...one side of the cell and released again at another side of the cell after intracellular transport without...via individual neurons. Neurons are composed of a cell body, with dendrites receiving incoming information...axon sending information onwards to other neuronal cells. Synapses at the terminals of axons form connections...connections to dendrites of proximal neuronal cells. In the specific example of episodic memory, a subset of... Anterograde tracing outlines neurons from their cell bodies to the terminals of their axons; while retrograde...direction, from the terminals of their axons to their cell bodies. Anterograde and retrograde tracing take...neuronal connectivity a large majority of neuronal cells are labeled overtime due to the continued replication...

...with enrichment, single-cell sequencing, and optical pooled screens in human cells. Addgene offers vectors...reverse transcriptase enzymes, inhibition of host cell proteins, and modifications to the pegRNA. The Britt...shows enhanced editing efficiencies in a number of cell types at different genomic loci — in some cases,... editing efficiencies at different loci in U2OS cells. Image adapted from Yan et al. 2024 under a CC-BY...western blots (Figure 3).      Figure 3: HeLa cells transduced with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein ...desirable than having many closely-packed labeled cells. Plus, Voltron2’s fluorescence is tunable by changing...Neuhaus Genetic modification of microglial immune cells is critical for central nervous system research;...

...differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (Chavez et al., 2015) into neuronal cells by activating genes that cause...drug targets by finding genes that cause cell death in cancer cell lines upon activation (Gilbert et al.,...Repression and Activation. Cell 159:647–661 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.029 Konermann S, Brigham...and Fluorescence Imaging. Cell 159:635–646 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.039 Wong N, Liu W,... that over-express coding sequences from a given cell type or organism, have been used in a similar manner...many times, the isoform(s) common to a particular cell type are unknown or not readily available. By activating... et al., 2015)) are good choices across multiple cell lines (HEK293T, MCF7, U2-OS, Hela, N2A, 3T3) and...

.... RANbodies are expressed in 293T cells and are secreted from cells due to their IgGκ signal peptide sequence...-to tool for detecting a protein of interest in cells and tissues. Although antibody production is well... sequence, making them easy to harvest from cell culture media. Their His tags allow for further purification...RANBody While all three reporters stain cultured cells and tissue sections, some reporters are better suited... signal amplification of HRP Staining cultured cells and tissue sections Amplifying weak signals of fluorescent...Labeled anti-HA or -Myc antibody Staining cultured cells and tissue sections When detected with a labeled...Labeled Anti-Chicken IgY antibody Staining cultured cells and tissue sections Great for multicolor staining...

...Genomic Loci in Living Human Cells by an Optimized CRISPR/Cas System.” Cell 155 (2013): 1379-1491. Pubmed...of 6 chromosome-specific loci in the U20S cancer cell line./ Each color represents a gRNA targeting a ...localization and movement of this locus in live cells! This technique was developed in the lab of Addgene...et al. to track telomere dynamics throughout the cell cycle. To optimize the signal to noise ratio of ...sophisticated tracking of multiple chromosomal loci in live cells. However, they note that certain improvements could...repression and genome editing. Ready to make your cells a little more colorful? CRISPRainbow is available...Multicolor CRISPR labeling of chromosomal loci in human cells.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112(10) (2015): 3002...

...sensitive GFP2 (roGFP2)-based biosensors for live cells. His work focuses on the enzyme hydropersulfide-... understand the processes that happen inside the cell,” says Pedre Pérez. Figure 2: Micrographs...Micrographs of the biosensor expressed in the human cell line, Hep3B. From left to right: Mitotracker Red, GFP...studies opioid use disorder. Her goal is to identify cell populations in the brain that contribute to the ...will explore the connectivity patterns of these cells and the functional contribution to a variety of ...administration and withdrawal to explore how these cells may encode the negative affect associated with drug...library of mutant sensors expressed in a mammalian cell line engineered to be electrically excitable. The...

... defined population of cells (e.g., a neuron subtype) and specific subcellular compartments for measurements...calcium concentrations and transients in living cells and organisms. Unlike chemical indicators, these...neuron-specific expression (hSyn promoter) and pan-mammalian cell expression (CAG promoter). An improved version named...neuron-specific, astrocyte-specific (GCaMP6 only) or mammalian cell expression, and compatible with constitutive or ...measure changes in calcium specific to the neuronal cell body or the axon (GCaMP6 only). The genetic elements...long-term expression and integration within the target cells, ensuring more consistent and reproducible results...calcium sensor to specific tissues or even distinct cell subtypes for efficient expression and downstream...

...that inntags IT5, IT6, and IT10 expressed well in cells and did not form undesirable aggregates. Using budding...tags. Impressively, IT6-GFP did not reduce yeast cell size or viability compared to untagged GFP overexpression...multiple other proteins. Again, little to no change in cell morphology was observed with IT5 and IT6 fusions...and HA tags had especially detrimental effects on cell size and growth rate, indicating that they compromised...correlation for protein localization in mammalian cells." Nature methods 10.4 (2013): 315-323. Pubmed PMID...

...reach essentially every cell or else small pools of antibiotic resistant cells could repopulate the environment...strategies are nonspecific - they harm any bacterial cell without a resistance gene, allowing resistant bacteria...antibiotics target one of three essential processes: cell wall synthesis, DNA replication, or protein synthesis...eliminated from the bacterium, which may also induce cell death. CRISPR also enables increased specificity...Treating a mixed population, represented here by cells of different colors, specifically targets bacteria...bacteria. Targeting a genomic sequence results in cell death. Plasmid targeting may result in plasmid loss...and antibiotic resensitization, or may also cause cell death. Image from Beisel et al., licensed under ...

...choose cell lines that are highly transfectable.  The amounts of each plasmid transfected into cells are ... polymerase gene or using cells that stably express T7 (e.g. BSR T7/5 cells) (1). We hope that minigenomes...capable of being replicated and transcribed in the cell when the appropriate viral proteins are provided... RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into the infected cells. The EBOV polymerase replicates the viral genome...on separate plasmids and are co-transfected into cells alongside a plasmid encoding the minigenome. These...the minigenome) are efficiently transfected into cells. All of these components are necessary to efficiently... RNA polymerase also needs to be present in the cells to transcribe the viral mRNAs and minigenome. This...

...orthologs that display cleavage activity in mammalian cells. Like Cas9 nucleases, Cpf1 family members contain...the PAM. With this information, they turned to a cell culture system to see if any Cpf1 nucleases would...would exhibit in vivo activity in mammalian cells. From 16 diverse Cpf1 candidates, Zetsche et al. found...particularly helpful for targeting non-dividing cells, which are difficult to modify through homology-... Cpf1 orthologs known to be active in mammalian cells, LbCpf1 and AsCpf1. In both reports, on target editing... (RNPs) failed to induce off-target editing in a cell culture model. The application of Cpf1 to genome...RNA-guided endonuclease of a class 2 CRISPR-Cas system." Cell (2015). PubMed PMID: 26422227. Find plasmids from...

...non-growing cells are orange, slow growing cells are orange-green, and fast growing cells are green. A...fluorescence. Cells expressing the library are then sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting into ...population. Last, Bernach will simultaneously monitor cell cycle and growth rate using TIMER and an unstable...reporter under the control of promoters that control cell cycle gene expression.  Additional Resources on...

...’re saving trees! The Earth thanks you. 2. Gibco Cell Culture by Gibco Whenever I start to learn a new...spectrometry app. I digress. When I started learning proper cell culture technique, I tried to find an app that could...calculations. This is how I came across the Gibco Cell Culture app. Gibco organizes its app into four categories...tools are a lifesaver when your research requires cell culture and include a counter, lab timer, dilution...educational section. This section holds the Gibco Cell culture manual and basic instructional videos. The... Overall, it’s a great tool for someone starting cell culture work. 3. NEB Tools by New England BioLabs...alternative, similar apps: Findings Lab Notebook Cell Culture Split Calculator by DRDP Restriction Enzyme...

...cryopreserved hybridomas, immortalized cells created by fusing an activated B cell that produces the antibody of...of interest with a myeloma cell. This RNA was then used to generate cDNA, which  was used as a template...of hybridoma generated mAbs is that if the frozen cell line becomes non-recoverable, the stock of the mAb...hybridoma stocks, without having to grow up the cells. This RNA could then be used to generate functional...immunofluorescence-immunocytochemistry (IF-ICC.) This method was chosen because cells transfected with a plasmid to express the target... could be screened in a high-throughput manner. Cells were labeled with both a hybridoma generated mAb...

...mCherry for FACS sorting of the weaponized T-cells (CAR-T cells) - and then delivering them to a tumor - ...effectively as standard CAR-T cells, but it reduces the off-target effects caused by T cell migration.  CAR expression...reducing the on-target off-tumor activity of CAR–T cells was recently devised by the Yingxiao Wang lab.  ...above can be made for expressing your favorite T-cell receptor, or perhaps any other tool that can benefit...  Wu Y, et. al. Control of the activity of CAR-T cells within tumours via focused ultrasound. Nat Biomed...

...human T cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC)s to ~40% expression in the K562 cell line...gene to airway epithelial cells in mice. This vector transduced ~10% of cells, similar to the transduction... then independently packaged into an AAV. When a cell is co-infected with both part A and part B AAVs,... always.  The combination of serotype and tissue/cell type could have a big impact on the rate of transgene...since both of these variables influence whether cells will be co-transduced with multiple copies of both... followed by the 3’-end of the transgene. When a cell is transduced by both viruses, if the AAV genomes...optimal sequences, the group achieved ~80% of muscle cells expressing mini-dystrophin.  3. Hybrid  Overview...

...knock out, etc. – CRISPR can be used to generate cell line or animal models which have the precise disease...Since CRISPR has been adapted for use in primary cells, many tissue types, and across species, it enables... phenotype. CRISPR can also be used to generate cell line knock-ins of patient mutations which are variants...CRISPR has revolutionized the generation of knockout cell lines which has made this control step extremely...in a cancerous background and treat the parental cell line and the X knockout with your drug(s). If a ...the Addgene blog CRISPR 101: Making a Knock-In Cell Line Using CRISPR-Cas9 to Edit Disease Out of the...

...used to deliver Cas9 and other genes to mammalian cells. For this reason, the top requested plasmid of 2017... coat the virus and help determine the types of cells that it can infect. The VSV-G envelope is widely... lentiviruses to infect many different types of cells. This means researchers who use VSV-G can deliver...deliver their genes of interest to a variety of cells and study their effects. To date, nearly 900 articles...in studies of the secretome, ubiquitin ligase, cellular senescence, autophagy, CRISPR, and so much more...

...mammalian cells. dDetermined as effective NIR fluorescence in transiently transfected live HeLa cells with ...Near-Infrared Fluorescent Proteins in Mammalian Cells. Cell Chem Biol 24, 758-766 e753 (2017). Baloban, M...developers and users, BV is present in eukaryotic cells as an intermediate of heme metabolism (Shemetov ...to GFP-like probes by supplying a single gene to cells. Still in bacteria, which do not produce BV, an ... to consider effective brightness of NIR FPs in cells, in addition to their molecular brightness (a product...the concentration of BV-containing molecules in a cell and depends on the efficiency of BV incorporation...Photo-stabilityc, t1/2, s pKa Brightness in HeLa cells vs. iRFP713, % d Ref BphP-based FPs miRFP670...

... the single-cell level can aid in drawing connections between signaling activity and cell phenotype. One...Covert, M.W. (2018). Live-cell measurements of kinase activity in single cells using translocation reporters... One method for monitoring live single-cell kinase activity is FRET, but FRET reporters are challenging...their Kinase Translocation Reporters (KTRs) whose cellular localization serves as a proxy measurement of ... used to measure kinase activity in specific subcellular compartments. Second, because KTRs shuttle between...