We narrowed to 868 results for: REN

...either from human or plant sources) in both the strength as a promoter and the activity to release gRNAs...heart disease, and type 2 diabetes, across four different types of human cells, including T cells and hematopoietic... interest with only minimal genetic payloads. Different from existing multiplex array architectures, including...when repetitive tRNA sequences must be avoided, different tRNAs with optimized 5’ leader sequences can be... lab of Xue Sherry Gao at Rice University.    References and Resources More resources on the Addgene blog...Adding Precision and Flexibility to CRISPR Editing References Yuan Q, Gao X (2022) Multiplex base- and prime-editing...

... and current Scientist, DNA Sequencing and QC at Addgene.  References and resources References Mosch... T-cells or monocytes. PBMCs can be further differentiated into dentritic cells or macrophages through... 3-D models can be applied to corroborate the occurrence and extent of the adverse drug reaction. This...of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 130, 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1016...

...not exert force by dynamically rearranging into different polymerization states. Instead, R body monomers...natural context or 3) be modified to extend at different pH levels. Domesticating R bodies We have shown...that R bodies can function to break membranes of different organisms. And finally, we demonstrated that R... can be “tuned” with mutagenesis to extend at different pH values. Using a screen that takes advantage...region produced R-bodies that could extend at different pHs. Plasmids expressing expressing both wild ...School. Follow her on Twitter @jessicapolka.     References 1. Kanabrocki, J. A., Quackenbush, R. L. & Pond...

... labs (see table below) have different PAM requirements. These different PAM requirements allow researchers...discovered all the time and the requirements of these different systems can vary (for example, xCas9 is a variant...neither bind nor cut the target. Cas9 homologs from different organisms or Cas9 mutants developed in a variety...researchers to target many different genomic loci. 3. Cleave target DNA resulting in a double-strand break...sequence.   Now that you know about all the different components of CRISPR, It's time to start thinking...

... is it different from a CV? Get familiar with the general format of a resume and the different presentation...If the job posting says “French-speaking is an asset,” mention “speaks French.” Employers usually don'...you volunteer to do science outreach and teach children about science? Or perhaps you have presented in... science outreach and writing was how I got my current job as a Communications Coordinator. Wondering ...

...approach. One central bottleneck is that most recurrently mutated cancer genes are rare and most of the...found in genome sequencing studies (as well as reference cDNA clones mapping to well-annotated cellular...signaling pathways as part of our Genetic Pathway Reference Set. These Gateway-compatible entry clones are...cancer mutant collection and the genetic pathway reference collections are described in this paper Systematic...Central PMCID: PMC5386591.  The genetic pathway reference collection is described in this publication ...Comprehensive Set of MAPK1/ERK2 Missense Mutants. Brenan L et al. Cell Reports, 2016. PubMed PMID: 27760319...

...help define the different cells present in a mixed population, or identify differentiation and disease states...essential for synaptic transmission. Cleavage of VAMP2 renders it inactive, thus inhibiting neurotransmitter release...some genes can change depending on the location. Current methods for visualizing the location and function...challenges such as the inhibition of immune cell differentiation. Furthermore, TALEN and ZFN require custom ... any immune lineage without affecting cell differentiation in a high-throughput manner. They designed ...

...the answer isn't to work harder - it's to work differently.  Tools to Try  Checklists Found in surgical ...and your workflow can have a huge impact. Test different approaches, like whether it's better for you to...as a Do Not Disturb sign, even if the headphones aren’t actually playing music. Nontraditional cues are... more than anything else I tried, made a huge difference in my ability to focus, especially on days when...what can be a rather vicious cycle.  Everybody’s Different   The truth is, there is no One True Way to Error-Free...the detail-driven daily grind of science.      References and Resources Images used Roberson Lab, UPenn...

... interest, and a polyA signal. Created with biorender.com. ITR structure  WT ITRs are symmetrical 145-...resolution site (trs) are noted. Created with biorender.com. ITR modifications and types  Since ITRs are...expression can be altered by using ITR sequences from different AAV serotypes that vary in their RBE and T-shaped...multiple AAV serotypes (Wilmott et al., 2019), and different combinations of ITR and capsid serotypes vary ...restriction digest methods.    Resources and references More resources on the Addgene blog Viral Vectors...Addgene.org Addgene's AVV guide AAV Viral Preps References  Chen, Y., Hu, S., Lee, W., Walsh, N., Iozza...

...monitor dopamine in red.  However, current red and green GECIs aren’t ideal for two-photon imaging with...abhiaggarwal.bsky.social‬).   References and Resources References Aggarwal, A, et al. (2025). A sensitive...are used simultaneously to monitor or control different cell types or signals in the brain. For this to... to work, each indicator needs to emit a different color of light and be compatible with the lasers available...

...These cells are then transfected with several different constructs for the reporter to work and to make... visual read out allows for easy screening of different gRNAs by simply changing the gRNA used when transfecting...labor-intensive, require multiple fluorescent proteins, and aren’t that efficient. To overcome these issues the Denham...concept the Denham lab compared editing at three different genomic sites in the AAVS1 locus using GEmCherry2...GEmCherry2. In this experiment they saw a clear difference in mCherry expression using FACs sorting, confirming...mutant of interest, give these methods a try.  References Højland Knudsen C, Ásgrímsdóttir ES, Rahimi...

...help us in different ways and in diverse areas. It is helpful to have mentors from your current organization...that you are an expert networker (or if you just aren’t doing it at all yet) watch my webinar, “Not Networking...you identify specific skills you need for your current position Understand your interpersonal challenges...someone you trust. A good coach can make a big difference, if you can find one. Create your own peer mentoring...with progress. Tell them how their advice made a difference, helped you make a change for the good or resulted...

...targeting the donor and acceptor fluorophores to the different biomolecules you’d like to test for interaction...that the targeting specificity requirements are different for the donor and acceptor fluorophores. The donor...acceptors are delivered to the wrong address in a different city, you can still develop a successful FRET-...signal is unaffected  Due to these fundamental differences in targeting specificity for donor and acceptor...blogger James D. Fessenden! James D. Fessenden is currently an Assistant Professor in the Anesthesia Research...channels involved in skeletal muscle contraction.   References 1. Degorce, François, et al. "HTRF: a technology... theoretical aspects and recent applications." Current Chemical Genomics and Translational Medicine 3.1...

...ortho-AP1867) via various chemical linkers. Our current lead dTAG molecule is dTAG-13 due its immediate...selectivity, broad utility for degrading targets in different cellular compartments, and in vivo utility. dTAG...dTAG molecule toxicity in new cell lines Treat parental cells (or cells expressing a control -- for example...expression of these cereblon neo-substrates varies in different contexts (for example, IZKF1 and IZKF3 are cell-type...technology. Follow him on twitter @behnamnabet.   References Nabet et al. The dTAG system for immediate and... 14(5): 431-441. PubMed PMID: 29581585. This reference contains the full description of the dTAG system...

...override genetically encoded patterning. Based upon trends in studies over the past several years, it seems...negative) the action potential of a cell, the more differentiated and quiescent it is, and the more depolarized... toggled between open and closed states using different wavelength light pulses. Other resources from...bioelectricity, bioelectric researchers in many different fields came together to found the journal Bioelectricity...regeneration, medicine, and synthetic bioengineering. References Chernet, Brook T., et al. "Use of genetically...for regenerative and synthetic bioengineering." Current opinion in biotechnology 52 (2018): 134-144. PubMed...

...progression, enzymes and metabolism reprogramming aren’t the whole story. It’s essential for a tumor to ... integrins (cell-adhesion proteins) targeting different organs. This means that exosomes not only promote...microenvironment’s malignancy but also incite different organs to become malignant. Exosomes also contain...guest blogger, Bárbara Pinho! Bárbara Pinho is currently a science communicator at the Portuguese science...issues. Follow her on Twitter @BrbaraPinho6.      References Allinen, Minna, et al. "Molecular characterization...stromal caveolin-1 expression predicts early tumor recurrence and poor clinical outcome in human breast cancers...

... for your specific scenario.    References and resources References Bates A, Power CA (2019) David vs...Constant domain. H = Heavy chain. Created with biorender.com     The modularity of antibodies means ...is relatively easy to physically divide up the different regions, both through genetic and proteolytic ...broken up, there are a few commonly available different fragments that retain antigen binding (Figure ...common antigen binding fragments. Created with biorender.com.   Why Fabs?  Antibody fragments have a ...

... put your experiments Nsync.   References and resources   References Dolan, E., Wang, Hou, Zhonggang,...while also highlighting their similarities and differences to Cas9. DNA targeting Cas enzymes Cas9 – The...Originally classified as Cpf1, Cas12’s primary difference from Cas9 is that it generates staggered breaks...(RNA knockdown, RNA editing, etc.). The main differences between Cas7-11 and Cas13 are 1). non-specific... Cas While Cas9 may be the most adaptable Cas currently available, the other Cas proteins should not be...

... disease, and much more! Resources and References References Wang, I. X., Grunseich, C., Fox, J., et ...replication process within the host. dsRNA viruses are inherently double stranded, while ssRNA viruses can generate... dsDNA viruses yield dsRNA through a slightly different mechanism thought to be associated with bidirectional...transcription, RNA is synthesized from a DNA template, inherently generating RNA:DNA intermediates in the process...blog CRISPR 101: RNA Editing with Cas13  RNA Interference in Plant Biology  ...

...good base from which to dive deeper!References and resources References Bendall SC, Nolan GP, Roederer M,...love FPbase’s Spectra Viewer tool for comparing different fluorophores. We also touched on fluorophores ...chemical coupling can be achieved through several different mechanisms. Most take advantage of chemical groups...interactions with other peptides. Created with BioRender.com.     Many biologists can lead perfectly ...PK (2012) A deep profiler’s guide to cytometry. Trends Immunol 33:323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it...

...for men. Not only does developing a drug in the current market cost billions—but when drugs fail, they ... relevant? Research shows that there are sex differences in the therapeutic capacity of stem cells. Yet...male stem cells. Nor did they detect important differences in function between male and female cells. The...in basic research.  In addition to the studies referenced above, another excellent resource for research...population. To learn a little more about where differences in effects on the sexes come from, one clue or...expert on gender in science and technology and currently directs the EU/US Gendered Innovations in Science...

... to what’s happening at different points within the wood. There are different types of cellulose fibers...number of DNA binding proteins with Cas9 guided by different promoters. The challenge in building genetic circuits...then you’d need the ability to turn on genes at different times. It requires more complex synthetic networks...circuits, they are extremely orthogonal. It’s a different perspective and you can layer them for more complicated...for multi-input CRISPR/Cas9 genetic circuits References: Nielsen AA, Voigt CA. Multi-input CRISPR/Cas...

...for production of Gutless AdV can be found in reference 3. Production, amplification, and quality control...please see Addgene’s Adenoviral Guide webpage, and references 1, 2.*Pro-Tip*: once the correct recombinant ...specific for a viral DNA sequence. *Pro-Tip*: Ad5 reference material should be used as an internal control..., high-titer rAdV in your experiment. Enjoy! References 1. Luo, Jinyong, et al. "A protocol for rapid...practical guide for using the AdEasy System. 3. Jager, Lorenz, et al. "A rapid protocol for construction and ...  Karen Guerin...

...forms of these viruses typically used in research aren’t able to replicate, and for a virus to cross a synapse...Watabe-Uchida et al., 2012). They could also quantify the strength of the inputs by counting the monosynaptic inputs...more inputs than was previously thought. The differences in the inputs to each of the two populations ...populations could be used to explain the differences in the functions of these two neuronal populations. Overall...Overall, this study laid the foundation for how different anatomical regions of the brain receive inputs and...complex questions of how the brain operates. References 1. Callaway EM. Transneuronal Circuit Tracing...

...portal. The plasmids should be functional in many different human cell types, and while most of the genes ...protein from the untagged allele. Created with BioRender.com. The first step in creating the plasmids...GFP tag sequence to be inserted. Created with BioRender.com. A key feature of our methodology is the...enable us to effectively utilize the host cell’s inherent homology directed repair (HDR) process following...break and introducing the tag. Created with BioRender.com. Plasmids, plasmids everywhere To find out...Allen Institute website at alleninstitute.org. References 1. Roberts, Brock, et al. "Systematic gene tagging...

...number, generally very small, and can contain different neurotransmitters. Using genetically encoded fluorescent... brain.  Figure 1:Schematic diagram of different FingR constructs and experimental results. Image... of the cell. By combining vectors expressing different fluorescent proteins targeting inhibitory or excitatory...The team validated this tool by targeting six different genes whose protein products have distinct localizations...Figure 2: Split-wrmScarlet labeling proteins with different subcellular locations. Image from Goudeau et al...consistently predicted the cell cycle speed across these different cell types. In one example, H2B-FT was expressed...

... and some, such as varenicline, are already approved for clinical use. Varenicline has been further modified...updated by Jason Nasse in July 2023.  References and Resources References Chen X, Choo H, Huang X-P, Yang X...to consider that the same receptor can elicit different responses depending on what cell type it is expressed... signaling. The two main classes of receptors currently used in chemogenetics are DREADDs and PSAMs. ...

...order to head to Ireland and take a chance as entrepreneurs. To make things more interesting, we are working...academic labs. Being unable to publish or attend conferences makes it very challenging to compete in today...pressure to publish and more freedom to attend conferences, but after receiving her degree she was faced...ideas about things we could do for work, and they weren’t restricted to science jobs. Keira’s an optimist...career, but it was enough to start us down the entrepreneurial path. We threw some of our own money at this...thinking about making the switch from academia to entrepreneurship, share your thoughts with us in the comments...

...updated by Ina Ersing in August 2023 References and resources  References  Aurnhammer, C., Haase, M., Muether...required adenoviral helper genes are supplied on two different packaging plasmids: the pHelper plasmid containing...titering assay, you’ll need to understand how different titers are measured. A TCID50 measurement reports...have a high-quality plasmid standard and rAAV reference material of a known titer on every qPCR run. Note...of a recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 Reference Standard Material. Human Gene Therapy, 21(10),...

...sequencing data. While “pictures” generated with current 3C methods provide useful information about chromatin...compare results across multiple targets because different CAPTURE cell lines will have varying levels of...lines Cell lines, primary cells Table 1: Key differences between original CAPTURE and CAPTURE 2.0 methods...that occur during development and cellular differentiation. Using a cell line model, the Xu Lab tracked...enhancer-promoter interactions during erythroid differentiation. CAPTURE 2.0 captures chromatin's dynamic role....0 re-writes the script on gene regulation. References Han, J., Zhang, Z., & Wang, K. (2018). 3C and...

...voltage indicators reviewed.   References and Resources   References Beck C, Zhang D, Gong Y. Enhanced... These types of sensors can have a variety of different components, but all contain a FRET pair, a genetic...specifically localize to the membrane, otherwise they aren’t all that useful. The cellular localization component...target – and this serotype can be selected to preferentially target your cell type of interest. Viral pseudotyping...powerful tool that swaps capsid proteins from different viruses to optimize them for targeting your cell...

...cellular pathways involved in the development of different cancers and identifying the roles of key proteins...approaching the Ras problem by exploiting the different mutant versions of Ras that are most prevalent...function of any of these genes through several different applications such as fluorescent protein fusion... study it (as seen in the screenshot below). Currently, the page includes interactive maps for the Ras...interests in education and scientific writing.     References 1. Martz, Colin A., et al. "Systematic identification... PMID: 24651010. 3. Ledford, Heidi. "The ras renaissance." Nature 520.7547 (2015): 278-280. PubMed PMID...

...bottleneck in the experimental process. The majority of current cloning techniques involve the assembly of a circular...single PCR, for example for subcloning genes from different templates. All PCRs are run as an 18 cycle, 25... - 1 μl DpnI is added to the PCR mix to remove parental DNA (37 °C for 15 mins). This enzyme specifically...the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. He is currently investigating the molecular biology of synaptic... on Twitter @jakefwatson and @JGarciaNafria.  References 1. Jones, Douglas H., and Bruce H. Howard. "A...for plasmid cloning Find our molecular biology reference here Find molecular biology protocols here   ...

...Insertion of the mini-transposon can occur in two different orientations, but is strongly biased towards T-RL...integration efficiencies achieved with VchINT, at two different incubation temperatures. Data adapted from Vo ...and R ends - thus, scarless insertions are not currently possible, unlike methods involving homologous ...thanks to our guest blogger Leo Vo! Leo Vo is currently a PhD candidate in the Sternberg Lab at Columbia...Columbia University Medical Center. He currently studies CRISPR biology and CRISPR genome engineering technologies...Message or follow him on twitter @Vopinator.     References: Halpin-Healy TS, Klompe SE, Sternberg SH, Fernández...

..., and he wisely makes no such attempt. He is transparent about his own biases--many of which will be shared...journal editorials, science social media, and conference workshops for years. That is, presumably, why... is the title of the chapter that examines the inherent brokenness of scientific publishing and research...off the section saying “science itself is never inherently bad or evil. However, it is easy to do sloppy...today--the day you are reading this review--in the current period of rapid flux, the chapter might still feel...scientist who enjoys learning a little bit about many different things (part of the reason Addgene has been such...

...written by Addgenie Brian O'Neill.  References and resources References Bauzon, M., Castro, D., Karr, M.,...three (Servellita et al., 2023). Normally when children have acute viral hepatitis it is caused by the... the removal of certain adenoviral genes that apparently contribute to virulence (Tollefson et al., 1996...B. (2014). Adenoviruses: General Features. In Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. Elsevier. https...Y. (2023). Adeno-associated virus type 2 in US children with acute severe hepatitis. Nature, 617(7961)...

...of green fluorescent protein (GFP) sparked a renaissance in biological imaging. Suddenly, cell biologists...dye (Figure 1a) and FAP systems (Figure 1e) are inherently fluorogenic and several others can be made fluorogenic... We continue to develop derivatives that have different spectral properties, exhibit high fluorogenicity...contributed by Luke D. Lavis. Luke D. Lavis is currently a Group Leader at the Janelia Research Campus,...modalities. Follow him on twitter @rhodamine110.   References 1. Liu, Zhe, Luke D. Lavis, and Eric Betzig. ...Imaging proteins inside cells with fluorescent tags." Trends in biotechnology 30.1 (2012): 8-16. PubMed PMID...

...Synthego has developed a new tool called ICE (Inference of CRISPR Edits) to solve this problem. This tool...efficiency and determine the profiles of all the different types of edits that are present and their relative...compares hundreds of samples simultaneously.  The current version of ICE software can analyze indels that...Adjacent Motif (PAM) sequence for the nuclease used. Currently, ICE is configured for Cas9 fromStreptococcus ...average amount of signal that disagrees with the reference sequence derived from the control trace file. ...cut site, representing a high level of sequence difference. Traces The Traces tab shows the edited and ...

...moving around to explore the environment has a different motivation (and brain areas associated) compared...addiction. Anxiety tests Rodents have a natural preference to stay in dark areas (protected) as opposed ...associated with psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. In both diseases, animals...these in a  future blog post, so stay tuned!  References Alpár, Alán, et al. "Hypothalamic CNTF volume...volume transmission shapes cortical noradrenergic excitability upon acute stress." The EMBO journal 37.21 ....12 (2007): 1079. PubMed PMID: 17700574. Hare, Brendan D., et al. "Optogenetic stimulation of medial prefrontal...

... lot of time. Don't re-invent the wheel. Test different leaf ages Usually younger leaves work better. ...luciferases to more easily quantify the effect of the different treatments on transformation success. Some reporter... all plasmids from the Lee-Parsons lab. Test different leaf infiltration methods Co-cultivation (Li ...in the plant but not from Agrobacterium. Test different Agrobacterium strains We used the disarmed Agrobacterium...allows you to quickly assemble vectors and test different ideas. We are a huge fan of the Golden Gate based...starting his work in the Lee-Parsons Lab.     References D'Aoust, Marc-André, et al. "Transient expression...

...Austrian physician, Andreas Rett, who tried to raise awareness and published his observations in a German medical...hope that a similar reversal may be possible for children and adults with Rett Syndrome.  Since these discoveries...discoveries, scientists have studied how different parts of MECP2 influence Rett Syndrome. Zoghbi’s lab...varying degrees determine the clinical severity of different MECP2 mutations. More recently, the Bird lab found..., Rett databases, and other helpful tools.  References: Amir RE, Van den Veyver IB, Wan M, Tran CQ, ...Extends the Survival of MeCP2-Null Mice without Apparent Toxicity after Intracisternal Delivery. Molecular...

...using FACS which could limit their use across different cell types and systems. To introduce flexibility... GO works by affecting protein translation of different reporter proteins. Protein translation requires...used GO to induce the translation of an array of different reporters including mScarlet-I, luciferase, antibiotic...proteins, antibiotic resistance, and luciferase. References Gaudelli NM, Komor AC, Rees HA, Packer MS, Badran.../10.1093/nar/gkaa124 Martin AS, Salamango DJ, Serebrenik AA, Shaban NM, Brown WL, Harris RS (2019) A panel...s41598-018-36739-9 St. Martin A, Salamango D, Serebrenik A, Shaban N, Brown WL, Donati F, Munagala U, ...

...forward for what the field can do.    References and Resources References  Özcan A, Krajeski R, Ioannidi E,...development of tools that exploit and expand our current knowledge. The Abudayyeh-Gootenberg lab (also called... was sent to the AbuGoot lab for testing, they weren’t sure what they would find… but it was safe to say...fibrosis, which can be caused by thousands of different mutations, all found in the same gene. If we only...the number of potential applications. But they weren’t done engineering quite yet – surely, they thought...

...CRISPR-associated transposition.     References and Resources References: Jiang Y, Chen B, Duan C, Sun B, ... E. coli host, and the addition of a sacB gene renders it beneficial for plasmid clearance. It is more...concatenations into crRNA arrays targeting multiple different sites in E. coli. pCutamp cures the plasmids by...MUCICAT toolkit includes versions of plasmids with different induction systems, such as PT7, Prha, Ptet, and...Capability to construct a strain library with different gene dosages to facilitate swift optimization ...

...example, CRISPR activation has been used to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (Chavez et al...neuronal cells by activating genes that cause differentiation and to reverse HIV viral latency (Bialek et...already be hitting an upper bound of activation that current Cas9 systems cannot help you pass. In addition,...directed towards that gene as there can be a large difference in guide potency. Thus, in cases where users ...Chavez et al., 2016). To learn more about the different types of Cas9 activators, check out our blog post...DNA sequence or regulating gene expression.     References Behan FM, Iorio F, Picco G, Gonçalves E, Beaver...

... to determine the pros and cons of using many different types of gRNA design software. When you are happy...yourself through whatever DNA supply company you currently use. You can also find many previously validated...inserted or deleted. Each lab will use a slightly different method to genotype their pups. Taking a toe, a...weeks old and use the ear tag method (creating different patterns of ear holes and using that material ...latest and greatest in scientific content.      References 1. Cho, Seung Woo, et al. "Analysis of off-target...plasmid into zygotes." Development, growth & differentiation 56.1 (2014): 122-129. PubMed PMID: 24372541...

...solubility, and thus different reagents are useful for biotinylation in different microenvironments. There...used today in molecular biology for an array of different techniques and protocols. In this post we will...determined to be due to a deficiency in Vitamin H later renamed Vitamin B7/biotin. Egg white injury would plague...a solid substrate (Holden and Cremer, 2003). References 1. Chapman-Smith, A., & Cronan, J. E. “Molecular...post-translational modification of exceptional specificity.” Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 24.9 (1999b): 359–363....

...labs. While many labs approach the situation differently, some adopting simple note-taking tools, others...functionalities with experiment records. Many different types of ELNs are available on the market today...available here. Our questions focused on researchers’ current practices, their opinions towards ELNs, and their...desired functionalities i.e. main priorities of different ELN features, ranging from whether respondents...cases this applies to universities. How are you currently exchanging information with your team? If you ... allows you to assign specific permissions to different lab members to avoid any issues later on. Do you...

... iPSCs (or correct them back to wild type), differentiate them into somatic cells affected by the disease...iPSC clone picking, a 100-fold decrease is the difference between picking 100 versus 10,000 clones! We ... experiments with blocking mutations, we still weren’t entirely happy with our editing outcomes and in...Dominik Paquet and Dylan Kwart Dominik Paquet is currently a Professor for Neurobiology at the Institute ...Tessier-Lavigne’s lab at the Rockefeller University. He currently works to understand pathological mechanisms of...developing novel iPSC-based model systems.     References 1. Cong, Le, et al. "Multiplex genome engineering...

...tagged protein because of its size. This type of interference is known as steric hindrance. For instance, ...OSER whorls. This assay is quantitative and is currently the standard for assessing oligomerization in ...fluorescent protein. I prefer to describe the different parts of the fusion from N- to C-terminus. For...advisable to generate multiple constructs with different insertions, since it is difficult to predict which...can follow him on twitter: @joachimgoedhart.   References Adjobo-Hermans, Merel JW, et al. "Real-time visualization...291.5512 (2001): 2408-2411. PubMed PMID: 11264536. Klarenbeek, Jeffrey, et al. "Fourth-generation epac-based...