We narrowed to 820 results for: APP

...is an application in which antibodies that have been joined to fluorescent molecules are applied to a ...immunofluorescence There are a couple different approaches to be familiar with when talking about IF, direct...BioRender.com   Indirect IF is a much more common approach than direct IF, so we will focus on this technique... Primary Antibody This is the first antibody applied to your sample, which will bind to your target ...Unsurprisingly, this is the second antibody you apply, which binds to the first antibody and is conjugated...distribute antibodies validate them in a variety of applications, including IF (or IHC or ICC), and will share... time to research antibodies, protocols, and appropriate controls and you will be well on your way to ...

...sample of your protein of interest (POI). This approach is reliable, but it’s overkill in many cases. ...than “condition 2.” By eye, the loading control appears about the same between the two conditions. But ...detected with an antibodies, just like the POI. This approach is so common that we’ve used it for our cartoon...cells. This means that at sample concentrations appropriate to detect a less-abundant POI, the loading control... control aren’t too far apart, they may have overlapping linear detection ranges, allowing you to accurately..., 2008; Gilda & Gomes, 2013). Depending on the approach you choose, your loading control measurement will...on the same gel or membrane (depending on your approach) as your final blot. Quantifying the entire lane...

...Blocked by overlapping methylation Not affected BsaI Not affected Blocked by overlapping methylation...Blocked by overlapping methylation HpaI Not affected Not affected Blocked by overlapping methylation...Blocked by overlapping methylation Not affected Not affected MscI Not affected Blocked by overlapping methylation...Not affected Blocked by overlapping methylation XbaI Blocked by overlapping methylation Not affected...methylation Not affected ClaI Blocked by overlapping methylation Not affected Not affected DraI Not affected...

...think “but that won’t happen to me, I have a backbone”. The sad truth is, if it happened before, it almost...choosing a lab, but almost all of these guidelines can apply to any workplace or job. It amazes me when the most...scheduled or only ad hoc? Does the mentor keep appointments with group members or are they frequently cancelled...conflicts in the lab? Do they motivate with the appropriate balance of encouragement and criticism? Do they...was told that the PI removed a woman from the appropriate first authorship position on a publication of...and profoundly regretted it when the same thing happened to her a year later. I hear too many science trainees...almost certainly will also happen to you. As you speak to lab members and alumni, don’t ever disregard warning...

...t just happen to you or me (though, let's be clear, they have all happened to me.) They happen to everyone...is, when it happens to other people, it’s normal and quickly forgotten, and when it happens to you, it’...communicator, I’ve done a lot of public speaking, and I'm happy to share what I've learned along the way. Own your...comes to public speaking, Murphy’s law definitely applies: what can go wrong, will go wrong. The trash removal...interest incorrectly on slides 8-16. Your notes disappear. The wrong version of your slide deck gets uploaded...completely normal to be anxious, nervous, and/or apprehensive. I still get nervous quite regularly, and I'...

...AID an appealing tool for studying essential proteins. Until recently, it was challenging to apply the AID-tagging...brief articles highlight the main features and applications of a partiular plasmid or set of plasmids. We...December 2016 (Q3) MARCH 2016Enhancer activity mapping with STARR-seq   Although many technologies have...classical TANGO assay, Kroeze et al. developed a new approach termed Parallel Receptor-ome Expression and Screening... (PRESTO-TANGO) to screen the NCC-1 library of approved drugs against the entire kit; a parallel analysis...multiple expression systems before they achieve the appropriate expression level for their gene of interest. ...GMAP-compatible vectors for a wide variety of biological applications. First, GMAP-compatible backbones for lentivirus...

... drug approval boards are being finalized, and it is very likely the treatments will be approved for use...disease. Meanwhile, Hans Clevers and colleagues applied CRISPR to disease correction in adult stem cells...CRISPR-based editing therapies that are currently approved or have made significant progress in clinical ...Therapies Cancer and CAR-T therapy The FDA has already approved CAR-T immunotherapy for cancer treatment by traditional...These therapies are delivered with an autologous approach, editing patient cells ex vivo and then returning...but especially concerning when using a systemic approach. Regarding effectiveness, if the editing frequency...meaningful way. Delivery, especially for systemic approaches, has its own unique set of obstacles. Thus far...

...which subpopulation of DA neurons could activate appetitive rather than aversive stimuli. In a recent paper...rAAV FLEx-based vectors to answer this question, mapping and characterizing the activity of the DA neurons...pursue a teaching career, and she now is a very happy scientific communication manager at genOway.     ... cell types for imaging and long-range circuit mapping." Journal of Neuroscience 28.28 (2008): 7025-7030...Philippe Coulon, and Ilka Diester. "Optogenetic approaches to study the mammalian brain." Current opinion...Yizhar, and Karl Deisseroth. "The development and application of optogenetics." Annual review of neuroscience...Mei, Yuan, and Feng Zhang. "Molecular tools and approaches for optogenetics." Biological psychiatry 71.12...

...Alternatively, you can run a reagent gradient. In this approach, you’ll run the same protein concentration in ...concentration of your reagent. Be aware that this approach requires excellent attention to detail, since ...down to voltage and time. Make sure to load an appropriate protein ladder on your gel and keep an eye on...too high. If you’re seeing a smiley face at an appropriate voltage (usually 10–15 V/cm of gel), your gel...box. If overheating remains an issue, which can happen with large proteins, try lowering the voltage and... buffer — so it’s better to start over if that happens.  Finally, if you’re seeing a weird issue and can...your reversible staining method of choice is appropriately sensitive. If using a PVDF membrane, you can...

...Many thanks to our guest blogger Erik L. Snapp! Erik Lee Snapp received his PhD in Molecular Microbiology...This post was contributed by guest blogger Erik L. Snapp. Stop using EGFP/GFP for fusion proteins! Despite...problem for fusion proteins. One of the major applications of FPs is to visualize the localization, dynamics... dimerize can form dynamic contacts that bring apposing membranes together and can wrap the membranes ...the Endoplasmic Reticulum and live cell imaging approaches. Erik is also an avid long distance runner, gardner... gardner, and cook.   References 1. Snapp, E.L., et al., Formation of stacked ER cisternae by low affinity...An experimental study of GFP-based FRET, with application to intrinsically unstructured proteins. Protein...

... the appropriate CRISPR tools for your application: Wildtype Cas9 or Cas9 nickase are appropriate for ...well as suitable applications. Expression System Components of System Application Mammalian expression...CRISPR mammalian expression systems, the typical applications for each, and potential delivery methods.   ...mutations near the gRNA target site. Choose an appropriate expression system and delivery method: Do you...electrophoresis and/or next-generation sequencing more appropriate? If you already have an end product in mind...or more sgRNAs and Cas9 are required for any application. If you want to include a homology directed repair...

...structural proteins that make it possible, see the appendix DNA is a 3D fractal). Enhancer biology is a complex...acetylation) - tri_methylation In the next section we’ll apply the above formula to a real-world experiment. We...: the enhancers! This leads us to a three-step approach for designing an experiment to identify the critical...therapeutics. We’ll have more to say about clinical applications of CRISPR in the next section. In order to denote...mechanism for CRISPR. Therefore if a gRNA drops or disappears over time, we infer that the enhancer it targets...own CRISPR screens for enhancers, check out the Appendix. Conclusion: Shedding light on dark matter Precise...is the foundation of precision medicine. We can apply this knowledge to create targeted disease therapies...

...engineer various constructs with applications in flow cytometry approaches in mammalian cell culture systems...develop diverse fluorescent reporters is a useful application of high-throughput cloning. MXS Chaining is one...plasmids for fluorescence imaging or flow cytometry applications in mammalian cells. The modules used in this...transgene expression, or a variety of other clever applications. In one example, modular constructs generated...methods are suited for particular downstream applications. The tradeoffs between various cloning methods...from them. These enzymes might not, however, be appropriate for cloning genes from organisms with high CpG...quickly, and simply. We hope that you can similarly apply MXS chaining to your experimental needs. Let us ...

...amenable to transfection or viral transduction     Appropriate promoters must be chosen for both Cas9 and gRNA... Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoproteins? One alternative approach, which avoids many of these complications, is ...used for most of the current genome engineering applications of CRISPR including: generating single or multi-gene...pathways. This makes Cas9 RNPs useful for CRISPR applications where limited expression of Cas9 is required...vendor, this can often be expensive. An alternative approach is to express and purify His-tagged Cas9 from ...this technique in cell culture, it has also been applied to genome editing of mouse zygotes, through a process...inner ear (Zuris et al. 2015). A more targeted approach using RNPs has recently been described in vitro...

...the candidate application process, the candidate’s ability to write a grant application through a written...funding opportunity coincided, and they stepped up to apply for a grant which lead to their new career path.... much more than writing. In fact, many grant applications and grant makers have moved away from long written...Now they require grant seekers to use online applications with significant character limits for the written...written portion of the grant application. They have increased their demand for stronger budgets with clear...duties can range from coordinating the grant application and submitting it, to evaluating the capacity...grant readiness, funding opportunity research, application writing and development, project implementation...

...activity of CcdB. Applications of ccdB in plasmid cloning Perhaps the most widely used application of CcdB is...used as biological tools for a wide range of applications in molecular biology or in vivo studies. Let...types of plasmid addiction systems and their applications. The discovery of toxin-antitoxin systems Toxin-antitoxin... by binding the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase and trapping it in the cleaved complex. This results in DNA...construct. Other toxin-antitoxin systems and their applications MazE/MazF Aside from CcdB/CcdA, there are many...or diluted as the cell grows resulting in the appearance of unmethylated sites in the chromosome. The ...were retained in 75% of cells. They were able to apply this system as an orally administered diagnostic...

... QC/QA team as a DNA Sequencing Intern. The application process When I first saw the comprehensive job...for this co-op, I was immediately interested in applying. This had stood out to me because it gave me a...immediately clear that Addgene wanted to ensure applicants understood what the expectations were for the...the intended position. After submitting my application, I was contacted to participate in a brief fifteen...Friday, I received the official offer. I was so happy to hear back, I accepted that day and was excited...the depositing labs intended. With the use of applications like SnapGene and Geneious, I was able to determine...they would be disregarded - everyone was very approachable.     Fig. 1: Examples of DNA sequencing...

...substitutions (or deletions) in a tailored manner. The approach can be used in conventional cloning (to introduce...introduce or remove restriction sites), in mapping of regulatory elements (to mutate promoters/enhancers in...of CRISPR; site-directed mutagenesis generally applies to plasmids, but may also facilitate genome editing... then, when the plasmid is digested with the appropriate restriction enzyme and run on a gel, one of the...ablates a restriction site, digestion with the appropriate enzyme will merge two smaller bands visible in...larger band (not shown). As a footnote; a similar approach can be used to identify Cas9/CRISPR-induced genome...template for the mutagenesis reaction. Alternative approaches to site directed mutagenesis Point-mutagenesis...

... AAV2 yields approximately 1.8-fold without affecting cell viability. This effect appears to be serotype...AAV yields. Given the wide range of downstream applications scientists rely on our AAV preparations for,...assays, in vitro transduction, and silver stain approaches we show that there is no difference in purity...so excited? For starters, we believe that this approach can be adapted by vector cores and laboratories...investigated 3 serotypes it’s possible that this approach will be beneficial for a host of other AAV serotypes...serotypes; it will be exciting to test this approach with different capsids. Most importantly, because .... "Substantial overproduction of antibodies by applying osmotic pressure and sodium butyrate." Biotechnology...

...unedited strand (Chen et al., 2021). The team applied this approach to both the PE2 and PE3 systems, naming ...and flexibility to the CRISPR editing world. The approach, originally published in Nature, is a “search-.... The initial result is a heteroduplex, with overlapping strands of edited and unedited DNA. The heteroduplex...editing typically needs to be optimized for each application, and the efficacy varies widely — it still almost...optimized enzyme can be used with any of the PE2-5 approaches, sometimes referred to as PE2max, PE3max, etc...improved efficiency, although both enzymes still approach or exceed PEmax editing efficiencies for short...prime editing. To protect the 3′ end, the Liu lab appended RNA pseudoknots, calling this longer RNA an “engineered...

... achieve multiplex IF. One of the most common approaches is to use sequential cycles of primary and secondary...detection with a mixture of primary antibodies and appropriate secondary antibodies. The general process is ... 1: Schematic of multiplex immunofluorescence approaches. A) Sequential Multiplex IF, where one target...multiplexed IF, many of the same considerations apply as for standard IF. However, there are a few specific...primary antibodies that have been validated in IF applications (find IHC validated or ICC validated antibodies... you have some complex patterns with several overlapping targets to interpret. Check out (Jambor et al...favorite tips and tricks, leave a comment below. Happy imaging! References and Resources References Andrews...

...and deliver any cargo you fancy (size limits do apply, however.) Why use a virus? Viruses are essentially...low immunogenicity which makes them ideal for applications with whole organisms. Finally, viral delivery...delivery is typically straightforward across applications, while electroporation of a human, for example, isn... post. If a viral vector seems like the right approach for your experiment, you’ll need to decide exactly...retro viruses can accommodate a cargo up to approximately 8 kb, but viral packaging is less efficient ... In fact, AAV gene therapies have already been approved in the US for multiple diseases, including hemophilia... (~4.5kb From basic science to clinical applications, viruses are true bench to bedside tools. Keep...

...allow you to be flexible in your approach to affinity reagent applications. Whatever affinity reagents you...re used in a number of research and clinical applications. Most of the time, when someone speaks about...deeper penetration into a tissue, useful for applications like IHC, or be able to access an epitope folded...that would size-exclude an antibody. In imaging applications, smaller affinity reagents means higher resolution...antibody’s ‘Y’. They are often used in clinical applications. Fab fragments can be created in lab in situations...Shahied, 2004). They are often used for clinical applications, including imaging.  Diabodies are ~60 kDa proteins...antibodies are still an excellent option for many applications, and frankly, if ain't broke, don't fix it!  ...

...sequencing is laborious, time consuming and cannot be applied to heterogenous populations (Bell et al. 2014).... on genome sequencing. Used in concert, these approaches can provide the researcher with a reasonable ...variable) Sequence-level data Low-throughput, inappropriate for heterogenous populations, low sensitivity...(Fu et al. 2013; Pattanayak et al. 2013). This approach misses larger mismatches (e.g. six nucleotides...Genotyping Options Technique Detection Limit Application Advantages Disadvantages GUIDE-Seq 0.1% Cell-based... may be to integrate both biased and unbiased approaches. As suggested in a review by Tycko et al., 2016...a highly accurate manner. Using both of these approaches may not be necessary for every CRISPR experiment...

... chain reaction (LCR)-overview and applications." PCR Methods Appl 3.4 (1994): S51-64. PubMed PMID: 8173509...or DNA base pair mismatches (8-11). For some applications, there cannot be any end-joining activity, and...regions. Why use a high fidelity ligase? Numerous applications have been developed to take advantage of the...Taq and other thermostable DNA ligases. These applications detect specific nucleotide sequences with high...Ligase are not replacements for T4 DNA Ligase in applications such as routine cloning or DNA library preparation...Temperature Calculator can be used to estimate an appropriate incubation temperature when using NEB thermostable...Christopher D. Lima. "The polynucleotide ligase and RNA capping enzyme superfamily of covalent nucleotidyltransferases...

...gRNA targeting approach is then used to direct the complex to a specific locus. This approach provides a ...tools available for bacteria and some of the applications for which they’ve been used. The beginnings ... E. coli. Furthermore, to demonstrate wider applicability they demonstrated success of Cas9 mediated repression...method in E. coli, Jesse Zalatan’s lab used an approach to identify known proteins involved in the activation...scenario allows for several potential CRISPR applications. First, CRISPR can be used to target locations...resolve them, and the cells die.  This could be applied to diseases where the presence of just a single...polymorphisms, including antibiotic resistance genes. This approach successfully targeted specific organisms when ...

...need for low-cost, field-based diagnostics, our approach could make an impact. Our motivation was underscored...involved in the effort. This inclusive and open approach by all involved definitely contributed to our ...). Using toehold switch-based RNA sensors, our approach uses portions of the pathogen’s genome as unique...portable quantification of diagnostic results.  Our approach now detects samples at clinically relevant concentrations...longer-term aim is to advance our programmable approach to other critical needs and to further develop...focused on developing cell-free synthetic biology applications for human health and the environment.     Alexander...nanomaterials science, and self-assembly for applications in health, energy, and sustainability.   References...

...mainly do over the price of a used car. Later, as I applied for jobs, I knew I should negotiate my salary after...vacation (New York City or Hawaii?). So how can you approach improving this transferable skill? Negotiation...one of us wins, the other loses. Although this approach to negotiation is the most straightforward, it...it can mean that everyone leaves disappointed (we’ve all won an argument but felt bad afterwards). Or ...there’s no agreement at all and everyone leaves unhappy.   Negotiation as a creative problem-solving process...process Although at first glance it may appear that there has to be a winner and a loser when negotiating...negotiating, what if we instead approached it as a creative problem-solving exercise? Asking questions like ...

...review how these indicators work, their general applications, and why viruses are essential to their use ...this later). Chemigenetic sensors take a hybrid approach and utilize both a genetic component as well as...sensing to signal output slightly slower than other approaches. Functionally, the voltage sensitivity of the...improvement. These sensors still have many useful applications, though, and if you’re in the market for a VSD...tissues depths (1 mm), important for certain applications such as in vivo tissue imaging.   Figure...your cell type of interest. For in vivo imaging applications, the ability to direct your voltage sensor selectively... as biological tools, our blog has you covered. Happy voltage sensing!   Figure 3: Components ...

... necessary to apply a compensation value between the two channels (Figure 1A). Applying compensation means...your single-color controls as a starting point. Applying compensation to your experimental samples In order... in the plot. A compensation value of five was applied to APC-Cy7 against APC to correct for this bleed...compensation value of 3.7 for APC into APC-Cy7 applied next, which fixed the bleed in this population....each plot.  The general rules of compensation apply to your experimental samples as they did with your...populations and may need to be “comped” first before you apply compensation values to your current channels. A ...plot, and the population does not move even after applying very large compensation values (100+), consider...

...tool that can be used for a variety of research applications. Within the immune system, antibodies are produced...antibodies to bind proteins is useful for research applications as well because they allow scientists to target...150 kDa, a nanobody is 12-15 kDa.   Research applications for antibodies You can use antibodies for experiments...method of detection. You’ll also want to use the appropriate controls for your experiment to account for potential...Let’s dive in and take a look at some of these applications. Western blot Western blots are used to detect...quantitatively if you also load the gel with appropriate controls for normalizing the protein concentration... by binding to cell surface receptors. These applications are typically used for investigating signaling...

...emission wavelengths, which are pivotal in their application in biotechnology (Grimm & Lavis, 2022). These... substrates/peptides and antibodies. Example applications of this include coupling to an antibody, whereby...typically bind to. Stability of fluorescence: For applications that involve ranges of pH, and significant lengths...light, is another factor to consider. If your application requires longer periods of exposure, you’ll want...descriptions, or technical manuals. Specific applications and matching dye/ligand choices For effective...Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) applications, the dyes need to have compatible excitation...more stable fluorescence for super-resolution applications. Other current advancements include work exploring...

...not-so-technical skills you’ve built over time are only applicable to those positions you have already held. Imagine...have the desired degree, you have mastered the applications they use, you’ve gained experience working with...that you will contribute openness, clarity, approachability, and professionalism to team meetings and projects...identified by another person. Similar reasoning may also apply to other acquired skills.” It is nice when other...second to reflect. For example, say your boss approaches your team with a project she needs one of you... have leadership skills that are just not being tapped at the moment? You can take this time to step up...more of a leader than you thought! When change happens at your organization, when your boss needs someone...

...the appropriate ligand, but relying on a lack of fluorescence for readout may render this approach less... Aptamer biosensors are used in a variety of applications, including detection of environmental pollutants... opens aptamers for use in many entirely new applications including aptamer based fluorescent biosensors...less sensitive in most applications. Learn About Fluorescent Biosensors Light-up aptamers (or, fluorescing..., MG proved to be too toxic for many in vivo applications, but this work proved the concept that RNA could...and biochips. Ultimately, there are just some applications that lend themselves to aptamer-based instead...Kyung-Mi, et al. “Aptamers and Their Biological Applications.” Sensors (Basel). 2012; 12(1): 612–631. PubMed...

...impact. In molecular and cellular biology, this happens through the development of tools that exploit and...observations, Koonin and Makarova found that Cas7-11 appeared to have derived from the more complex type III-A...experimental design and its potential for clinical applications. Specifically, efficacy rates of Cas7-11 were...patient's specific mutations. With a drag and drop approach, however, the specific mutations wouldn’t matter... the entire gene, allowing a one-size-fits-all approach to gene replacement therapy for most patients....PASTE). Finding the right integrase for this new approach proved a challenge. The old standby of CRE/flp...place, while increasing the number of potential applications. But they weren’t done engineering quite yet...

...control antibody. Alternative applications Oftentimes, an IP-appropriate antibody simply isn’t available...specificity of anti-epitope antibodies make this approach appealing, but the disadvantages must be carefully ...measure the target. However, the two different approaches allow for optimized strategies for differing ...target protein is then eluted. This method is appropriate for most situations.  A slightly different method...Protein A and Protein G are not suitable for all applications, such as protein isolation from serum. In this...capture antibody interaction and/or the downstream application. Typically, if the target protein will be detected...

...becoming increasingly important as more complex approaches to scientific questions become popular. There... and don’t be afraid to make something concrete happen. You may have more willing collaborators than you...and meeting people with different mindsets and approaches can truly broaden your mind. When I first began...felt that I had to overcome some hesitation to ‘approach strangers’ and learn how to communicate outside...somewhat awkward in the beginning. But, as so often happens, one gets better with repetition. I learned to ...and started to be fun. I just had to remember to approach the relationship with the perspective of my potential...collaborators in mind. Being at a university allows you to approach people outside the university within the context...

...cellular imaging with ultrasound. In his research he applies naturally occurring bacterial “molecular buoyancy...biomolecule-based dyes. This technology is widely applicable as bacterial expression of dyes allows dye visualization...acoustic reporter genes’ on our blog. Creative approaches to presenting the microbial world After learning...the lab, I was excited to learn about creative approaches to visualize bacteria in an educational setting...setting. The Symposium on ‘Creative Approaches to Presenting the Microbial World’ showcased complex connections...connections and ideas in various visualized approaches from hand-drawn comics (Dr. Sanja Saftic) to educational...makes scientific topics both interesting and approachable!   The grand finale of visual impressions was...

...effectors (TALEs) as anchors for genome engineering applications was still very new. Now, Konermann and her colleagues...just how flexible their LITE system could be by applying it to altering gene expression via epigenetics...light retraction. Finally, because light can be applied non-invasively, its use is not restricted to cultured...optogenetic tools." In total, the researchers applied the LITE system to 28 different genes to establish...cellular processes." The LITE system can now be applied to unraveling the genetic and epigenetic players...disease states. While LITE plasmids have clear application to anyone with an interest in neuroscience, their...elegans and in Plasmodium. For those who do want to apply LITEs for the transformation of neurons, she offers...

...experimental approach you choose, it’s essential to consider the technical limitations of each approach and to...affect the phenotype. Viral vectors and genetic approaches are continuously refined and developed so there.../loxP or Flp/FRT, with AAV vectors are common approaches to control transgene expression by restricting...post-translational regulatory elements. Examples of these approaches are given in Tables 3-7. 3. Making use of AAV...populations using viral strategies Combining different approaches can increase the specificity of cell targeting...experimental design and data. With these different approaches to open science, we aim to accelerate the rate...