...the viral components are small enough to enter the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex. This feature... methods. Across these methods, the following components are needed: γ-Retroviral transfer plasmid encoding...similar to lentiviral packaging methods. The three components described above (envelope, packaging, and transfer...slightly different isoforms of these packaging components. Therefore, lentiviruses may not be efficiently...interchangeably. Are γ-retroviruses replication incompetent? Yes, as with lentiviruses, the genes required...plasmid backbone is meant to be descriptive of the components found within the backbone. For example: pLXSN...particle containing Matrix, Capsid, and Nucleocapsid components. Pol Precursor protein containing Reverse...

.... They are made up of compensation beads and a conjugated antibody. Compensation beads are a mixture between... single color control prior to compensation (B) and after compensation (C) with APC-Cy7.   FMOs FMO...your experiment, and they are non-specific. The compensation beads can bind to any primary antibody you add...up your voltages and can also be helpful for compensation. You should have a single color control for ...They may also be used as a starting point for compensation (Fig. 1B-C). However, it’s important to note...and not experimental samples, the voltages and compensation you set from your single color controls may ... the reference plots provided by the antibody companies or check the literature. Pro tip! Early gates,...

...Delivering CRISPR components to plant cells Once you have selected the correct CRISPR components for your application...deliver these components to your target cells. Remember, efficient delivery of CRISPR components is essential...organisms, some plant-specific changes to CRISPR components are necessary to enable genome editing in plant... academic researchers through Addgene. CRISPR components for plant genome engineering CRISPR can be used...genome of plant cells. The structure of the gRNA (composed of a ~20 nucleotide targeting sequence and ~75...line will result in a failed experiment. CRISPR components can be expressed stably or transiently depending...delivery method and cell type in question. CRISPR components can be delivered and expressed transiently using...

... Note: hypoxanthine (shown) is the nucleobase component of the nucleoside inosine. Created with BioRender.com...and one-ring pyrimidine base. This is a far more complex chemical task, not a job for a single enzyme. ...bind DNA, Cas9 requires (1) a guide RNA, (2) a complementary DNA sequence, and (3) a protospacer-adjacent...removed the uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) components, which inhibit BER during cytosine-to-uracil ...developed two fusions of a CBE with other BER components: the DNA repair protein rXRCC1, or the DNA binding...separate and preventing repair based on the complementary strand. This could explain why the edited U ...original G is not primarily converted back to a complementary C. Optimized base editing with eOPTI-CGBE and...

...approach to monitor the composition of spatiotemporally defined protein complexes. Nature communications...can be part of multiple dynamic and overlapping complexes that have distinct functions. Many existing methods...proteins that interact with a particular protein  complex as opposed to an individual protein. The Bethune... when the bait is part of a particular protein complex. Not performed in a native cell context. For AP-MS...controllable version of the BioID protocol. The critical component for both BioID and Split-BioID is BirA*, a promiscuous...experiment is called a protein fragmentation complementation assay (PCA). In the Split-BioID method, each...another example of a protein fragmentation complementation assay that can be used to study binary protein...

... in proximity by the looping of chromatin, the complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes. These...of a stable cell line that co-expresses three components: dCas9 with an added biotin acceptor site BirA...genomic location of interest  When these three components are co-expressed, the gRNA targets the dCas9 ... of the CAPTURE method. After protein and DNA complexes are cross-linked, DNA is digested into smaller.... This is cumbersome and also makes it hard to compare results across multiple targets because different...with primary cells or rare cell populations. Key components of the CAPTURE 2.0 system To improve upon the... Using this tag reduces the number of CAPTURE components that need to be delivered to cells from three...

...immunoglobulins, to isolate a specific protein out of a complex mix. Using this technique, users can look for the...the antibody or antibody-target protein immune complexes, wash away unbound protein, elute and measure ...Protein extracts from cells or tissues contain a complex mix of proteins seen as green squares, purple circles...protein mix and antibody-target protein immune complexes are allowed to form. Following incubation, beads...beads are used to immobilize the antibody-protein complexes, and as in the first method, unbound proteins ... need to choose the protein type that is most compatible with the host species and isotype of their primary...developed, which can be used for most antibodies compatible with either Protein A or G.  While commonly used...

...point is there are many ways to quantify the composition of a viral vector solution, and generally these...only 20% of recombinant AAV2 particles were full, compared to 50% of wild-type AAV2 stocks (Grimm et al.,...understand what these values mean and how they can be compared.   Figure 2: Label that comes on Addgene...affected by many experimental factors. To list some complicating factors for quantifying AAV: qPCR efficiency...the AAV genome, caused by repeats and self-complementarity of the AAV genome and the ITRs. qPCR efficiency...individual sample, this will reduce convenience and comparability because each sample with be quantified with ...linear region of the assay. This may be due to competition for binding sites between the primers and the...

... plasmids with the same ori are incompatible because they will compete for the same machinery, creating...their copy number, ori, and incompatibility groups. Note the A -C compatibility grouping is an arbitrary ...origin of replication/replicon. The replicon is comprised of the origin of replication (ori) and all of ...origin of replication wisely and avoid plasmid incompatibility In other words, the best choice of ori depends... or not you need to consider your plasmid's compatibility with one or more other plasmids. Generally speaking...plasmids for an experiment, make sure they have "compatible" ori's. See the table below for more details....details.   Common Vectors Copy Number+ ori Incompatibility Group Control pUC ~500-700 pMB1 (derivative...

...gene-of-interest, all the way to the complex multi-TU constructs that compose genetic circuits and metabolic... regulators, and lots of viral components. This kit is also compatible with the Joint Modular Cloning ...noticed that studies frequently made comparisons between CRISPR components expressed from different plasmid...extensive with a supplemental add-on kit and is compatible with E. coli and/or cell-free systems. Protein... backgrounds, MoClo can be invaluable for more complex editing and screening experiments in organisms ...nature of the Fragmid system allows for direct comparisons of CRISPR parts. The Fragmid system was used ...plasmid backbone elements impact viral titer and to compare different Cas enzymes in all-in-one AAV delivery...

...effects, ABEs also compare favorably to other methods. In a head-to-head comparison with Cas9, Cas9 modified...double-strand breaks (DSBs) preferred by researchers. Compared to non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), HDR occurs... Note: hypoxanthine (shown) is the nucleobase component of the nucleoside inosine. Created with BioRender.com...represent the fourth generation of base editors. Compared to BE3, BE4 offers a 2.3 fold decrease in C→G ...frequency of 1.2%. Although the lab did not conduct comprehensive genome-wide studies of ABE specificity, their... 40 new ABE8 variants (Gaudelli et al., 2020). Compared to ABE7.10, ABE8s resulted in 1.5-fold more editing...higher editing efficiency at non-NGG PAM variants compared to ABE7.10. ABE8s have an improved base editing...

...many opportunities to learn from other biotech companies at workshops and can use what we learn to improve...office space shared by numerous emerging biotech companies. The space was modern with clean bold colors of...hallway for people to take a break and relax. Companies at LabCentral get access to a variety of experimental...how LabCentral aims to enable emerging biotech companies, I was excited to go there because both LabCentral...must first fragment a DNA sample into many small components. Without proper processing, these small DNA strands... workshop participants from different biotech companies to interact and learn more about one another. ...expand my skills and network with other technicians/company representatives. I got to talk with a technician...

...recently developed a photosensitizer composed of the protein complex complex and the MG-2I-dL5** fluorogen that...thus forming the full FAP-TAP complex (MG-2I-dL5**).   A FAP-TAP complex will light up if excited with...cells. The photosensitizer used in this work is composed of two parts: 1) an activatable protein (the FAP...-TAP MG-2I-dL5** MG-2I-dL5** is a new FAP-TAP complex where dL5** is the FAP. It’s job is to bind MG-...fluorogenic dye.  MG-2I is the TAP portion of the complex and is derived from the malachite green (MG) dye...modified with the addition of two iodine residues. Compared to MG, MG-2I has increased ROS generation when...with these fluorescent proteins. He et al also compared MG-2I-dL5** head-to-head with KillerRed, a genetically...

...isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside). (To be completely accurate, IPTG binds and inactivates the lac ...to a lacZΔM15-mutant bacterial cell in trans complements the mutation allowing for a functional enzyme...enzyme. This process is called α-complementation. The system described above was put to practical use in the... inserted it into a plasmid, creating an α-complementation cloning vector. When a cloning reaction goes...interrupted as shown in cell A, and thus will not complement the cell's β-galactosidase mutation. An unsuccessful...functional β-galactosidase enzyme through α-complementation (cell B). As shown on the representative plate... use a proper plasmid (i.e. contains the α-complementation cloning MCS): pGEM-T, pUC18 and pUC19, and ...

...cerevisiae yes - This can complement ura4- S. pombe, but the complementation is weak. yes   LYS2 L-lysine...vector propogation. This post, along with a future companion post on mammalian vectors, will catch you up on...vectors? Yeast are eukaryotes and thus contain complex internal cell structures similar to those of plants...in the lab typically contain all the necessary components to allow shuttling between E. coli and yeast ...an organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth. Many auxotrophic strains... including a copy of a functional gene which complements the host’s auxotrophy. When grown on media NOT...LEU2 L-leucine no S. cerevisiae yes - This can complement leu1- S. pombe, but mulitple copies are required...

...of the protein MLH1, a component of the MutSα–MutLα mismatch repair (MMR) complex, to temporarily inhibit...45-fold) higher across different genomic sites compared to PE1 (Anzalone et al., 2019). PE3: Resolving...recognized as an MMR intermediate, and the MutSα–MutLα complex may either selectively excise the edited DNA flap...the unedited strand. Temporarily inhibiting this complex may allow time for 5′ flap exonucleases and DNA...nuclease activity (Chen et al., 2021). In a system as complex as prime editing, every efficiency counts! The ...deliver with AAVs but still efficient at long and complex edits. The team also developed PE6e-g editors with... the truncated pegRNA can still guide Cas9 and compete with full pegRNAs for access to the target site...

... for a new generation of ABEs), consists of 3 components:  a deaminase (TadA, originally from E.coli,... or Cas nickase)  a guide RNA that targets the complex of TadA and dCas to the genomic DNA of interest...effect of removing the wild-type TadA from the complex the researchers developed a second set: The ABE8...resulted altogether in 40 new ABE8 variants. When comparing on-target DNA editing efficiency in a human cell...found that the smaller version, ABE8.x-m, showed comparable editing behavior to ABE8.x-d. Overall, ABE8s ...showed a median increase of 1.94x editing activity compared to ABE7.10. Depending on the position in the protospacer...line while reducing indel frequency more than 90% compared to ABE7.10. Choosing Cas9 proteins to increase...

...projects in introductory labs. Genome projects use computational methods to identify genes by their similarities...abnormalities due to the deletion (i.e. the plasmid complements the deletion). If the phenotype is corrected,..., well-studied and inexpensive. In addition, a complete set of well-annotated deletion strains is available... the absence of methionine (i.e. the plasmid complements the deletion). Find the Plasmids Here Plasmid...blotting in other experiments (Figure 2).   Complementation reveals conservation of function Students have...Addgene, to successfully analyze Met protein complementation. In the procedure diagrammed in Figure 3, students...promoter controls MET/Met gene expression, complementation should only occur when galactose replaces glucose...

... human body is made up of organs, cells comprise compartments and structures, called organelles. Take ... the subcellular localization and composition of cellular complexes are important steps in understanding...that the fusion protein localizes properly by comparing the signal from the fusion itself to the wild-...and potentially which other proteins it forms complexes with. These “colocalization” studies give insights...within the same subcellular structure or protein complex. By coexpressing both the marker protein and the...possible to determine the location of proteins within complex structures. In order to interpret colocalization...quantifiable results and statistics that can be used to compare between different experimental setups. A colocalization...

...contains a composite of GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ, and PDB sequences and may be the most comprehensive for searching... Tool (BLAST) provided by NCBI. BLAST helps us compare the sequencing results of the plasmids in our repository...deletions, or insertions. We use blastp or blastx to compare our sequencing results to protein sequences to ...page, the first decision to make is whether to compare a Sanger sequencing result to a single known reference...BLAST search to perform and will save you time compared to other types of BLAST searches. If you do not...megablast, but can return longer alignments to compare with your sequencing trace file. Unlike megablast...consistently run our blastx searches with the “Low complexity regions” filter unchecked so that these regions...