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... achieve multiplex IF. One of the most common approaches is to use sequential cycles of primary and secondary...detection with a mixture of primary antibodies and appropriate secondary antibodies. The general process is ... 1: Schematic of multiplex immunofluorescence approaches. A) Sequential Multiplex IF, where one target...multiplexed IF, many of the same considerations apply as for standard IF. However, there are a few specific...primary antibodies that have been validated in IF applications (find IHC validated or ICC validated antibodies... you have some complex patterns with several overlapping targets to interpret. Check out (Jambor et al...favorite tips and tricks, leave a comment below. Happy imaging! References and Resources References Andrews...

...and deliver any cargo you fancy (size limits do apply, however.) Why use a virus? Viruses are essentially...low immunogenicity which makes them ideal for applications with whole organisms. Finally, viral delivery...delivery is typically straightforward across applications, while electroporation of a human, for example, isn... post. If a viral vector seems like the right approach for your experiment, you’ll need to decide exactly...retro viruses can accommodate a cargo up to approximately 8 kb, but viral packaging is less efficient ... In fact, AAV gene therapies have already been approved in the US for multiple diseases, including hemophilia... (~4.5kb From basic science to clinical applications, viruses are true bench to bedside tools. Keep...

...allow you to be flexible in your approach to affinity reagent applications. Whatever affinity reagents you...re used in a number of research and clinical applications. Most of the time, when someone speaks about...deeper penetration into a tissue, useful for applications like IHC, or be able to access an epitope folded...that would size-exclude an antibody. In imaging applications, smaller affinity reagents means higher resolution...antibody’s ‘Y’. They are often used in clinical applications. Fab fragments can be created in lab in situations...Shahied, 2004). They are often used for clinical applications, including imaging.  Diabodies are ~60 kDa proteins...antibodies are still an excellent option for many applications, and frankly, if ain't broke, don't fix it!  ...

... chain reaction (LCR)-overview and applications." PCR Methods Appl 3.4 (1994): S51-64. PubMed PMID: 8173509...or DNA base pair mismatches (8-11). For some applications, there cannot be any end-joining activity, and...regions. Why use a high fidelity ligase? Numerous applications have been developed to take advantage of the...Taq and other thermostable DNA ligases. These applications detect specific nucleotide sequences with high...Ligase are not replacements for T4 DNA Ligase in applications such as routine cloning or DNA library preparation...Temperature Calculator can be used to estimate an appropriate incubation temperature when using NEB thermostable...Christopher D. Lima. "The polynucleotide ligase and RNA capping enzyme superfamily of covalent nucleotidyltransferases...

...sequencing is laborious, time consuming and cannot be applied to heterogenous populations (Bell et al. 2014).... on genome sequencing. Used in concert, these approaches can provide the researcher with a reasonable ...variable) Sequence-level data Low-throughput, inappropriate for heterogenous populations, low sensitivity...(Fu et al. 2013; Pattanayak et al. 2013). This approach misses larger mismatches (e.g. six nucleotides...Genotyping Options Technique Detection Limit Application Advantages Disadvantages GUIDE-Seq 0.1% Cell-based... may be to integrate both biased and unbiased approaches. As suggested in a review by Tycko et al., 2016...a highly accurate manner. Using both of these approaches may not be necessary for every CRISPR experiment...

...gRNA targeting approach is then used to direct the complex to a specific locus. This approach provides a ...tools available for bacteria and some of the applications for which they’ve been used. The beginnings ... E. coli. Furthermore, to demonstrate wider applicability they demonstrated success of Cas9 mediated repression...method in E. coli, Jesse Zalatan’s lab used an approach to identify known proteins involved in the activation...scenario allows for several potential CRISPR applications. First, CRISPR can be used to target locations...resolve them, and the cells die.  This could be applied to diseases where the presence of just a single...polymorphisms, including antibiotic resistance genes. This approach successfully targeted specific organisms when ...

...need for low-cost, field-based diagnostics, our approach could make an impact. Our motivation was underscored...involved in the effort. This inclusive and open approach by all involved definitely contributed to our ...). Using toehold switch-based RNA sensors, our approach uses portions of the pathogen’s genome as unique...portable quantification of diagnostic results.  Our approach now detects samples at clinically relevant concentrations...longer-term aim is to advance our programmable approach to other critical needs and to further develop...focused on developing cell-free synthetic biology applications for human health and the environment.     Alexander...nanomaterials science, and self-assembly for applications in health, energy, and sustainability.   References...

...mainly do over the price of a used car. Later, as I applied for jobs, I knew I should negotiate my salary after...vacation (New York City or Hawaii?). So how can you approach improving this transferable skill? Negotiation...one of us wins, the other loses. Although this approach to negotiation is the most straightforward, it...it can mean that everyone leaves disappointed (we’ve all won an argument but felt bad afterwards). Or ...there’s no agreement at all and everyone leaves unhappy.   Negotiation as a creative problem-solving process...process Although at first glance it may appear that there has to be a winner and a loser when negotiating...negotiating, what if we instead approached it as a creative problem-solving exercise? Asking questions like ...

... necessary to apply a compensation value between the two channels (Figure 1A). Applying compensation means...your single-color controls as a starting point. Applying compensation to your experimental samples In order... in the plot. A compensation value of five was applied to APC-Cy7 against APC to correct for this bleed...compensation value of 3.7 for APC into APC-Cy7 applied next, which fixed the bleed in this population....each plot.  The general rules of compensation apply to your experimental samples as they did with your...populations and may need to be “comped” first before you apply compensation values to your current channels. A ...plot, and the population does not move even after applying very large compensation values (100+), consider...

...review how these indicators work, their general applications, and why viruses are essential to their use ...this later). Chemigenetic sensors take a hybrid approach and utilize both a genetic component as well as...sensing to signal output slightly slower than other approaches. Functionally, the voltage sensitivity of the...improvement. These sensors still have many useful applications, though, and if you’re in the market for a VSD...tissues depths (1 mm), important for certain applications such as in vivo tissue imaging.   Figure...your cell type of interest. For in vivo imaging applications, the ability to direct your voltage sensor selectively... as biological tools, our blog has you covered. Happy voltage sensing!   Figure 3: Components ...

...tool that can be used for a variety of research applications. Within the immune system, antibodies are produced...antibodies to bind proteins is useful for research applications as well because they allow scientists to target...150 kDa, a nanobody is 12-15 kDa.   Research applications for antibodies You can use antibodies for experiments...method of detection. You’ll also want to use the appropriate controls for your experiment to account for potential...Let’s dive in and take a look at some of these applications. Western blot Western blots are used to detect...quantitatively if you also load the gel with appropriate controls for normalizing the protein concentration... by binding to cell surface receptors. These applications are typically used for investigating signaling...

...emission wavelengths, which are pivotal in their application in biotechnology (Grimm & Lavis, 2022). These... substrates/peptides and antibodies. Example applications of this include coupling to an antibody, whereby...typically bind to. Stability of fluorescence: For applications that involve ranges of pH, and significant lengths...light, is another factor to consider. If your application requires longer periods of exposure, you’ll want...descriptions, or technical manuals. Specific applications and matching dye/ligand choices For effective...Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) applications, the dyes need to have compatible excitation...more stable fluorescence for super-resolution applications. Other current advancements include work exploring...

...not-so-technical skills you’ve built over time are only applicable to those positions you have already held. Imagine...have the desired degree, you have mastered the applications they use, you’ve gained experience working with...that you will contribute openness, clarity, approachability, and professionalism to team meetings and projects...identified by another person. Similar reasoning may also apply to other acquired skills.” It is nice when other...second to reflect. For example, say your boss approaches your team with a project she needs one of you... have leadership skills that are just not being tapped at the moment? You can take this time to step up...more of a leader than you thought! When change happens at your organization, when your boss needs someone...

...becoming increasingly important as more complex approaches to scientific questions become popular. There... and don’t be afraid to make something concrete happen. You may have more willing collaborators than you...and meeting people with different mindsets and approaches can truly broaden your mind. When I first began...felt that I had to overcome some hesitation to ‘approach strangers’ and learn how to communicate outside...somewhat awkward in the beginning. But, as so often happens, one gets better with repetition. I learned to ...and started to be fun. I just had to remember to approach the relationship with the perspective of my potential...collaborators in mind. Being at a university allows you to approach people outside the university within the context...

...the appropriate ligand, but relying on a lack of fluorescence for readout may render this approach less... Aptamer biosensors are used in a variety of applications, including detection of environmental pollutants... opens aptamers for use in many entirely new applications including aptamer based fluorescent biosensors...less sensitive in most applications. Learn About Fluorescent Biosensors Light-up aptamers (or, fluorescing..., MG proved to be too toxic for many in vivo applications, but this work proved the concept that RNA could...and biochips. Ultimately, there are just some applications that lend themselves to aptamer-based instead...Kyung-Mi, et al. “Aptamers and Their Biological Applications.” Sensors (Basel). 2012; 12(1): 612–631. PubMed...

...impact. In molecular and cellular biology, this happens through the development of tools that exploit and...observations, Koonin and Makarova found that Cas7-11 appeared to have derived from the more complex type III-A...experimental design and its potential for clinical applications. Specifically, efficacy rates of Cas7-11 were...patient's specific mutations. With a drag and drop approach, however, the specific mutations wouldn’t matter... the entire gene, allowing a one-size-fits-all approach to gene replacement therapy for most patients....PASTE). Finding the right integrase for this new approach proved a challenge. The old standby of CRE/flp...place, while increasing the number of potential applications. But they weren’t done engineering quite yet...

...control antibody. Alternative applications Oftentimes, an IP-appropriate antibody simply isn’t available...specificity of anti-epitope antibodies make this approach appealing, but the disadvantages must be carefully ...measure the target. However, the two different approaches allow for optimized strategies for differing ...target protein is then eluted. This method is appropriate for most situations.  A slightly different method...Protein A and Protein G are not suitable for all applications, such as protein isolation from serum. In this...capture antibody interaction and/or the downstream application. Typically, if the target protein will be detected...

...cellular imaging with ultrasound. In his research he applies naturally occurring bacterial “molecular buoyancy...biomolecule-based dyes. This technology is widely applicable as bacterial expression of dyes allows dye visualization...acoustic reporter genes’ on our blog. Creative approaches to presenting the microbial world After learning...the lab, I was excited to learn about creative approaches to visualize bacteria in an educational setting...setting. The Symposium on ‘Creative Approaches to Presenting the Microbial World’ showcased complex connections...connections and ideas in various visualized approaches from hand-drawn comics (Dr. Sanja Saftic) to educational...makes scientific topics both interesting and approachable!   The grand finale of visual impressions was...

...effectors (TALEs) as anchors for genome engineering applications was still very new. Now, Konermann and her colleagues...just how flexible their LITE system could be by applying it to altering gene expression via epigenetics...light retraction. Finally, because light can be applied non-invasively, its use is not restricted to cultured...optogenetic tools." In total, the researchers applied the LITE system to 28 different genes to establish...cellular processes." The LITE system can now be applied to unraveling the genetic and epigenetic players...disease states. While LITE plasmids have clear application to anyone with an interest in neuroscience, their...elegans and in Plasmodium. For those who do want to apply LITEs for the transformation of neurons, she offers...

...experimental approach you choose, it’s essential to consider the technical limitations of each approach and to...affect the phenotype. Viral vectors and genetic approaches are continuously refined and developed so there.../loxP or Flp/FRT, with AAV vectors are common approaches to control transgene expression by restricting...post-translational regulatory elements. Examples of these approaches are given in Tables 3-7. 3. Making use of AAV...populations using viral strategies Combining different approaches can increase the specificity of cell targeting...experimental design and data. With these different approaches to open science, we aim to accelerate the rate...