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...injections, or the location of a specific cell type doesn’t always lend itself to direct application of virus. ...addition of a helper virus or plasmid allows it to replicate episomally, essentially remaining an extrachromosomal...extrachromosomal part of the host genome that can replicate and divide along with the endogenous DNA. AAV also...gamma-retro viruses. This is large enough for many applications, but in some cases multiple AAVs (co-infection...and AAV. If you’re wondering more about what applications these viruses are good for, we have plenty of...Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Delivery: Potential Applications for Gene and Cell-Based Therapies in the New...Gammaretroviral vectors: biology, technology and application. Viruses. 2011 Jun;3(6):677-713. DOI: 10.3390...

...biological pathways;  to observe a phenotype, the modification of multiple genes is often necessary. Guide ...recognition and cleavage. This sequence flexibility indicates that gRNAs could be incorporated into these constructs...the 5’ end. PTG construct schematics. Scissors indicate cleavage sites. After confirming gRNA cleavage...) How many loci can Cas9 modify? To test the application of this system to gRNA multiplexing, Xie et al...deletion with 4-20% frequency at the four loci, indicating that Cas9 can be guided to at least 8 distinct...multiplexing further illustrates the potential of PTGs. Applications of PTGs The major advantage of the PTG system... Mar 2. PubMed. Find the plasmids from this publication at Addgene Other Techniques for gRNA Multiplexing...

...should I choose? Writing a research paper for publication in a scientific journal requires several considerations...detailed information on lab resources, such as catalogue numbers and manufacturers’ details for antibodies...Information Framework (NIF) called the Resource Identification Initiative. During this project, authors are...likely that researchers have enough information to replicate your experiments, making research more reproducible...the reproducibility and reliability of science publications. Peer reviewing To make sure your manuscript...happens before the manuscript is accepted for publication and is, in most cases, blind (meaning you don...revised before it can be published, this can delay publication and manuscripts may go through several rounds...

...Here's what you'll find in this post: Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation...viral preps targeting interneurons Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation...popular choice for a variety of synaptic imaging applications. Find iGluSnFR4 plasmids here! Aggarwal, A...., Iyer, R., … Podgorski, K. (2025). Glutamate indicators with increased sensitivity and tailored deactivation...DNA vector that contains everything needed to replicate inside a host cell but with space to insert your...This requires both targeting a specific genome location and isolating the interacting proteins. Lucky ...immunoprecipitation. The top panel depicts the identification of heat-shock proteins at the FOS gene promoter...

...methods Not in a native context. While native purification preserves RNA structure and naturally occurring...used the Contamination Repository for Affinity Purification (CRAPome), to identify highly biotinylated background...research groups that performed BirA*-based affinity purification mass spec experiments. These background proteins...subtracted from Ramanathan et al.’s RaPID datasets. Applications of RaPID RaPID sounds like a nifty technique...help answer? Ramanathan et al. outline three applications of RaPID: Discovery. To discover novel RNA-... that QKI is a host protein critical to Zika replication. Human genetic disease. RaPID can also be used...binding patterns. Hereditary Hyperferritinemia-Cataract Syndrome (HHCS), a disease characterized by increased...

... Haoyi Qiu He Tian Every two years, we seek applications for awards to early career scientists using ...virtual conference attendance. We also opened up applications to research technicians and undergraduate researchers...mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) which catalyzes the desulfuration of 3-mercaptopyruvate and generates...the chromophore that are susceptible to redox modification, the MPST hydrosulfide can be transferred to... and CNO silencing. (D) Immunohistochemistry verification of the dual virus expression in CR neurons of...where she engineers genetically encoded voltage indicators. Tian developed a video-based high-throughput...archaerhodopsin‑derived genetically encoded voltage indicator which had improved performance in live mouse brains...

...Summer Science Communication Series. We’ll be covering the basics of science communication, tips and tricks...science with others, and introducing science communication as a research field. And there will even be ...be a few tips for scientific communication (manuscripts, talks, etc…!)  Deep Dives You probably are familiar... Dives” series comes in! We’ll take a common application or concept and go beyond the basics - diving ...you’re ready for the next steps on some common applications, join us as we get into the weeds on some of... the end of this month! We’ll be sharing our educational resources and tips and tricks for those new to...media endeavors - in between some much-deserved vacations, sunshine, and beach trips, of course.    *not...

...show all publications by an author, total number of citations, and the number of publications that heavily...read the abstract or full text of the paper, publication date, a relevance score, and type of article....that term. You can also set up alerts for new publications from a particular author. Saving papers Papers... work, so it’s also a good place to look for publications. Bonus: papers have to be summarized in 280 ...organizations, and universities often tweet about publications in the fields of research they support. Monitoring...Artificial Intelligence. Semantic Scholar analyzes publications and figures using machine learning to extract...your search to a specific window of time for publication. To help you quickly identify papers with greater...

...Shareck et al., 2004). Plasmid categorization is complex Plasmid classification has shifted over the years...us! A plasmid is a small piece of DNA that can replicate independently from its host’s chromosome. Although...genes between bacteria can also have serious implications for public health. Bacteriocin plasmids: microbial...poisoning, the difference is virulence plasmids! This category includes genes that help bacteria invade hosts...years, and new classifications are still being created as whole-genome sequencing becomes more relevant (... common plasmid features, such as origins of replication and promoters, check out our other Plasmids 101...Redondo-Salvo, S., & de la Cruz, F. (2023). Plasmid classifications. Plasmid, 126, 102684. https://doi.org/10.1016...

... journal Cell just six weeks later. The Zika publication timeline I think we can speak for all the authors...research, but the urgent need for the test did catalyze our resolve to get the work done as quickly as... dozen versions of the toehold switches and amplification primers. This helped make sure that we had a...this includes primer directed isothermal RNA amplification, new toehold switch designs, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated...our electronic reader that provides portable quantification of diagnostic results.  Our approach now detects...directly from infected monkey blood plasma without purification or concentration of the virus. Future work Going...focused on developing cell-free synthetic biology applications for human health and the environment.     Alexander...

...Mechanisms of epigenetic modifications The main mechanism of epigenetic modification is chromatin remodeling...literally means ‘on top of the genome’). Epigenetic modifications can result in phenotypic changes without any...any change in genotype. Epigenetic modifications play a large role in turning genes ‘off’ and ‘on’, signaling...two main mechanisms, either through histone modifications, which can influence the transcription of genes...hypomethylation, on the other hand, has also been implicated in the development and progression of cancer ...enzyme digestion, DNA adenine methyltransferase identification, and bisulfite sequencing. However none of ...can be used for in-situ research of dynamic modifications in real-time, posing a huge challenge to studying...

...There are several important considerations with fabrication of the fiber optics needed for optogenetics. ... for the implant depends on the dorsal/ventral location of your region of stimulation (the z-axis bregma...emitted from the end of the fiber optic implant scatters a great deal once it enters tissue, placement ...0.5mm above the site of your stimulation. The scatter effect is also an important consideration when ...Lasers can be purchased through Laserglow, which caters to optogenetics users and adjusts the lasers appropriately...require stimulation only under certain contexts/locations in the test apparatus and thus individual laser...inactivation kinetics. For example, the light-gated cation channel, Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2), exists in several...

...entire page dedicated to different career options from science policy to science communication and much ...), about their experiences. Research requires dedication and effort, so building a strong understanding...critically about whether it’s something you want to dedicate your time and energy to. How can I make the most... feel less confident in their abilities and qualifications. Studies on imposter syndrome have also found...universities often have scholarships and funds dedicated for undergraduates interested in doing research...the experience would improve my scientific and application writing skills, and ended up with the award. ...fantastic for broadening your experiences! These applications can be highly competitive, so asking for help...

...between mGold2s and mGold2t depending on the application. Figure 1: Super-resolution imaging...fused to mVenus, mGold2s, or mGold2t. Bottom: Quantification of photostability. Image reused from Lee & ...fluorescent proteins for extended imaging. Nature Communications, 16(1), 3241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467...available for tracking cell lineage, different applications require careful selection or design to ensure...for gene therapy and ex vivo cell engineering applications and is especially well-suited for lung cells...tool for circuit tracing and other neuroscience applications (Figure 4). Check out our blog post on AAV serotypes... Figure 4: AAV6 and AAV11 tropism and applications. A) AAV6 is reported to have broad tissue tropism...

...for successful modifications, efficiency can be low, especially for larger modifications. What’s the solution...several potential CRISPR applications. First, CRISPR can be used to target locations in the genomes of pathogenic...tools available for bacteria and some of the applications for which they’ve been used. The beginnings ... of Enterobacteriaceae, without the need for modification. This finding suggests that the system may be...eukaryotes (Qi et al., 2013). As in other systems, catalytically dead (dCas9) targeted to a promoter or gene ...responsive promoter to drive expression of a catalytically dead Cas9 enzyme allows reversible repression...Bikard et al., 2013). By targeting either a catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) alone or a dCas9 fused to ...

...many CRISPR applications, and they’ve also had success in clinical gene therapy applications. Read on to...to learn more about the current (and future) applications of lentiviral vectors! Lentiviral vector history...original system, the possibility of creating a replication-competent virus via recombination between the...of recombination events necessary to create a replication-competent virus. Second, Tat is eliminated through...barcoding libraries have been used for complex applications like lineage tracing in heterogeneous tumors...2015: lentiCRISPR v2, used both for targeted modification and genome-wide screening.   Lentiviral vectors...developed integrase-deficient lentiviral vectors for applications that require the large genetic capacity of a...

...emission wavelengths, which are pivotal in their application in biotechnology (Grimm & Lavis, 2022). These... substrates/peptides and antibodies. Example applications of this include coupling to an antibody, whereby...whereby excitation of blue light will indicate where FITC is bound through green light emission. Key considerations...typically bind to. Stability of fluorescence: For applications that involve ranges of pH, and significant lengths...light, is another factor to consider. If your application requires longer periods of exposure, you’ll want...degrees of β-arrestin-2 recruitment to receptors, indicating their agonistic nature. The potency and efficacy...descriptions, or technical manuals. Specific applications and matching dye/ligand choices For effective...

... 2023 * indicates viral preps available. Mechanisms of crossing the BBB are indicated in parentheses...suitability of a systemic capsid for an individual application is dependent on a number of factors, including...test your chosen capsid before using it in an application.     Figure 1: AAV toolkit for targeted...doses are recommended for all systemic capsid applications. For example, AAV-PHP.eB is typically administered...experimentally determine the best titer for your application.   Pro tip!Want to know if a capsid is a good... capsid immunogenicity is a concern, using a purification method that removes, not just reduces, empty...always, validate the capsid for your specific application and animal model.  Other model organisms Tropism...

...done using side scatter (SSC) and forward scatter (FSC), which measure light that “scatters” past the cell... the plot that divides it into four, using the location of the cell populations as a guide  (Figure 3....be used for this purpose.  Pro tip! The forward scatter is a proxy for diameter and volume of the cell,...the exclusion of doublets and debris. The side scatter roughly measures granularity, a proxy for nucleic... will have numbers by gated populations; this indicates the percentage of total events contained in the... gated population. Heat maps are often used to indicate the relative density of cells. You can see both...presented. A horizontal line across the peak will indicate the cut-off value for a positive signal (Figure...

...Figure 1: Choosing the best PE6 variant for your application. Image reused form Doman and Pandey et al., 2023... CreVLPs, and eVLPs for in vivo and in vitro applications.   Figure 2: Modular features of DIRECTED...approach for experimental therapies and medical applications.  Find DIRECTED plasmids here! Strebinger, D...delivery by modular envelope design. Nature Communications, 14(1), 5141. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467...interactions or map a local proteome, but some applications have been challenging or inaccessible. The Ting... (which had therefore been trafficked between locations). Figure 3: A) LOV-Turbo becomes active...active when illuminated with blue light, catalyzing the biotinylation of nearby proteins. B) TransitID uses...