...Carballosa, et al, (2015) eNeuro, March/April 2015, 2(2) e0001-15.2015. Pubmed. Resources: http://openspim.org...orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning (OPFOS) (2). Arne Voie, David Burns and Francis Spelman focused...in LSFM. In LSFM the laser light sheet, typically 2-6  microns, illuminates only one thin plane of the...of LSFM microscopes (3,4). After this initial application, Stelzer’s group described the single-plane or...brightness with increasing depth caused by light scattering and absorption.  Finally, the photomultipliers...

...to (1) run a DNA gel to confirm fragment size and (2)  incubate with RNAse and Proteinase K to purify the...proteins of interest to any DNA they were bound to (2) fragmented the DNA (3) used antibodies to specifically...adjustments, to get everything just right!  Fig. 2: Goldilocks is actually celebrating a successful ChIP...next-gen sequencing. ChIP is an incredibly useful application for exploring these interactions, and can give... protein interactions, including epigenetic modifications. But it's not an approach for the faint of heart...background information. Your options for this step are sonication, which uses high-frequency sound waves to break...break up the DNA, or enzymatic digestion. Sonication provides a truly random digestion, but is harsher ...

... 1 2010 3 Nature  3.3% 10.5%   3.2  9.6 2 2010 167  Nature 3.3%  10.5%  3.2  534.1 3...Microbiology  1.6% 1.2%  0.75   125.3 In figure 2, you can see the full impact from using these weighted...plasmids deposited at Addgene still accrue on average 2 to 3 times as many citations as other papers in the...databases available, Web of Science. For each publication, Web of Science provides basic bibliographic ...Science, PLOS One, and PNAS. We then broke the publications from these journals into two groups: those containing...differences in citations due to the journal of publication. Table 1 provides an example calculation of the...Addgene in them. The adjustment is done within publication years. What do we find once we do this adjustment...

...reaction. This system would somewhat act like a 2-step verification. All approaches have their own limitations...various components of the immune system. Figure 2: In-vitro models for immunogenicity prediction of ...Future Enhancements. Frontiers in drug discovery, 2, 952326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fddsv.2022.952326Joubert...silico approach The in silico approach cannot replicate the complexity of antigen processing events that... together can inform decisions about in vivo application and clinical testing. This would pave the way...

... be directly used in the research on the SARS-CoV-2. Nine of the overall plasmid selection will be open... cloning grade DNA beta project We will ship you  2 µg of DNA in 20 µl of Tris buffer suitable for molecular...streaking to a single colony to DNA extraction and quantification so that you can focus on what you want to do...

...and translocation. Nature Cell Biology, 26(2), 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-023-01342-2 Koblan...order to bind DNA, Cas9 requires (1) a guide RNA, (2) a complementary DNA sequence, and (3) a protospacer-adjacent...region of separate strands called an R-loop (Figure 2). This allows the guide RNA to base pair with the ...accessible on the outside of the enzyme. Figure 2: CRISPR R-loop. Created with BioRender.com. Base...), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0592-2 Additional Resources on the Addgene blog CRISPR 101...Red arrows indicate a conversion directly catalyzed by the base editor. Black arrows indicate natural cellular...editing works in general. Base editors use either catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) or a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) ...

...one of lox2272 sites will now be sandwiched between 2 loxp sites and is excised by Cre (Figure 1). This ...flank the transgenes (non-homologous pairs) (Figure 2.). They found that almost all off-target expression...exercise caution when using them.    Figure 2. Schematic diagram showing the mechanism of spontaneous... Tropism and Axonal Transport of AAV Serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 9 in the Mouse Brain. PLoS ONE 8:e76310... Pseudotyped with Viral Capsids from Serotypes 1, 2, and 5 Display Differential Efficiency and Cell Tropism...promoter, such as the truncated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter for catecholamine neurons or glial fibrillary... Flp), to either flip or excise a gene that is located between them. Early recombinase-dependent vector...

... analogs such as 2-fluoroadenine (2-FA), organisms with functional APT will convert 2-FA to cytotoxic ...selection of plants undergoing RNAi, and LIIbeta F 1-2 RNAi, which allows assembly of intron-spliced hpRNAs...nucleotides, resulting in death. In the presence of 2-FA, potent gene silencing of APT is required for survival...degradation, blocking translation, or chromatin modifications of complementary gene sequences (Figure 1). ...silencing can be easily induced by exogenous application of long or short dsRNA. However, it is important...unmodified dsRNA elicits immunogenic reactions that complicate the effectiveness and interpretation of RNAi....have benefited from the ease of use in dsRNA applications. Figure 1: Schematic of an RNAi-inducing...

... will repeatedly nose-poke at the active hole [1, 2].    Place preference/place aversion also models reinforcement...spend most of its times in the opposite chamber) [2]. Laser activation is usually controlled automatically...two different ways 1) your hypothesis is wrong or 2) there is some problem with the technical implementation...PMID: 21716290. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC3775282. 2. McDevitt, Ross A., et al. "Serotonergic versus nonserotonergic...EthoVision. Consult the literature to find all the applications of optogenetics relevant to your field. Ultimately...Inhibition of neuronal activation is a little more complicated since basal neuronal activity in your brain region...technology is improving and may one day reach the sophistication of mouse transgenics. Everything that has been...

...proteoglycan (HSPG)3 AAV receptor (not strictly required)2 Human fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1... AAV2, so they are formally called rAAV2/1, rAAV2/2, and so on, although we often use abbreviated nomenclature...suggest these serotypes as a good place to start. Table 2: AAV tissue tropism for mice in vivo. To target... tropism and axonal transport of AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 9 in the mouse brain. PloS One, 8(9),...Retrograde Access to Projection Neurons. Neuron, 92(2), 372–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.021...vessel barriers. It is especially popular for applications targeting liver tissue. In addition, it has ...the blood-brain barrier, making it useful for applications targeting the CNS (Issa et al., 2023). Additionally...

...sequence YFP Thorben Dammeyer 54520 mCherry-Peroxisomes-2 Peroxisome Peroximal Targeting Signal 1 (PTS1) mCherry...Centrin2 Centrioles (dependent on cell cycle) Centrin-2 EGFP Erich Nigg 41151 pEGFP Cep170 C-term Centrioles... Protein PI 71367 Human Beta-catenin GFP Adherens Junctions Beta-catenin EGFP Alpha Yap 67937 mouse E-...Michael Davidson 55001 mCherry-Beta-Catenin-20 Adherens Junctions Beta-Catenin mCherry Michael Davidson 30313...chaperones to help with folding or post-translational modification to function properly. Browse or search the table...

...PMID: 25386923. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4227841. 2. Young, Carissa L., Zachary T. Britton, and Anne S. ...protein purification. For a more thorough introduction to pCri, please see the original publication cited...expression and purification: a comprehensive review of affinity tags and microbial applications." Biotechnology... Protein purification can be one of the most stressful lab activities. Working with proteins requires...interest can save a lot of time later. Protein purification specialists recommend doing some research, notably...Gomis-Rüth, aims to take the guesswork out of protein purification through simple and efficient multiplexing. pCri...sites should one need to remove the tag post-purification. A sample of pCri constructs: pCri-1a, -4a ...

...FLP and Cre for additional control   Figure 2: Expression of a morphological marker (eYFP) and synaptic...Sternson. 2008. “A FLEX Switch Targets Channelrhodopsin-2 to Multiple Cell Types for Imaging and Long-Range ...PMID: 18614669. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2593125. 2. Buchholz, F, P O Angrand, and A. Francis Stewart....The FLP Recombinase of the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae 2 Micron Plasmid Attaches Covalently to DNA via a Phosphotyrosyl... gives you a single level of control without modification - either Cre is there or it’s not. Cre-mediated... sites can lead to excision, inversion, and translocation of DNA in a similar fashion as between loxP ...37 °C). Smart molecular evolution led to the identification of FLPe which has a temperature optimum of ...

... thaw (Fig. 2). Before thawing, all the samples were at the control pH of 7.4 as indicated by color (data...showed that AAV infectivity was not altered by a short 2-hour exposure to pH as low as 2.5 (Potter et al., ...Methods. 2013 Apr;10(4):278-9. PubMed PMID: 23538862. 2. Potter M, Lins B, Mietzsch M, Heilbronn R, Van Vliet...improve our shipment processes. After reading a publication describing how short term storage on dry ice ...medium, which is buffered and contains the pH indicator phenol red. We froze samples in a -80°C freezer...closed dry ice storage container for 48 hours (to replicate how our viruses are shipped), where they would...exposed to CO2/dry ice. All samples were tested in duplicate. What we found Not all tubes (or rather, not ...

...drastically with lower titers. As you can see in figure 2, the expression from the 5x1011 titer was essentially... roughly 6-fold increase in expression [3, Figure 2]. Note how expression increases exponentially with...international 61.1 (2002): S9-S15. PubMed PMID: 11841606. 2. Schultz BR, Chamberlain JS. Recombinant Adeno-associated... Protocols for Work with Virus Watch Our AAV Purification Video ...

...revert back to a pluripotent stage (iPSC formation) [2, 3]. The iPSCs then proliferate and redifferentiate... more common delivery methods include retrovirus [2], lentivirus [4], adenovirus [5], Sendai virus [6]...2006. 441(7097): p. 1061-7. PubMed PMID: 16810240. 2. Takahashi, K., et al., Induction of pluripotent stem... Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell, 2015. 17(2): p. 178-94. PubMed PMID: 26189426. 15. Si-Tayeb, ...induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev, 2015. 11(2): p. 242-53. PubMed PMID: 25578634. PubMed Central... to regeneration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2011. 12(2): p. 79-89. PubMed PMID: 21252997. 37. Merrell, A....joined Cell Press to pursue a career in science communication and publishing after completing her postdoctoral...

...fluorogen activating protein - dL5** in this case), and 2) a fluorogen (the TAP - targeted and activated photosensitizer...cells present 96 hours post treatment (see figure 2). Induced cell death was confirmed by TUNEL staining...PMID: 26808669. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4916159. 2. Jacobson, K., Rajfur, Z., Vitriol, E., & Hahn, K....generation when bound by the dL5** FAP.  The iodine-modifications also shift MG-2I’s excitation wavelength to ...FAP-TAP system works. Find the Plasmids from the Publication Here Light-induced cell ablation with MG-2I-dL5...

...are many docking sites available for integration. 2. How soon would you like your flies ready for use?...beautiful immunofluorescent images like in this paper (2). Metabolic assays such as Seahorse can be employed...PMID: 16547094. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1526508. 2. H. Jiang,  et al. Cytokine/Jak/Stat signaling mediates...beforehand on which chromosome your docking site is located). This amounts to a small difference of two or ...throughout the lifespan of the fly to determine the implications of your genetic manipulations. You can produce...

...fluorescent protein) enables applications like multi-color imaging (Figure 2). If you’re working with purified...super-resolution or single-molecule techniques.   Figure 2: Two-color super-resolution imaging of ER and mitochondria...stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy. Scale bar, 2 μm. Inset shows comparison with standard confocal ...Labeling in Living Cells. Chemistry & Biology, 15(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.01.007...conjugates: A flexible chemical tag. Nature Methods, 2(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth749 Strebinger...Few Complicated Non-natural amino acids 1 Various Many Complicated   Applications Organic...new green fluorescent protein, some affinity purification tags, another version with that same red fluorescent...

...termed fluorescence activated cell sorting or FACS (2). By analyzing single cells instead of the population...expression. A routine flow cytometry experiment uses 2 or 3 different fluorescent colors each measuring a...distinct populations on a FSC versus SSC plot (Figure 2).  A user can then “gate” around the specific population...cell and T cell into distinct populations (Figure 2). An immunologist who studies B cells, might then ... B cells, plasma cells or others.   Figure 2: Due to differences in their size and complexity, ... it passes through and scatters in different directions. The degree of scatter is captured by detectors...Light that scatters sideways to the path that it was initially traveling is called side scatter (SSC) and...