We narrowed to 868 results for: REN

...immunodetection tools is their strong signal strength. This signal strength is due in large part to their larger...primary antibodies raised in different species, or at least from different IgG subclasses, so that secondary...incubation of 1° and 2° Must use different species and/or different IgG subclasses of 1° for multi-color...limited cross-reactivity between different IgG subclasses and different species, nanobodies are useful ...mouse or rabbit variety. While antibodies certainly aren’t “broken,” their production does require continued...Multiple polyclonal secondary IgGs can bind to different epitopes of a primary antibody. B) Each arm of...Monoclonal Only anti- rabbit and -mouse versions are currently available Not commercially available Small...

...output is measured and quantified. Created with BioRender.com.   Optogenetic tools Types of control We...excitatory and inhibitory channels activated at different wavelengths of light (Vierock et al., 2021). Step-function...stay on until a second pulse of light, with a different wavelength, turns it off, allowing the cell to... secondary signaling pathways. There are many different opsin (natural and engineered proteins responsive...against the concentration gradient. Created with BioRender.com.   Opto-G-protein coupled receptors  G-protein...intracellular domain of an endogenous GPCR, such as adrenergic receptors. When exposed to light, there is a ...pocket and activates the receptor. Created with BioRender.com.   Controlling secondary pathways with photoswitches...

...unaccounted for, may lead to different results. Different setting, different population, new genetic variation...in the process of sampling and inference-making. Even perfect transparent and rigorous studies will give...obtaining a different result after conducting a replication study. An important difference between the...are investigated to look for unexpected trends or differences between groups. Hypothesis generation is...images, measuring the main outcomes in several different ways, and other questionable research practices...variation, or different handling can all be important.  If we eliminate the problems above: unclear methods...previously unknown variable actually makes a big difference for the robustness of the findings.   How do...

...arbitrate for them. They were different people with some very different opinions, and some of them would...that there are different types of conflict. Most people perceive any conflict as inherently bad, and in ...actually been a meeting? Different teams frequently prefer to communicate in different ways, so the source ...thomas-kilmann-conflict-resolution-model/    References and Resources References Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Model, Management...without my “neutral” presence to alleviate those differences, they had a hard time maintaining their friendships...natural inclination for this skill that you could strengthen. The right set of transferable skills, coupled...hypothesis stronger. When you share data at a conference poster session, you don’t necessarily want everyone...

...successful IF experiment.    References and resources References Im K, Mareninov S, Diaz MFP, Yong WH (2018...target primaries produced in different species and to label targets with different colors. Multiplex immunofluorescence...Speaking of different colors, having a palette of secondary antibodies in a few different species and ...dimensional epitopes. Different sample processing steps can alter epitopes in different ways, so antibodies...indirect immunofluorescence There are a couple different approaches to be familiar with when talking about...immunofluorescence work. Image created with BioRender.com   Indirect IF is a much more common approach... By using multiple primary antibodies made in different species on a single sample, you can then use the...

...PMCID: PMC3929550. 3. Kaati, Gunnar, Lars O. Bygren, and Soren Edvinsson. "Cardiovascular and diabetes mortality...mortality determined by nutrition during parents' and grandparents' slow growth period." European Journal...in the body contain the same DNA but have very different structure and function, and can have a specialized...were experienced in a period of life when the grandparents’ gametes were developing, an epigenetic change...to have occurred that was passed down to the grandchildren; in this study,epigenetic changes were statistically...syndrome and Prader–Willi syndrome, which have very different disease phenotypes, are two fascinating examples...the gene is expressed in normal individuals (in a parent-of-origin-specific manner), but the expression ...

...converted to a different isotype, then two different secondary antibodies can be used with different fluorescent...have different binding properties (Morelock 1994). While in the majority of cases the differences are ...their parental species which can be bound by broadly reactive secondary antibodies to that parental species...conversions and chimeric antibodies! References and resources References Liddell, E. (2013). Antibodies. In...isotype conversion process the variable regions of a parental antibody (blue, rat) are cloned into a backbone...changing an antibody’s natural isotype to that of a different group (Fig. 1). This process, called isotope conversion...antibody’s isotypes, however, you could then use 2 different secondaries for your antibody pair and visualize...

...demonstrated that different deaminase and UNG enzymes had different sequence preferences, which they defined...outcomes of their various CGBEs at different target sequences and in different cell types, available at www....component of the nucleoside inosine. Created with BioRender.com. Although it was a huge innovation, there... Figure 2: CRISPR R-loop. Created with BioRender.com. Base editors take advantage of this single-stranded...non-target strand.” To avoid confusion, we usually use different terminology when discussing base editors, like...up to 68% at the most favorable target sites. Differential cytosine editing between bacteria and mammalian...sites. But the same strategy in E. coli produced different results. GBEs seemed to follow the same initial...

...activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate differentiated from undifferentiated cells at the end of the screening... to study neuronal differentiation, it could also be applied to the differentiation of other CNS cell ... promoters (aCaMKII and hSyn). Created with BioRender.com. Before using gRNAs in vivo, they should...expression of dCas9-VPR (bottom). Created with BioRender.com. The Day Lab used their optimized vectors...to mRNAs generated from the same gene but with different untranslated or coding regions. Typically, each...straightforward to use CRISPRa to selectively target these different transcriptional start sites in order to better... expression of Bdnf resulted in hundreds of differentially expressed genes between Bdnf I-overexpressing...

...mutations would need to change to target different mutations in different patients. While these gRNAs would ...to see what you create next!   References and Resources References Cong, L., Ran, F. A., Cox, D., Lin...intervention, the team led by Kiran Musunuru and Rebecca Ahrens-Nicklas administered the first dose of his personalized...advances that led to KJ’s treatment. Created with BioRender.com. Invention of base editing Base editing ...efficient, and more flexible in their target preferences (Gaudelli et al., 2020; Richter et al., 2020)...CPS1 mutation. Every genetic target is slightly different, so more options mean better chances of identifying...effective. Targeting the right PAM Expanding PAM preferences Base editors can only access a short sequence...

...emphasizing the antibody’s specificity. Strength and accuracy The strength is based on binding specificity and...fear of referencing a wrong section. The antibody screening and development of a focused reference bring...School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.  References and resources References Baker M. Reproducibility crisis: ...), variability (separate batches can perform differently – happens when the antibody is produced from ...a new set of animals), and wrong application (different experiments/conditions can change binding ability...off-target molecules), reliable (wouldn’t perform differently over time), compatible with the desired applications... developed a criterion that includes accuracy, strength, and reproducibility. We test the antibodies on...

...can recruit parents from any background, it really helps if activities are run by parents who can answer...teachers reached out to their students’ STEM-oriented parents looking for experts to come give guest presentations... and technology into the school curriculum. Our Parent Teacher Association (PTA) has been instrumental... the annual Math & Science Night, a chance for parents and other members of the community to share their...you live in a school district that has a lot of parents in STEM careers, chances are they’re wondering ...expertise with our district middle school was a very different experience since, unlike elementary schools, middle...teachers at our school put out the call to local parents who would feel comfortable speaking on topics that...

... (Mauro and Chappell, 2014). Different rates of translation by different tRNAs, including those that exhibit...about trends in synthetic biology in Natural or synthetic? How Addgene;s dataset reveals trends in biological...There are 64 different codons that encode 20 amino acids and three stop codons, meaning that the same... Although the genetic code is universal, many different organisms actually prefer certain codons over ...tRNAs that are expressed may be found at very different levels (Mauro and Chappell, 2014). Due to this...that is based on the codon usage frequency in a reference of highly expressed genes (Sharp and Li, 1987)...stop codons. (B) Example of codon usage among different organisms. There are several codons that encode...

...an antibody but want to know if different combinations or even different chimeras might function better...antibody-based cancer therapeutics.    References and Resources References Chan, A. C., & Carter, P. J. (2010...functions, the constant regions can be altered for different isotypes, and so much more. How you engineer an...often referred to as nanobodies). Created with BioRender.com.   Antibody directed evolution Directed...specific goal, like improved specificity. There are different ways to achieve this goal, including error-prone...same general cyclical process (Figure 2). The differences typically come in when generating the library...of antibody directed evolution. Created with BioRender.com.   Generating mutant libraries   Error-...

...destroy and remove a pathogen. Different isotypes also appear at different stages of an immune response..... Some isotypes have different versions or subclasses that have minor differences in their heavy chain...new Isotype trading cards!     References and resources References Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport...express receptors that recognize the Fc portion of different antibody isotypes. Binding to complement system...that transport antibodies through cells and into different body compartments, such as into mucus, tears, ...Western blotting.  The five isotypes of antibodies Differences in their heavy chain constant regions result ... However, when B cells switch to expressing a different isotype, the intervening DNA sequence is deleted...

... deposited by Promega here.    References and resources   References Allikalt, A., Purkayastha, N., Flad...and fluorescent ligands. Figure created with BioRender.com. Fluorescence refers to the emission of...energy due to non-radiative energy losses. This difference in emission results in a slightly longer wavelength...phenomenon is known as the Stokes Shift, or the difference in wavelength between peak excitation spectrum...vary in their chemical structure, leading to differences in their excitation and emission wavelengths,...target specific organelles like mitochondria, and different dyes can result in varying cytoplasmic background...ligands. For instance, studies have shown that different fluorescent ligands can elicit varying degrees...

...validated antibodies aren't available or if your experimental conditions are different than the validation... 12% 10–250 kDa Different sizes 4–12% gradient 4–250 kDa Different sizes 4–20% gradient...supplementary figures for validation data, or follow the references to find the original publication and ensure that...recombinant multiclonal antibodies — mixtures of different rAbs that target the same protein — can be used...such as a membrane-bound protein. There are many different lysis buffers available commercially, and most...BME is not as strong as DTT, you’ll have to use different concentrations if you switch from one to the other...to note that Bis and Tris gels run proteins in different patterns, due to their differing chemistries. ...

...your poster Check conference guidelines To begin, you should always follow conference rules when designing...useful to use two different font styles; one for your section titles, and a different one for the body ... the most of your conference attendance Read all of our blog posts about conferences .... But, before you can show off your work at a conference, you need to first make your poster. While a ...manuscript. If you have ever attended a scientific conference, or even a lab recruiting session at your university...university, you are likely aware of how different posters can be. You have also probably thought about ...other additions you might wish to include are a references section, contact information, and potentially...

...separately introduce each mutation independently into different mice, and then these strains should be crossed...of the mutations engineered into each of their parents. Here’s how to cross mice, using a simple example...Mendalian patterns of inheritance: 1. Genotype your parental mice In order to ensure that your genetic modification...generation, your breeding scheme should start with parental mice that are each homozygous for one of the two...targeting vector or gene of interest. 2. Breed your parental mice to generate F1 Once you’ve performed your...desired combination of mutations. Assuming your parental mice were all homozygous for your genes of interest...breeding heterozygous mice. In this case, your parental mouse should be hemizygous at the appropriate ...

...reads are mapped against a reference sequence, if one was provided. If no reference is given, de novo assembly...functioning properly or be something completely different than what was originally intended. Sharing unverified...amplification or bacterial growth. Created with BioRender.com.   At Addgene, we put a lot of effort into...scientists worldwide. Depositing scientists provide different types of data for each of their plasmids, from...2. Addgene’s basic QC process. Created with BioRender.com. Once Addgene receives deposited plasmids...plasmid sequence de novo (without the use of a reference sequence) using a bioinformatics pipeline developed...scientists to easily visualize and identify sequence differences between our NGS results and deposited sequences...

... a virus enters the cell. Different serotypes utilize a number of different receptors, co-receptors, and...burdensome in the brain where many different cell types, or even different phenotypes of the same cell type...working in several different systems or want to transduce a large number of different cells. Promoters ...doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2014.00076 References and Resources References Aschauer, D. F., Kreuz, S., & Rumpel...validation and optimization. Although there are different ways to ultimately achieve success, we find it...variables.    Serotypes Serotype refers to the different protein compositions of AAV capsids, which determine... system or cell type can completely fail in a different system (Issa et al., 2023). This can be particularly...

...antibodies are all of different species/isotypes and that each secondary has a different color fluorophore...a comment below. Happy imaging! References and Resources References Andrews, N. P., Boeckman, J. X., ...mixture of secondary antibodies, and image all the different colors in one session – fast and easy! Just make...Trimmer Lab, using recombinant antibodies with different isotypes. (A) Neocortex labeled with anti-pan-...make sure you are using primary antibodies from different species or isotypes, so that the secondary antibodies...to align the images of each labeled target as different color channels and analyze the results. Depending...you might need to quantify the intensity of the different signals in a certain region or calculate a colocalization...

...resolving gel. A stacking gel typically has a different ionic strength and lower pH and acrylamide content than...validated for immunoblotting. Different immunoassays detect proteins in different states. For example, in immunoprecipitation... other antibody topics. Resources and references References Aydin S (2015) A short history, principles...to detect the presence or absence of a protein (Renart et al., 1979, Towbin et al., 1979, Burnett et al...the size of the protein of interest. An electric current applied to the gel causes the negatively charged...repeatedly stripped of an antibody and reprobed with different antibodies allowing multiple targets to be assessed...” together with blotting paper and an electric current is applied causing proteins to migrate out of the...

...how to spend my grant money (Can I attend this conference?) and with my lab mates on which lab jobs needed... also negotiate with friends, partners, and/or children about everything from what you’re going to eat...another author can present the work at the next big conference - Is one of those options more important to you...are their expectations/needs and how are they different from mine? What equipment purchases do we prioritize...she’s trying to get some data for an upcoming conference deadline. Instead of arguing over who gets the... takes the earlier slot agrees to pick up both children while the other person uses an available after-hours... or coursework. First, you have to develop an awareness of when you are negotiating. Then take a moment...

...common AAV serotypes used for different tissues. Created with BioRender.com. Beyond the identified serotypes...Your AAVancement could be next!   References and Resources References Braun, C. J., Adames, A. C., Saur...allows for a wide variety of screens, including interference, activation, and knockout. Most CRISPR screens...CRISPR screens can be carried out using a few different methods — in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo. The ...of in vitro AAV CRISPR screens. Created with BioRender.com. The in vitro option requires a bit less...mouse tissues. Safety AAV and lentivirus have different safety profiles that often affect which is chosen...in a variety of capsids. To date, at least 12 different capsids, or serotypes, have been identified in...

...software, you then generate a trendline for the data. The appropriate trendline varies between assays and ...linear trendlines while those for ELISAs and other enzymatic assays are sigmoidal. Once the trendline is ...non-linear and you should use a different method of analysis. Different fields and assays have varying ...well by vortexing or inversion. Created with BioRender.com.   When choosing a standard, make sure that...plotted against its OD560 measurements and the trendline y = 0.6561x + 0.019 calculated. The concentration... an unknown sample is determined by using the trendline to extrapolate its x value, 0.963 mg/mL, from ...and measures how well the data points fit the trendline. R2 ranges from 0 to 1 with 1 being a perfect ...

... if you want to be an entrepreneur in the health sciences?  Is this a different story altogether? The ...Being an entrepreneur is difficult; it requires an immense amount of self-knowledge and an unwavering...become something tangible.  When you think of entrepreneurship in the 21st century, who do you think of?  ...with innovative ideas in all facets of the entrepreneurial process in order to develop those ideas into... about 3 project proposals per month.  We are currently focused on two projects, including one led by ...lessons I learned while becoming a health science entrepreneur at 22. Start with your network You've spent ...viability question. The miLab you see today is far different than what was originally planned, due in large...

...from that sequence preferences must largely be ignored. Created with BioRender.com. The hammer...exact location of the TSS. Different databases annotate the TSS in different ways, and it has been shown...phenotype of interest. This blog post will discuss differences between these approaches, and provide updates...Doench et al., 2017, and Hanna et al., 2020) and references therein.   {% module_block module "widget_fcf9eab0...experiment with CRISPR The hammer, the jigsaw, and the wrench are all great tools, but which one you use, of ...importance (more on this below). Created with BioRender.com. The jigsaw: Editing by HDR, base editing...few potential gRNAs. While SpCas9, with a PAM preference of NGG, is still the most widely-used Cas enzyme...

...when interpreting the outcome.    References and resources References Aschauer DF, Kreuz S, Rumpel S (2013...2, and 5 Display Differential Efficiency and Cell Tropism after Delivery to Different Regions of the Central... recognized by Cre, but they are comprised of different sequences (loxp and lox2272) and can not recombine...transgene from reverting. Figure created with BioRender.com   Causes of recombination and leaky expression... flank a transgene (homologous pairs) or used different scrambled sequences to flank the transgenes (non-homologous... off-target expression. Figure created with BioRender.com   Strategies for optimizing expression So...  The AAV serotype used can exhibit profound differences in tropism between cell types (astrocytes, microglia...

...plasmids are compatible, different CBPs bind to each plasmid type, and different NTPases separate the plasmid...plasmids at Addgene Read our Molecular Biology Reference References  del Solar G, Giraldo R, Ruiz-Echevarría...incompatibility is defined as the inability of different plasmids to be maintained in one bacterial cell...al., 1998).  In cases of compatible plasmids, different negative regulation systems control plasmid replication...regulation system cannot distinguish between the different plasmids. The concentration of negative regulation...diffusion) to make this happen.  There are several different versions of the plasmid partitioning system in...identification issue: the CBPs in the cell can’t tell the difference between plasmids if they have the same centromere-like...

... cell. Differential expression of transcription factors, which recognize and bind to different DNA motifs...the genome based on their differential chromatin accessibility across different cell types. Most enhancers...department of Molecular Genetics. References and Resources References Ben-Simon, Y., Hooper, M., Narayan...usually hear this phrase when discussing raising children, it can also be applied to research. Sharing knowledge...resources to generate highly specific tools to target different cell populations and regions of the brain. This...transcriptional regulation by an enhancer. Created with BioRender.com.   Developing AAV enhancer tools for brain...only in target cells. This pattern is termed “differential DNA accessibility,” and AIBS uses it to find...

...Cary Valley, and Holly McQueary References and Resources References Niedringhaus, T. P., Milanova, D.... Sanger sequencing technology. Created with BioRender.com. Sanger sequencing was considered the gold...short-read sequencing technology. Created with BioRender.com. After sequencing results are deconvoluted...identify the bases (and, if necessary, separate different samples), the resulting data, or reads, are essentially... the flow cell membrane and have an electrical current running through them. DNA or RNA is pulled through...nucleotide passes through the nanopore, the electrical current recorded by the instrument changes. Base-calling...Nanopore sequencing technology. Created with BioRender.com. Nanopore can provide longer read lengths...

...for Neuroscience 2017 conference in Washington DC (#SfN17). This massive conference attracted over 30,000...developed in your current work to make new insights in neuroscience. Even if you're currently a synthetic biologist...-depth exposure to neuroscience prior to this conference was a rotation in Qiao Zhou’s lab in graduate...school where I worked on a project aiming to dedifferentiate mouse brain cells into neural stem cells. I...biologists. This was not at all the case. The conference featured people who work in sociology, behavior... Collider and which featured a talk about the different parts of the brain stimulated by stories. In retrospect...neuroscientists are using techniques from across different disciplines to better understand neurobiology ...

...through a tiny pore by measuring differences in ion flow caused by the different electrochemical properties ...Harvard University currently studying the serotonergic system and behavior.     References 1. Southern, Edwin...all cases, the result can be quantified by the strength of the signal in comparison to a control sample...results of cloning or knockout experiments to forensics and clinical diagnostics. One example of southern...standard PCR. This allows the researcher to compare different DNA sequences to see which is more abundant in...content by comparing the fragments created by different restriction enzyme digests. Incubating a DNA sample...incorporation of a ddNTP. Researchers perform four different reactions, one for each radiolabelled ddNTP, and...

...updated in 2023 by Susanna Stroik.  References and Resources References Yuxuan Wu et al. "Correction of a...of the CRISPR-based editing therapies that are currently approved or have made significant progress in ...cells and delivering them to the patient.   Current CRISPR Therapies Cancer and CAR-T therapy The FDA...therapy pipelines (viral), and researchers are currently working on giving this treatment a CRISPR spin...leukemia, lymphoma, and some solid tumors are currently in early-phase clinical trials and have shown ...quite the opposite aim: to destroy. One treatment currently in clinical trials includes Cas3 (the shredder... into many, many pieces. Locus Biosciences is currently running this trial, with more updates expected...

...several different markers, it can also be used to run multiplex assays, allowing the reference sequence...primer  Molecular Biology Reference Molecular Cloning Techniques References Bell AD, Usher CL, McCarroll...each cycle. The raw data is then normalized to a reference sequence present in the same amount in all samples...curve. For CNV assays, it is recommended to use a reference sample with two copies of the gene (Ma, 2014.)...copy numbers, though it has been shown to identify trends correctly (Muhamad, 2011;  Providenti, 2006). Its...probe set for both the gene of interest and the reference sequence. At the end of the run, each droplet ...positive droplets for the gene of interest and reference gene, copy number can be determined through concentration...

... of the plasmids in our repository with known reference sequences, such as full plasmid sequences provided...BLAST, which includes a simple explanation of the different BLAST programs, databases, and elements of the...The blastp and blastx programs are optimized differently and you may want to select one (or both) depending...you want to verify. We will delve into these differences below. Optimizing blastn searches On the Standard... a Sanger sequencing result to a single known reference sequence or to a BLAST sequence database. If you...two or more sequences” checkbox and paste your reference sequence into the Subject Sequence box that appears...BLAST searches. If you do not know the exact reference sequence for your result, choose one of the BLAST...

... in mice Many systemic capsids express differently in different mouse strains, a phenomenon that we are...And these differences occur not just between mice and NHPs; some capsids show both different efficacy ...from AAV9, the vectors have to be administered concurrently to minimize the impact of neutralizing antibodies...determined by the capsid and promoter/enhancer strengths in the cell type of interest as well as the type...from Challis et al. 2022. Image created with BioRender.com. Abbreviations: AAV, adeno-associated virus;...Organism Mouse Strain-Specific Tropism?  Reference AAV-PHP.B* CNS (broad) Mice, rats Yes...Mechanisms of crossing the BBB are indicated in parentheses in the"Mouse Strain-Specific Tropism?" column...

...to the plasmid search results: More than 200 different GCaMP containing plasmids are available for distribution...starting a new search or clicking through to a different part of the website, you can now use the pulldown...pulldown menu on the search page to quickly jump to different types of items: Did you notice the “Filter By...you will only be shown filters relevant to your current search. We’ll take a closer look at filters in ...what if you don’t have plasmid ID numbers, or you aren’t sure if any plasmids from a paper have been deposited...James Trimmer Lab published in eLife. Addgene is currently distributing 94 plasmids expressing validated .... The following screenshots show the range of different terms we can use to find materials from this publication...

... that differences in gene expression could explain why some ancestry groups were differentially dependent...ancestry-associated genes.   What does the reference genome actually reference?  The CRISPR guides used in the screens...done in this preprint.   Resources and references References Germline variation contributes to false...racial bias, which still impacts and influences current research. Understanding the depth and breadth of... were designed to have a perfect match to the reference genome – even single mismatches within a CRISPR...introduce significant bias into the results. But the reference genome does not represent the diversity of genetic...understand how the use of a primarily European reference genome could affect their analysis. Their work...

...discussions on strategies for antibody validation in different applications. Here, I want to highlight the general...proposed antibody validation pillars. Created with BioRender.com.     Orthogonal Strategies This approach...transcriptomic or proteomic data from several different tissues or cell types. If your antibody indeed... signal, so you’ll need a range of expression strengths to be confident in your data. This is a good option...antibodies against the same protein, each targeting a different epitope, and look for correlation between the ...the results. Using antibodies against different epitopes on the same target reduces the likelihood that ...unique antibodies. An additional caveat is that different antibodies may or may not perform well under the...

...19 pandemic,” says Balazs.     References and Resources References Cele S, Gazy I, Jackson L, Hwa S-...vaccination efforts. So, how effective are the current vaccines against the variants? Alejandro Balazs...found that the neutralization effectiveness of current vaccines differed depending on the variants (Garcia-Beltran...plasmids which encode spikes found on all of the different circulating variants. This allowed us to create... of the key drivers in determining whether the current vaccines are effective or not. This protein both... that used live virus (Cele et al., 2021). “We weren't completely shocked [with these results] because...variants. Yet, the B.1.351 variant, which has only 9 different mutations compared to the wild-type, escaped neutralization...

...looking at a bunch of different strategies with CRISPR-Cas9. There are so many different variants and strategies...will help them to understand how different mutations lead to differences in the symptoms experienced by ...with the condition to reveal some “outstanding differences.” They now have some theories on the underlying...Institute and Addgene will make a substantial difference in pushing the work forward. Xeroderma Pigmentosum...lot of those plasmids so that we can try many different things in parallel.” Alternating Hemiplegia of...and ATP1B3 plasmids to explore the functional differences among mutations responsible for the disease known...Childhood (AHC). Patients affected by AHC suffer from recurrent attacks of unilateral paralysis (hemiplegia) that...

... C improved assay reliability. Different primers can have different annealing efficiencies (Wang et ...of samples from different sources should not be compared. If using AAV from different sources in the same...solution, and generally these methods measure different characteristics of the solution. These characteristics...because each sample with be quantified with a different primer pair. Ct values vary based on the amount...and low-concentration samples can also behave differently in PCR, even if both samples fall within the ...reliable AAV titering? For our viral service, we currently titrate AAV vector preparations by qPCR. To ensure...absolute quantification by using the universal AAV Reference Standard Material (AAV SFM), which is an AAV sample...

...intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and place preference. The lab I work in (the Kreek lab) focuses on...behaviors to test reinforcement are ICSS and place preference.   Historically, ICSS was done by implanting ...nose-poke at the active hole [1, 2].    Place preference/place aversion also models reinforcement but ...halves that are distinguished visually through different patterns and the animal only receives stimulation...Comparison of c-fos amongst animals that receive different types of stimulation may help to refine and optimize...many known behaviors. However, if you observe no difference in your behavioral output with optogenetic manipulation...manipulation, this can be explained primarily in two different ways 1) your hypothesis is wrong or 2) there is...

...experiment uses 2 or 3 different fluorescent colors each measuring a different target. Flow cytometers...analysis. Since different populations of immune cells express unique Clusters of Differentiation cell surface...flow cytometry experiments.       References and resources References: Bonner WA, Hulett HR, Sweet RG, ...each cell as it passes through and scatters in different directions. The degree of scatter is captured ...fluorescent signal that is captured by detectors. The strength of the emitted photons varies from cell to cell...highly versatile and some can accommodate up to 30 different colors. This lends flow cytometry particularly...to complex experiments looking at a variety of different targets. If you are planning on using fluorescent...

...components expressed from different plasmid backbones. They noted that backbone differences such as the order,...assess how different lentiviral plasmid backbone elements impact viral titer and to compare different Cas enzymes...Hurt for his expertise and input.  References and resources References Weber, Ernst, et al. “A Modular ...product in an affordable way, researchers test many different combinations of promoters, terminators, solubility...experimental goals are more general in nature, or you aren’t planning on using K. phaffii, then the MoClo YTK...1: A chart with MoClo kit recommendations for different modal organisms and applications.    Plant...be used to test a variety of Cas enzymes with different PAM requirements and editing abilities, such as...

...luciferases have been identified in the sea pansy (Renilla reniformis), click beetle (Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus...codon-optimized 562 61 Luciferin ATP No Sea pansy (Renilla reniformis) Natural 481 36 Coelenterazine None No ...by luciferase, releasing light. Created with BioRender.com. Bioluminescent reporters require a chemical...sensitivity. Another advantage: luciferase reporters aren’t susceptible to photobleaching — they’ll keep emitting...Cofactors/substrates Required Not required Signal strength Lower Higher Sensitivity Higher Lower Background...cruciata), and more. These variant proteins offer different kinetics, substrate requirements, and photon emission... variety of fluorescent proteins that produce different colors or have other advantageous properties. ...

...Created with biorender.com. Pro tip! If your samples and control underwent different treatment processes...Created with biorender.com. The plot above is for a smeary expression and is quite different from the ...presence or absence, the plots can look quite different. You might have high expression, low expression...shows the population of interest. Created with biorender.com.   In such cases, instead of trying to quantify...yes/no flow cytometry readout. Created with biorender.com.   Using histogram plots to quantify smeary... the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the different populations. MFI is the average brightness from...plot. However, the histogram plots look a bit different than they do for yes-no readouts.      ...

...101 eBook, 1st edition.  References and resources References Swift S, Lorens J, Achacoso P, Nolan GP. ...pseudotype γ-retrovirus using different envelopes to modify tropism. Briefly, different envelope plasmids can ...packaging; however, they are different viruses and thus use slightly different isoforms of these packaging...from lentiviruses? There are a few important differences between engineered γ-retroviruses and lentiviruses...lentiviruses. First, these viruses were derived from different genomes (MoMLV and MSCV for γ-retrovirus; HIV ...be useful for the transduction of terminally differentiated (non-dividing) cells. Both lentiviruses and... in gene therapy research to reduce promoter interference and/or drive high expression of a transgene ...