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  1. Starter guide to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) part 1:  A renaissance in regenerative medicine

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...into multiple cell types of the same lineage. Blood (hematopoietic) stem cells are a good example of multipotent...mostly to maintain cell numbers or replenish dying cells. For example, hematopoietic stem cells found in...functions [1]. In many tissues, stem cells serve to replenish/replace damaged cells that no longer function ...[1]. Stem cells’ ability to differentiate into multiple cell types makes them useful models for developmental...thought of as descendants of totipotent cells. An example of pluripotent cells is embryonic stem cells (ESCs...in science communication and publishing after completing her postdoctoral training from Massachusetts ...

  2. Plasmids 101: 5 factors to help you choose the right cloning method

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...increases. Multiple inserts: There are some cloning methods that make working with multiple inserts a ...as some methods are more amenable to combining multiple DNA fragments than others. In today’s post, we...with a special emphasis on these five categories. Please note that many of the following cloning methodologies...interested in learning more about any one of them, please click on the links throughout the text or see the...per reaction but can be used to quickly generate multiple clones. Difficulty: If you’re an experienced cloner...Golden Gate assembly allows one to simultaneously complete an ordered set of scarless ligations following...one right answer, so don’t be afraid to explore multiple approaches to find out which one works best for...

  3. Plasmids 101: Optimizing Plasmid Yields

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...yield. Keep in mind that you might need to use multiple techniques for a particularly stubborn prep. ...remove endonucleases (see figure at right for an example). Look out for carbohydrates Certain strains, including...the cell lysis process. To ensure that lysis is complete, use a reagent like Qiagen’s LyseBlue, which uses... uses color to show you if lysis is incomplete. Protein expression strains are not good for cloning Bacterial...yields. Why would volume make a difference? In the simplest of terms, more volume = more cells = more plasmid...culture media Changing to a richer media or adding supplements can improve your cell density, leading to an ...normally recommended antibiotic concentration. Add supplements to the media You can achieve higher cell density...

  4. Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...cameras with electron multiplying couple-charged device (EMCCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (...neurosciences.  These developments in microscopy coupled with techniques that make tissues transparent are...beam into a thin sheet to illuminate a fluorescent sample and captured the reflected light using a different...combined light sheet microscopy with sequential multiple-view reconstruction (5). In order to image large...microns, illuminates only one thin plane of the sample surrounding the focal plane of the detection lens...problem is to illuminate and acquire images of a sample from two opposing sides and merge the images, such...through Addgene.  The combination of LSFM with multiple tissue clearing strategies and neuronal labeling...

  5. With an Eye Towards the Future, We Look Back at the March for Science

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... disturbing trend in the number of high profile people denying science, from celebrities falsely claiming...scientists questions about their work. Thousands of people showed up; some with some really great signs. The...work because it's important to our health.  Most people won't argue with that idea, but they might feel...figures.  Ask me about my science!", read my sign.  People asked, and we talked.  That's a win. Mark Lucera..., challenged us. I worried the march would be a simple, unquestioning celebration of science, at a time...funding, and teaching experience that it takes to complete your resume, without ever thinking that research...things about science. We need to keep encouraging people to look for evidence through education.  My only...

  6. Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs)

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...When Karl Barry Sharpless was awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry, he joined an elite club, ...his program. Initially, Provost made his labs completely open-ended, allowing every student to work on... the culmination of many such experiences. For example, students in Provost’s course recently used a combination...Kowalski et al., 2016; Scott, 2021). In fact, completion of Provost’s CURE increased students’ confidence...Community (MCC) that seeks to reduce barriers to implementation. Funded by the NSF (with Co-PIs Jessica Bell...for your classroom, I highly recommend you try implementing one. It's likely only a matter of time before...Poirier, V., Pellettieri, J. 2020. The exon junction complex is required for stem and progenitor cell maintenance...

  7. Better Dyeing Through Chemistry & Small Molecule Fluorophores

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...removing excess dye from the sample, which is particularly important for samples where washing is difficult...reason is something called “the photon budget”: each sample has a limited number of fluorophores and each fluorophore...of information one can extract from a biological sample is wholly dependent on the photon budget and pushing...fluorescence microscopy often requires more photons. For example, moving from transient overexpression of protein... desperate to extract a few more photons from a sample. Chemical fluorophores can be substantially brighter...labeling chemistry easier and more functional in complex biological environments such as live cells and ...brightness of the resulting conjugate, and the complexity of the system. A particularly desirable property...

  8. Interview: Hodaka Fujii on enChIP, New CRISPR Tools, and More

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... for example, helping to improve the papers submitted to journals. In addition, it is my pleasure to interact...enChIP system enables us to express the CRISPR complex much easier in various cells, including primary...technologies consisting of iChIP and enChIP are recent examples. We also developed the inducible translocation...and PLoS One. Additionally, you are involved in multiple professional scientific societies. Why is being...system of journals and grant applications, for example. However, at the same time, it's fun to be involved...give to post-docs and graduate students as they complete their appointments in your lab?  Fujii: These ...develop new technologies, hopefully they'll be completely different from what we are now doing in my lab...

  9. CRISPR 101: Cytosine Transversion Editors

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...and replaced it with a double-bonded oxygen. This simple enzymatic reaction enabled conversion between the...and one-ring pyrimidine base. This is a far more complex chemical task, not a job for a single enzyme. ...bind DNA, Cas9 requires (1) a guide RNA, (2) a complementary DNA sequence, and (3) a protospacer-adjacent...that site is filled depends on cellular factors. Multiple labs tried to identify beneficial factors to include...separate and preventing repair based on the complementary strand. This could explain why the edited U ...original G is not primarily converted back to a complementary C. Optimized base editing with eOPTI-CGBE and...so the Yidi Sun and Erwei Zuo labs tested and implemented several of these advances for CGBEs (Yuan et ...

  10. Starter Guide to induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Part 2:  Reprogramming and Transdifferentiation

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...reprogramming factors can be delivered and expressed in multiple somatic cells via various methods. Some of the...directed differentiation.” Specific cell media, supplements, bioactive small molecules, and growth factors...natural transdifferentiation is rare in mammals, an example is observed in the pancreas when excess β-cell ...1987, Davis et al. reported one of the earliest examples of transdifferentiation in vitro where treatment... of interest for in vivo transdifferentiation. Multiple cell types such as fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and...vitro Both in vitro and in vivo Epigenetic marks Complete removal to convert to iPSCs and re-establishment...major processes by which cells are converted to replenish and repair cells that are lost or damaged. Both...

  11. Tips for Writing a Good Cover Letter

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...specific examples. Instead of saying “I have excellent communication skills” try giving an example, like ...application process, it's a good idea to talk to people in the field to understand what the norms are. ...match the job requirements, by giving specific examples of your work and explaining how your experience...pointing to your transferable skills. In the above example, if you don’t have experience with ddPCR, but do...beginning is often the hardest part, here are some examples to get you started! Dear Dr./Professor [last ...strengthened an application. Even so, there were examples of great hires who hadn’t submitted a cover letter... Multiple Authors...

  12. Neuronal labeling with Spaghetti Monster

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... The central nervous system (CNS) orchestrates complex processes enabling organisms to control their movements...the visible spectrum, researchers can also use multiple FPs in single experiments and visualize numerous.... smFPs are literally composed of FPs fused to multiple epitope tags. Indeed, to create the smFPs Looger...labeling of these fine structures through their multiple, high-affinity binding sites for primary antibodies...expressed and/or similar proteins Through their multiple, highly specific antibody binding sites and primary...used to distinguish highly similar proteins. For example, N-cadherin (cadherin-2) is a postsynaptic cell...super-resolution STORM imaging, and electron microscopy. Sample preparation for these techniques sometimes makes...

  13. CRISPR Activation: A Practical Guide

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...certain loci to create changes in phenotypes. For example, CRISPR activation has been used to differentiate...gRNAs targeting every gene in the human genome for example, can be made easily and cheaply using oligo library...allows for exploratory-based research as well. For example, CRISPRa can be used to find potential cancer drug...et al., 2019). Because of its ability to target multiple gene loci simultaneously, CRISPRa can also be ...(Chavez et al., 2015)) are good choices across multiple cell lines (HEK293T, MCF7, U2-OS, Hela, N2A, 3T3...Church G (2016) Comparison of Cas9 activators in multiple species. Nat Methods 13:563–567 . https://doi....transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex. Nature 517:583–588 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14136...

  14. Data Freedom: The Expansion of Data Sharing in Research Publications

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...of storage. For example, mouse behavioral geneticists may track the motion of multiple animals on different...limiting numbers of figures such that many have multiple, complex panels. PLOS, itself, has not finalized its...Sharing Policies, etc.) and is founded on the principle that scientific publications must contain enough...some data, etc.  The firestorm that followed implementation of the policy comprised of numerous objections... paper are in scope. For images, the number of examples supporting the published material is a factor ...collections and interpretation of data, publishing complete data, rather than just a single projection of ...

  15. Scientist Networking: What is an Informational Interview?

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Benjamin Franklin Effect, most people actually enjoy helping (just ignore the people too busy to respond to you...can do during your training is meet interesting people doing interesting things. I call this building ...insights you will get from the interaction. Most people like to help One good place to look for interesting...Sharing a school is a little connection that many people honor. Talking with strangers is usually challenging... with strangers. Be bold in asking all kinds of people to connect with you and to share their stories....uncover interesting opportunities by meeting with people working in diverse and unusual fields. My favorite...

  16. Easing the Protein Purification Process with pCri

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...out of protein purification through simple and efficient multiplexing. pCri plasmids are divided into two...schematic below), enabling a researcher to test multiple tags for one protein quickly and easily. These...one need to remove the tag post-purification. A sample of pCri constructs: pCri-1a, -4a and -9a. 6xHis...on these and other tags used in the pCri system, please see Plasmids 101: Protein Tags. Beyond E. coli...purification. For a more thorough introduction to pCri, please see the original publication cited below. pCri ...plasmids are available either individually or as a complete kit from Addgene. References 1. Goulas, Theodoros...

  17. CRISPR 101: Homology Directed Repair

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...recombination intermediates can then resolve to complete the DNA repair process Homology directed repair...happen on the crossing strand (horizontally at the purple arrows) or on the non-crossing strand (vertically...is elongated and ligated to fill the gap, thus completing SDSA.   Break-induced repair (BIR) pathway BIR... and even easy. This targeted-break technology coupled with HDR is a powerful site-specific knock-in tool... uses reverse transcriptase to generate the complementary ssDNA. Easi-CRISPR was shown to increasing editing...series was designed to help explain the basic principles driving CRISPRs and genome editing technology...Pfeiffer P, et al. Mutagenesis (2000). PubMed. Multiple Pathways of Recombination Induced by Double-Strand...

  18. Fluorescent Proteins 101: When GFP lets you down

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...to the popularity of GFP including (i) fast and complete maturation to functional, fluorescent protein ...endogenous fluorescent co-factors can be used. Examples include the LOV domains that bind flavin (Buckley...under acidic conditions, with pKa values below 4. Examples include mTurquoise2 (pKa = 3.1), tagRFP (pKa =...diameter of about 2.4 nm (Hink et al., 2000). The complete beta-barrel is necessary for its fluorescence ...specifically and with high affinity to fluorophores. Examples are the FlAsH tag, the His tag and several others... bind the molecule of interest. For instance, pleckstrin homology domains can be used to detect specific... proteins are also a better choice for thicker samples. Another solution to avoid autofluorescence is ...

  19. CRISPR 101: Engineering the Plant Genome Using CRISPR/Cas9

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...plants using the same general experimental design principles developed in other model organisms (see our CRISPR... CRISPR guide for common CRISPR principles). However, plant-specific modifications to commonly used CRISPR...cloning required. As with other model systems, multiple gRNAs can be expressed to modify several genomic...genomic loci at once (get more information on multiplexing gRNAs here). Cas9 is commonly tagged with a nuclear...longer RNAs (such as mRNAs for gene expression). Examples of commonly used RNA pol II promoters for Cas9...delivery and expression in planta using chitosan-complexed single-walled carbon nanotube carriers. Nat Nanotechnol...Zhang Y, Qi Y (2015) A CRISPR/Cas9 Toolbox for Multiplexed Plant Genome Editing and Transcriptional Regulation...

  20. Site Directed Mutagenesis by PCR

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...are designed to be complementary, but each primer may extend beyond the complementary region as long as...with enzyme “B” detects primer multimerization (purple) which is evident by an increase in the size of... Primer Design As a rule of thumb, 11 bp of complementary sequence on either side of the desired mutation...A-overhangs (a feature used in TA-cloning). Such non-complementary bases at the 3’-end interfere with plasmid reconstitution...that any residual parental plasmid (usually from incomplete DpnI digest) can also form colonies under these...particularly relevant in cases where a large plasmid with multiple functional regions is used as template for the.... Breslauer, Kenneth J., et al. "Predicting DNA duplex stability from the base sequence." Proceedings ...

  21. New Viral Vectors - Fall 2024

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Optogenetics Ofer Yizhar New viral prep with multiple serotypes pAAV-Syn-FLEX-rc[ChrimsonR-tdTomato...Biosensors GENIE Project New viral prep with multiple serotypes pGP-AAV-GFAP-iGABASnFR2(no bind)...Biosensors GENIE Project New viral prep with multiple serotypes pGP-AAV-syn-iGABASnFR2-WPRE AAV1...Biosensors GENIE Project New viral prep with multiple serotypes pGP-AAV-syn-iGABASnFR2(no bind)-...Biosensors GENIE Project New viral prep with multiple serotypes pGP-AAV-syn-flex-iGABASnFR2-WPRE...Biosensors GENIE Project New viral prep with multiple serotypes Looking for more viral vectors... Multiple Authors...

  22. Build Your CRISPR Vocabulary

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... forming the repeat:antirepeat duplex. tracrRNAs also contain multiple stem loops that are recognized ...Palindromic Repeats. That contrast of simplicity and complexity is reflected in the biology, too. CRISPR is an..., and the spacer sequence is used to target complementary DNA sequences. In laboratory settings, an sgRNA...whose sequence is not checked. Assuming full complementarity, its sequence matches the guide sequence. PAM...either crRNA or sgRNA). Cas9 requires perfect complementarity in this region between the guide and target...post on the structural biology of Cas9. Want a simpler guide to keep at your desk? We’ve got a CRISPR ...

  23. An Addgene Co-op: The Intersection of Fun, Friendship, and Work

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...found the people at Addgene have become my friends, mentors, and some of my favorite people to talk to...student at Northeastern University, I am required to complete a six month work experience called a co-op to ...work of others. Having an environment filled with people who are interested in understanding the work you...Thankfully, my managers set aside time for me to complete an online social media certification on social...changes to our social media strategy. We ended up implementing some of these changes and seeing early results...results that suggest our content is reaching more people who need it!  After a few months, we wanted to share...

  24. Oh, The Places You Can Go: Careers in Science Communication - Science Writing

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...defining a couple of key terms is a better approach. Also, appealing images and colors draw people in. Drawing...webinars—I have them stacked close together for the next couple of months. This involves a lot of communication...of science communications-- Be able to talk with people: “If you do this for a living, science writing ... when I am in new territory. Perhaps there are examples of science writers who can get everything that...non-scientists: “Jargon is a killer for science literacy. If people have to understand a lot of big words to access...mechanism that also looks nice is a great way to bring people in.” Are you interested in careers outside academia...

  25. Advice for Choosing a Research Project

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...research project can take several years to complete and has multiple benchmarks. Think about what your personal...professional stage of your career by connecting you with people of similar interests and goals. The following questions...field? You want to choose a research question that people (especially you!) care about. Have you critically...reach these milestones? Can you get assistance from people who have the required expertise to help move your... of keeping up-to-date with the literature of a couple of well-known journals that discuss general science...Researchers should  pick a topic that “looks at the complexity of biology and break apart a piece that can address...

  26. Tetbow: Bright Multicolor Labeling for Neuronal Tracing

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...not powerful enough for large brain samples. For large brain samples, we recommend pretreatment with ScaleCUBIC1...fluorescent protein (XFP) genes in a transgene. When multiple copies of the transgene cassette are introduced...resulting in low fluorescent protein level. The principle of Tetbow In modern neuroscience, plasmid or viral...time points, sacrifice the animals and fix the samples. When you use AAVs, it typically takes a few weeks...excessive amount of XFPs expressed. Then, clear the samples and visualize. For more details on this procedure..."Optical clearing and index matching of tissue samples for High-resolution fluorescence imaging using ...

  27. Scientific Reproducibility - Focusing on Solutions at the Minisymposium on Reproducibility

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...transparently reveal them upon completing an experiment. There’s not necessarily in-principle acceptance, but readers...simply doing an experiment wrong. However, even simple procedures like pouring a plate or running a gel...sifting through paper lab notebooks). Once you’ve completed your experiment, you’ll need to analyze your results...individuals and by organizations like Addgene (a good example is our series of blog posts on the defunct genome...promote reproducible publishing practices. One example is the publication of peer reviews so we can see...and, if approved, the researcher would get in-principle acceptance of the final manuscript regardless ...interlab peer review of experimental design. These are simple steps but could go a long way to encouraging researchers...

  28. Learning Technical Skills at a Lab Central Workshop

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...where we aim to do large scale DNA preps with multiple samples without cross contamination. We currently ... in addition to preparing DNA and generating/replenishing kits, is to find new ways to make lab processes...futuristic with block chairs in the hallway for people to take a break and relax. Companies at LabCentral...create a DNA library, one must first fragment a DNA sample into many small components. Without proper processing...process with, we got great amplification of our sample libraries. NEB also gave us a few goodies which... I am bombarded with a lot of information. For example, before going to my next workshop, I’ll ask myself...

  29. 25 Work From Home Tips for Scientists

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...while working remotely. Social distancing? Many people are now calling this “physical distancing” since... important to stay virtually connected with the people in your life. At Addgene, we’ve started virtual...SocialDistancing may send a wrong message for some people. We should recommend #PhysicalDistancing. Social...take-out) or volunteering to foster a pet, for example. If you are looking for some resources specific...activities that kids can do more independently. For example, they could do something like puzzling or crafts... time.  Find learning activities for kids. For example, Skype a Scientist is now open to families at home... future experiments and other researchers by implementing reproducibility best practices in your research...

  30. Quick Guide to Working with Drosophila Part 2: Controlling Gene Expression in Flies with Gal4/UAS

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Controlling multiple genes with Gal4/UAS system One can also use Gal4 to drive expression of multiple genes ...the Gal4/UAS system. This incredibly useful, yet simple system allows you to systematically study gene ...downstream of a tissue-specific promoter sounds simpler, this modular system saves you from having to create... making a fly line in the next blog post). For example, the hedgehog gene can be overexpressed in several...under the control of UAS enhancer sequences. For example, if you discovered five new genes and wanted to...control purposes that there are dosage effects. For example, overexpression of two genes by one Gal4 driver...

  31. Crowdfight, a Platform to Boost Scientific Collaboration During COVID-19 and Beyond

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...the requesters what they needed. In the example above, for example, we fostered a formal scientific collaboration...uploaded to the preprint repository BioRxiv. This example clearly illustrates the power of collaboration,...choice but to quarantine in our houses, feeling helpless about the situation. But a few days later we had...certain projects. The idea behind the platform was simple: any person working on COVID-19 could file a request...groups. In other cases, the collaborations were simpler and the volunteers helped with things like translations...need help with your scientific research. It’s completely free, of course. You can find more information...

  32. Cultivating Community Science at BosLab

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...realized that it was easy to find people who were interested. For example, our journal club discussion on... CRISPR/Cas9 gene drive paper was very popular. People kept asking if we were teaching classes at the ... safety training prior to getting started. For example, Timothy Stiles joined BosLab last year with a ... space to perform early-stage experiments. For example, Dave Grawoig is using nanopore sequencing at BosLab... getting the community to collect various soil samples, extract DNA, sequence it, and analyze the data... characterize the microbiomes of the different samples. The goal is to not only learn something about ...

  33. Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Edit Disease Out of the Genome

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...disease affects multiple organ systems. Nevertheless, the findings are proof-of-principle for use of CRISPR... bulk of which you can find below. CRISPR for complex genetic diseases As CRISPR technology becomes increasingly...using it to investigate potential therapeutics for complex genetic diseases. So we’re revisiting this post...look at CRISPR’s potential for use in treating a complex genetic diseases, Alzhiemer’s disease (AD).  Troy...diseases with real phenotypic effect.” “It’s a very simple technology,” Doudna further explained. “That’s ...  Multiple Authors...

  34. R Bodies: Membrane-Rupturing Microscopic Tools

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...understanding these complex processes can’t be overstated, we can also learn a lot from Nature’s simpler solutions...engineer it to suit our purposes? In search of simple biological machines R bodies can repeatedly ...These questions can be addressed using R bodies: simple, force-generating protein machines that can extend...could be used in a variety of applications. For example, you could use them to lyse cells (and surrounding...

  35. Management for Scientists: Delegating is Key

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...time for that and you won’t be as productive. For example, the many resources available on the Addgene website...less dependent on the manager to succeed. More people in leadership roles leads to more ideas, initiative...enough to do…you are not delegating enough. For example, if we need to develop a new plasmid collection...duplicated. With each component of the project completed by an individual who is a local expert in that...result is high quality and the entire process is completed more efficiently. Listen to our podcast interview... Don’t give out tasks – where possible, include people in deciding what is to be delegated to them. Not...your time and skills. It also ensures that other people in the team grow and develop to reach their full...

  36. Plasmids 101: Inducible Promoters

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Chemical agents, temperature, and light are all examples of factors that can lead to the induction of a... these three types of inducible promoters, and examples of each type. Many of these promoter systems are...transcription to begin. In addition to arabinose, cAMP complexed with cAMP activator protein (CAP) can also stimulate...stimulate AraC binding to I1 and I2 sites. Supplementing cell growth media with glucose decreases cAMP ...represses pBad, decreasing promoter leakiness.   Other examples of chemically induced promoters include positive...in plant research. Promoter Subtype Promoter Example Activator Addgene Plasmid/Kit Alcohol-regulated...temperatures but can be induced by heat or cold exposure. Examples include the heat shock-inducible Hsp70 or Hsp90...

  37. The Many Reasons for Irreproducible Research- and a Vaccine to Eradicate It

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... to determine precisely how the methods were implemented. We run into this problem frequently over the...not robust. Sampling noise There is, of course, simple noise in the process of sampling and inference-...problems above: unclear methods, QRPs, and small samples, then when replications do not come out the same...statistical tools that generate a p-value.  As an example, if you hypothesize that growth rates will be higher...answer those questions, the article is given “in-principle acceptance” to publish the final results regardless... special emphasis on positive controls and good sample sizes, concerns that are too easy to overlook when... worked with citizen scientists to design and implement authentic scientific research and as the Director...

  38. Improved Plasmid Maps Powered by SnapGene

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... we've heard over and over from our users: "Please, please improve your plasmid maps!" After thoughtful...just how much things have improved, check out the example below. Our old map is on the left while the SnapGene...on to learn more about the improvements we’ve implemented and how they’ll make it easier for you to find... next cloning experiment early on. Beyond these simple but powerful display improvements, when you click...or ORF to learn more information about it. For example, if you hover over the ampicillin resistance gene...software development teams for working tirelessly to implement these improvements. Let us know what you think...

  39. GPCRs: How Do They Work and How Do We Study Them?

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...being one of the five senses? GPCRs or G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)! Aside from these three senses...cascades.  So let’s break down the name "G-protein coupled receptor" into two parts: the receptor itself and...Takeda et al., 2002). G proteins: The receptor is coupled with heterotrimeric G proteins on the intracellular...binding of a new inactive heterotrimeric G protein complex and subsequently another round of signaling.    ...finally, to a response? Let’s take a look at a few examples with plasmids deposited at Addgene.  PRESTO-TANGO...gamma subunits of the heterotrimeric G protein complex that can be used to detect G protein activation...H, Mitaku S (2002) Identification of G protein-coupled receptor genes from the human genome sequence. ...

  40. Finding Your Science Policy Path

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... short science policy career and this seemingly simple question is a moving target. There are a multitude...pandemic has foisted upon us. Action Items:  A simple place to look for science policy folks is on Twitter... data gathering, regulatory efforts, policy implementation, program management, communications, diplomacy...setting: drafting legislation, making rules, and implementing the policy within the jurisdiction of the governing...working in science policy doesn’t have to be a complete career pivot. There are many ways to pursue your...your interests in policy or advocacy as a supplement to your career through engagement with your local...proposals. Check out the Day One Project for some example proposals and consider applying for their accelerator...

  41. Mycoplasma Contamination: Where Does It Come From and How to Prevent It

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...). Mycoplasmas are considered to be one of the simplest and smallest bacteria. The absence of a rigid ...techniques. These include reusing pipettes for multiple cell lines rather than using disposable ones or... of powdered media. Filtration does not ensure complete sterilization as mycoplasma can even escape 0.2... growth of mycoplasma but cannot eradicate it completely. When mycoplasmas are seen in the culture, it...by providing proper training and guidance to the people working in the lab facility. This can be done by...mycoplasma infection from one cell line to another. Multiple cell lines should not be stored in a single incubator...cultures. The treatment can take a few weeks to a couple of months depending on the severity of the infection...

  42. Oh, The Places You Can Go: Careers in Science Communication - Writing for a Research Institute

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...’s scientific seminars a couple days a week. And there there’s always plenty of writing: plain-language...social behaviour in social insects, obviously as all people are,” says Susan. Her passion for insects lead ...show. After graduating with a master’s, Susan completed a science writing internship with the National...planning.” To beef up her resume, she decided to complete a certificate in Strategic Communications and ...the most satisfying parts of the job is having completed one of these difficult pieces: “It’s probably ...starting a blog, but with one caveat: “I hate telling people to work for free because you shouldn’t work for...

  43. Supporting Rare Disease Research with the 2020 BeHEARD Awards

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...disease estimated to affect 0.27 to 4.6 per 10,000 people globally. Pustules form from the uncontrolled activation...where one of the X chromosomes is partially or completely missing in women. Bicuspid aortic valve (an aortic... mutations affect signaling pathways G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) detect molecules outside of the...translate those signals into cellular responses. For example, GPCRs and their downstream G protein partners ...with an emphasis on oligomerization, signalling complex assembly, and localization to the nucleus,” says...at McGill University.  These protein-receptor complexes consist of many parts that work together on the...gene, which codes for G𝛃1 subunits of G protein complexes, lead to a rare type of developmental delay, and...

  44. CRISPRainbow and Genome Visualization

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...recent advances have allowed scientists to track multiple genomic loci over time using all the colors of...modified GFP-dCas9 and the gRNA scaffold to enhance complex assembly, thereby decreasing the amount of background...at a range of distances from 2-75 Mbp. Labeling multiple, intrachromosomal loci Building on the work of...al., Thoru Pederson’s lab used CRISPR to label multiple loci in distinct colors. To create a colorful ... Ma et al. performed sophisticated tracking of multiple chromosomal loci in live cells. However, they ...additional hairpin/fluorescent protein combination, for example, with a far-red FP, would increase the available...publication at Addgene. 3. Ma, Hanhui, et al. “Multiplexed labeling of genomic loci with dCas9 and engineered...

  45. Career Coaching for Scientists: Why and Where Do I Find One?

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...coaches will have loads of success stories and plenty of people to vouch for them. Trust your gut – only...I have seen, without exception, that this helps people do a better job at reaching their goals.  Check...costs. Can you suggest some coaches? Yes I can. Please note that Addgene does not endorse any of these...Sarah Cardozo Duncan is a proven coach who helps people in science and tech get jobs. She is also a very...? Some coaches focus on graduate students. For example Dora Farkas, founder of Finish Your Thesis (who...based in Spain. The bottom line – there are lots of people out there who want to help. Don’t be afraid to ...

  46. Viral Vectors 101: Calcium Sensors

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...process you would like to monitor? Neurons, for example, have unusually fast calcium dynamics, whereas ... is most sensitive to your expected range. For example, calcium in the ER lumen reaches the sub-millimolar...binding of the biosensor to endogenous calmodulin. Multiplexing Are you combining your calcium reading with ...you need to free up crowded optical space for multiplexing, GECO sensors are available in green, blue, ...Additional red sensors based on mRuby (jRCaMP1) and mApple (jRGECO1a) are also available. Detection methods...single fluorescent protein (FP), requiring only a simple measurement. However, single wavelength measurements...Genetically encoded calcium indicators to probe complex brain circuit dynamics in vivo. Neuroscience Research...

  47. Viral Vectors 101: Chemogenetics

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...In order to understand the complex wiring of the brain and the underpinnings of neurological disease,...while resulting in minimal off target effects. For example, if your receptors are expressed in the brain, ...exclusively activated by designer drugs, are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), that have been reprogrammed ...receptor acts through. The DREADD hM3D(Gq), for example, lowers the threshold for neuronal signaling and...themselves are modified ligand binding domains. When coupled to the ion pore domain (IPD) of a channel, the ...expression and signaling of a specifically designed Gi-coupled receptor in transgenic mice. Nature Biotechnology... Multiple Authors...

  48. Adenoviral Vector Production and Troubleshooting

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...particles = number of particles per mL of sample. The purity of the sample can be estimated by looking at the...negligible toxicity. However, their production is more complex and the presence of helper virus contaminants have...final recombinant adenoviral plasmid construct, please see Addgene’s Adenoviral Guide webpage, and references...which time the cells are scraped, and lysed by multiple freeze-thaw cycles. The resultant lysate is your...amplification.*Pro-Tip*: The cells will become completely confluent and the media will turn yellow. Do ...cytopathic effect.” Amplification can be repeated multiple times (2-4 rounds) at increasing scale over the...

  49. How to Prepare for an Industry Interview

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...task, action, and results. While this method seems simple, I found it hard to remember to describe all four... more than one theme and can be used to answer multiple types of questions. Writing a rough outline of... say You’re going to be interviewed by numerous people during your industry interview. Each interview ...interview. Expect to be tired once the interview is complete Industry interviews are long! Mine lasted 4.5 ...interviewer and then thank them once the interview is complete. Remember, your interviewers took time out of ...remotely Remote interviews are likely new to most people - even hiring managers and your interviewers. You...a question. Maybe you ask for questions after completing each section of your talk. Some video conferencing...

  50. A New Generation of Adenine Base Editors Improves Editing in Primary Human Cells

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... or Cas nickase)  a guide RNA that targets the complex of TadA and dCas to the genomic DNA of interest...effect of removing the wild-type TadA from the complex the researchers developed a second set: The ABE8... the team replaced S. pyogenes Cas9 in the ABE complex with PAM-variant Cas9 proteins: the S. pyogenes... ability to use non-standard Cas9 in the ABE8 complexes enables a broader targeting scope for base editing... the corrected cells back to the patients. For example, defects in hemoglobin (𝛽-globin), which cause... is very useful, sometimes, you need to modify multiple genes to generate a cellular phenotype. Again ...that require high DNA editing specificity, for example for potential therapeutic approaches, the authors...
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