...is induced prior to inoculation with IPTG. In the absence of IPTG after inoculation, no more fluorescent...also be used to track how one population responds to a second population. Last, Bernach will simultaneously...The late Michael Davidson and Roger Tsien played enormous roles in fluorescent protein development by...serotonin is a well-known but poorly studied neuromodulator, and evidence suggests that it is incredibly...were able to use the serotonin sensor in sleep-related studies and in assays for measuring human serotonin...nucleotide polymorphisms present in the human population can affect drug and dose response. Selective ...validated, Bernach plans to use it study bacterial population dynamics with the TIMER growth rate bioreporter...

...human biopsy analysis platform focused on analysing immune measures and correlating them with tumor mutations... immunosuppressive measures, for example the upregulation of the immunosuppressive cell surface receptor...concluded “Aspirin promotes autophagy, inhibits platelet aggregation, and potentiates the effect of PD-...Cancer and the Immune System: Deciphering the Relationship” by our guest blogger Subhadra Jayaraman, a ...Chimeric Antigen Receptors) CAR T cells and PD-1 modulators. An exciting development in immunotherapy is ...mutations and clinical responses. This platform has the potential to become an open-source pipeline and ...spatiotemporal precision. This is a great tool to regulate and observe the function of immune cells that ...

...). A plate with only white colonies is very suspicious! Refrigerate your plates: Placing plates at 4C...α-complementation (cell B). As shown on the representative plate to the right, colonies with an insert-containing...pigment from x-gal (included in the transformation plate medium), turning the bacterial colony blue. We should...backbone plasmid without insert. All colonies on this plate should be blue, indicating that your IPTG and x-... rush the process: It is important to give your plates enough time for any intact β-galactosidase to be... and white colonies. Take care in making your plates: X-gal is light and temperature sensitive and needs...after autoclaving. If spread on top of pre-made plates, make sure it is evenly distributed and allow sufficient...

...employing optogenetic regulators to initiate the event being monitored. Optogenetic regulators respond to specific...materials and information. Many of our technology platforms like HaloTag® Fusion Protein, codon-optimized ...infected/expressing cells by flow cytometry. The isolated cells were injected into mice and imaged after.... injection of furimazine or luciferin 24 hours later demonstrated a more than 2-fold brighter signal ...biosensors, the intensity of the FRET signal can be correlated to specific concentrations of biological molecules...initiation wavelengths, excitation of the optogenetic regulator leads to spurious activation of the FRET sensor...biosensors that can even be paired with optogenetic regulators. Many of these tools are available from Addgene...

...that induce conformational changes with light stimulation to either activate or inhibit a specific receptor... receptors  G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) regulate cellular function through multiple intra-cellular...cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) (Zhang & Cui, 2015). When stimulated with light, the endogenous proteins activate ... a single pathway to activate various protein regulators at different points in the pathway. Photoswitches...with the stimulus. For example, if you want to stimulate at a fast frequency without missing an action ...slower kinetics can be used for lower frequency stimulation. GPCR signaling GPCR signaling is a complicated...considering for your experiment, note that you cannot extrapolate results from one cell type to another, as they...

...1983, but wasn’t successfully used for genetic manipulation in mammalian cells until 2005 [1]. Like other...stable cell lines is to transfect, select, and isolate clones. This procedure is cumbersome and inefficient... other genetic alterations have occurred) and isolating the specific cells that have the edit of interest... CRISPR/Cas9 to efficiently perform genetic manipulations in animal models or cells lines, including stem...included in a standard homology directed repair template to facilitate the selection of cells containing... technology using a site-specific nuclease to stimulate homologous recombination and Footprint-Free™ removal...re-cutting. Transposase removal of the cassette later restores the target sequence. This allows researchers...

...scientists frequently use growth factors or serum to stimulate a pathway of interest, but there can be a lot ...KTR-mRuby2). The ERK KTR is a target for MEK1 phosphorylation, much like endogenous ERK, and its localization...indicator of MEK1 activity. When MEK1 is active, it phosphorylates the ERK KTR and red fluorescence localizes ...MEK1 and ERK are inactive, the ERK KTR isn’t phosphorylated and red fluorescence can be found in the nucleus...as a stimulus. This system also allows precise modulating of a particular arm of the signaling pathway ...the negative feedback on endogenous MEK1/2 phosphorylation by creating a short pulse of psRaf1 activity...nm light (turn off psRaf1). After this, the phosphorylation status of MEK1/2 was tracked at 5 minute intervals...

...Transcription, translation, and prone to degradation – those are the words that describe RNA! Double ...transcription. In an uninfected cell, dsRNA rarely circulates, but upon viral infection, this nucleic acid ... RNAi is designed against), RISC can repress translation and/or degrade target mRNA. These RNA tools ... almost always epigenetically silenced, but dysregulation of these systems can lead to local dsRNA production...source of dsRNA (that doesn’t involve cellular dysregulation) is the mitochondria. These organelles have ...During transcription, RNA is synthesized from a DNA template, inherently generating RNA:DNA intermediates in...which suppress endogenous dsRNA formation are dysregulated, immune responses can mount in the absence of...

...revolution in genetic engineering techniques is a speculation of yesteryear which has been realized recently...explained how the four letters of the DNA get translated into the twenty amino acids. Once scientists ...DNA encoded all the information necessary for regulating and propagating life, there was no turning back... molecular biologist was to devise methods to manipulate it. The term genetic engineering itself is attributed...what would happen if these corporations would extrapolate genetic engineering to exploit human beings. ...repaired by homologous recombination with a repair template.  Each zinc finger recognizes a nucleotide triplet...advertisement of the technology on various non-scientific platforms, CRISPR has also transcended into the world of...

.... Eight years later, scientists isolated pink, purple, and blue chromoproteins isolated from reef-building...reach zooxanthellae, the coral’s symbiotic dinoflagellates that are photosynthetic (Salih et al., 2000...experiment worked just by looking at the cells on the plate. For example, if your plasmid contains a gene encoding...directly use in bacteria, where most genetic manipulations start. Anthony Forster’s lab used codon optimization... Chromoprotein expression from bacteria on agar plate. Image: Liljeruhm et al., 2018. For each chromoprotein...exchange. These vectors contain a toxin gene (regulated by a rhamnose-inducible promoter) and a chromoprotein...Dove SG, Takabayashi M, Hoegh-Guldberg O (1995) Isolation and Partial Characterization of the Pink and Blue...

... as “instillation” or “gavage,” as they do not require any punctures. Intratracheal instillation Intratracheal...Skill required: advanced Intranasal instillation Intranasal instillation is very similar to its intratracheal...are used for a broad range of substances, as it circulate what is injected throughout the body. Tail vein...not recommended for tumorigenic compounds, as circulation is slower, and more institutional oversight is...the muscles. The most common injection sites are flat and easily accessible, like on the back. Depending...performed anywhere on the body, somewhere large, flat, and easily accessible (like the back) is preferred...Intratracheal instillation is used to deliver substances directly to the lungs. It is an advanced technique...

...solution of benzyl alcohol and methyl salicylate which was later modified by others to produce Murray’...major advances in light microscopy, particularly related to the neurosciences.  These developments in microscopy...single gold particles with diameters less than 4nm. Lateral view of a cleared rat pons, medulla and the first...using optical projection tomography (OPT)  (12) and later Hans-Ulrich Dodt’s lab pioneered the use of light...) (6).   The Dodt and Frank Bradke laboratories later developed the 3DISCO (3-dimensional imaging of solvent...tetrahydrofuran-based tissue clearing (13,14). A few years later, Karl Deisseroth’s lab developed CLARITY, which ...relied on the use of transgenic mice in which a subpopulation of neurons are brightly labeled with GFP (e....

... and whether you are inoculating from a frozen stock or a colony from an LB plate. In my hands, a 5 mL...mL starter culture inoculated from a colony on a plate will reach an optimal density in 18-24 hours. I...Arabidopsis, from studying transcriptional and translational dynamics of genes and proteins in living plants... seeds from the pool you will be selecting from later. The Arabidopsis transformation process The process... T1 plants from each transformation. I like to isolate a minimum of five. You have no control over how..., check out Harrison et al., 2006. Tips: Don’t plate seeds too densely during selection: this will increase...difficult. Don’t leave your plants on selective plates for too long: even resistant plants will be affected...

...tumors, which can lead to new cancer targets and related biomarkers . Data from such screens are often uploaded...Unexpected results Their results showed 96 strongly correlated genetic dependencies that were clearly associated... they looked for a biological explanation, a relationship between the genetic dependencies they identified... ancestries. While there were some exciting relationships identified, 48% were found to be artificial,...bias into their experiments instead of a true correlation.   It turned out there was indeed a bias, and...diversity of genetic variation across the human population. Rather, it primarily reflects European ancestry... to guides in the Broad’s Genomic Perturbation Platform Avana library (used by the Cancer Dependency Map...

...their resistance genes throughout the bacterial population. But what if we could specifically target only...successfully resensitized a beta-lactam resistant population to the antibiotic, despite this resistance gene...plasmid-based sequences (red). Treating a mixed population, represented here by cells of different colors...given genomic or plasmid sequence from a mixed population without affecting the other bacteria. Targeting...small pools of antibiotic resistant cells could repopulate the environment after treatment. The phagemid...antibiotics can be used to target the sensitive population. Yosef et al.’s proof-of-concept work targeted...infected by the lysogenic phage, rendering the population sensitive to antibiotics. Created with BioRender.com...

...transcription and epigenetic regulation. To elucidate molecular mechanisms of regulation of genome functions, ...mechanisms of genome functions such as epigenetic regulation and transcription by using locus-specific chromatin...manner. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to isolate specific genomic regions while retaining molecular... step of knocking-in. In 2013, we showed that isolation of a single copy genomic locus is feasible by ...enChIP, specific genomic regions can be easily isolated for identification of associated proteins, RNAs...that enChIP will markedly accelerate research of regulation mechanisms of genome functions in the hope of... of the reasons why we have only three biology-related Nobel prizes, out of which only one was done in...

...hedgehog signalling pathway, which is a key regulator of all bilateral animal development. SHH plays a key role...Cancer Institute! Sonic Hedgehog, an important regulator of embryonic development The largest conference...publication, Ivics et al 1997. Spaghetti Squash, a regulator of cellular contraction You may think that a gene...component of the fly actomyosin cytoskeleton that regulates cellular contraction. This network is composed...vessels). Spaghetti squash (Sqh) is the Drosophila Regulatory Light Chain (RMLC) of nonmuscle myosin II (Karess... Jordan and Karess, 1997), which contains the regulatory regions that are necessary for myosin activity...Roger Karess. "Myosin light chain–activating phosphorylation sites are required for oogenesis in Drosophila...

...identification system for the isolation of base-edited cell populations. To develop this method the lab... affecting protein translation of different reporter proteins. Protein translation requires the start ...edited cells without the need for single cell isolation and downstream sequencing (Standage-Beier et al...and Brafman lab showed that GFP positive cells isolated with TREE have a significantly higher frequency...base-editor (C>T conversion) they could induce the translation of any detectable protein, not just fluorescent...base-editing reporter. As the initiation of protein translation at the start codon ATG is universal, the Dow ...Dow lab successfully used GO to induce the translation of an array of different reporters including mScarlet-I...

... protein is up or downregulated, examine a protein’s stability or post-translational modifications, or...aureus. Its isolation by affinity chromatography and its use as an immunosorbent for isolation of immunoglobulins...immobilized antibodies, or immunoglobulins, to isolate a specific protein out of a complex mix. Using ...suitable for all applications, such as protein isolation from serum. In this case, Protein A and Protein... assay, an antibody against the tag is used to isolate the protein of interest. The wide availability ...experiments using a tagged protein may not be translatable to the endogenous system and will need to be...modification. Similarly, RNA IP (RIP) can be used to isolate proteins that bind to RNA, though the details of...

...recipient, the only antibiotic resistant colonies isolated are those where the allelic exchange vector has...that contained one of eight bacterial toxin genes isolated from E. coli or Psuedomonas aeruginosa. These ...the transcriptional activator rhaS. To allow manipulation of bacteria without an endogenous rhamnose regulon...synthetic ribosome binding site (using the online calculator from the Salis group) (Espah Borujeni et al.,...designed with the help of the DNA tuner program) (Latynski and Valentovich 2014). We routinely clone the ...facilitate the cloning of toxic products. To allow manipulation of naturally chloramphenicol-resistant strains...Anirudh S. Channarasappa, and Howard M. Salis. "Translation rate is controlled by coupled trade-offs between...