of your target protein. Show suitability...antibody can distinguish between two very similar proteins. Additionally, they require variable expression...These strategies use multiple, unique antibodies against the same protein, each targeting a different epitope...correlation between the results. Using antibodies against different epitopes on the same target reduces the...This approach uses immunoprecipitation to capture proteins from a sample using the antibody and then uses...uses mass spectrometry to identify the captured proteins. If the antibody is specific, then you expect that...
  37. Plasmids 101: 5 factors to help you choose the right cloning method

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    .... Multiple inserts: There are some cloning methods that make working with multiple inserts a breeze. Among...large number of inserts to assemble. You could also consider using Gateway if your insert number is a bit...another important consideration is: The number of inserts ...as some methods are more amenable to combining...Here you simply PCR-amplify your vector and your insert, DpnI digest away the templates, and transform ...toposisomerase I, and a taq polymerase-generated insert. When mixed, topoisomerase I provides both the ...enzyme mixes. After generating the appropriate inserts by PCR, there is no need for restriction digests... very high chance of success (>95% for a single insert), mostly due to the use of toxic ccdB to prevent...
  38. Hot Plasmids: Winter 2025

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    ...useful not only for future studies of kinesins but for many other proteins of interest too! Find CLIP, CLAP...brighter and more photostable than fluorescent proteins, making them ideal for single-molecule fluorescence...FRET to study the intramolecular dynamics of the proteins in solution and when associated with microtubules...microtubules. Figure 2: CLIP-SNAP fusion proteins for single-molecule FRET. A) Schematic of a CLIP-SNAP...flexible linker where a protein of interest can be inserted. B) Protein expression and labeling procedure....deposited an array of constructs for tagging the kinesins KIF5A and KIF5B as well as backbones for generating...generating other SNAPf-, CLIPf-, and CLAP-tagged proteins for mammalian cell expression. These plasmids will...
  39. Experimenting with New Careers while in Grad School

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    ...experience with my blog helped immensely when CINSO started brainstorming the resources we wanted to provide online...and other nonprofits to gain support for CINSO. For instance, I tweeted to the Indiana State Museum and...nonprofit called Central Indiana Science Outreach, or CINSO. We organize fun science events for adults and professional...called “nontraditional,” helped prepare me to start CINSO. Here, I share some of the tips I learned along ... best supporter and most productive partnership CINSO has had. Volunteer! The turning point in my graduate... and graduate school resources daily to promote CINSO events and recruit speakers and participants for...something I had zero experience with before founding CINSO. Now, the network I built during graduate school...
  40. Inntags: Innovative Protein Epitope Tagging

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    ...the proteins they label. In fact, a recent study of 400 proteins found that 20% of tagged proteins did... protein must be tested carefully to ensure it retains the attributes of the native protein. Since this...notably high solubility, limited affinity for other proteins, and accessibility to an antibody. From their ...candidates, they selected 12 candidate protein domains from non-vertebrate systems. Preliminary testing...sophisticated interactions with multiple other proteins. Again, little to no change in cell morphology...Series. Get the Inntag Plasmids Tag endogenous proteins with CRISPR Fluorescently Tag Your Protein of ...
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