...mazF gene and a gene for Zeocin resistance (Figure 2). This MazF-ZeoR cassette is flanked by two direct...While selfish in nature, these systems have been adapted by researchers for many uses when plasmid retention... PMID: 8650219. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC39188. Kamada, Katsuhiko, Fumio Hanaoka, and Stephen K. Burley...

...Hoogsten base pairs and wobble pairs.  Figure 2: (A) The codon wheel depicts the 64 codons that encodes...the late 1980s, scientists even created a codon adaptation index (CAI) that is based on the codon usage ...10.1038/nrg3051 Sharp PM, Li W-H (1987) The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional synonymous codon...

...the necessary steps to perform:      Fig. 2: Quick-stepping to a FASTA file   With our outline...have been developed for a singular purpose (ex. adapter trimming, quality score analysis, k-mer counting...Java, R, etc.) in our pipeline. Crucially, this adaptable property gave us the freedom to use multiple open-source...

... vivo and in vitro applications.   Figure 2: Modular features of DIRECTED particles where the ...trafficked from the “source” to “destination”. Images adapted from Lee and Cheah et al. 2023 bioRxiv (A) and ...:GFP-iPAK4 at 3 or 6 h. Scale bar 5 µm. Images adapted from Lin et al., 2023 bioRxiv, under CC-BY-NC 4.0...

...cellular responses in addition to antibody response 2) very high immunogenicity 3) and long-lasting immune...which target complementary mRNA sequence for degradation. Viral introduction of shRNA plasmids can induce...

...acceptable variations in DR sequences. Figure 2: comparison of Cas 9 vs. Cas 12a expression cassettes...mitochondrial (mito-mCherry-1xFLAG) localization. Adapted from Liu et al. 2021. Anti-FLAG and anti-HA...

...IgM, IgD, and IgG are deleted.     Figure 2: Isotype switching requires DNA recombination of the... constant domains. This switching helps B cells adapt during the course of an immune response since it...

...divided by the off-target activity. Figure 2: Specificity is the measure of off-target activity...years flew by, but since then, scientists have adapted CRISPR nucleases for many more specific research...

...3570-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1420294112. Epub 2015 Mar 2. PubMed. Find the plasmids from this publication ...designed for plant expression, PTGs will likely be adaptable to many different biological systems. Although...

...PMID: 20543841. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2920597. 2. Nathans, Daniel. "Puromycin inhibition of protein...the combined effect of protein synthesis and degradation. These processes control the abundance of proteins...

... would release them into the cytosol. Fig. 2: Endogenous sources of duplexed RNA DNA:RNA hybrids...Transcription, translation, and prone to degradation – those are the words that describe RNA! Double ...

..., N. and Hamilton, D. 1981. PubMed PMID: 6276558. 2. Site-specific DNA recombination in mammalian cells...natural viral life-cycle, and researchers have adapted the components for use in genome manipulation. ...

...Workflow Timeline Day 0: Seed and transduce cells Day 2: Replace media with fresh media containing selection...Biological Safety Cabinet 0.5–10 µL single channel pipette 2–20 µL single channel pipette 20–200 µL single channel... 200–1000 µL single channel pipette Ice bucket CO 2 incubator Pipet controller Hazardous waste container...the appropriate antibiotic. Incubate the cells for ~2 weeks. All of the cells in the untransduced (negative...disturb the colonies. Count the colonies for at least 2 of the dilutions. Pro-Tip The higher dilution wells...stained with 0.1% crystal violet and counted. Figure 2: A549 cells were transduced with the indicated serial...protocol was developed for A549 cells but can be adapted to a variety of target cell lines and selection...

...materials D.2 Screening for inserts E. Producing Lentiviral Particles E.1 Recommended materials E.2 Protocol...Published articles H.2 Web resources I. Appendix I.1 Sequence of pLKO.1 TRC-Cloning Vector I.2 Recipes I.3 Warranty...VWR: #7177-48-2. Use at 100 μg/mL. Carbenicillin VWR: #80030-956. Use at 100 μg/mL. C.2 Annealing Oligos...oligo 5 μL Reverse oligo 5 μL 10x NEB buffer 2 35 μL ddH 2 O Incubate for 4 minutes at 95°C in a PCR machine...buffer 1 1 μL AgeI add ddH 2 O to bring to 50 μL final volume Incubate at 37°C for 2 hours. Purify with Qiaquick...buffer for EcoRI 1 μL EcoRI 14 μL ddH 2 O Incubate at 37°C for 2 hours. Run digested DNA on 0.8% low melting... For a standard T4 ligation, mix: 2 μL annealed oligo from step C.2 20 ng digested pLKO.1 TRC-cloning ...

...types within a sample to expected labeling (Figure 2). The panel of antibodies used in this approach should...the antibody in the same tube.     Figure 2: Schematic showing the use of an orthogonal approach...monoclonal antibody, ** = recombinant antibody. Figure adapted from Biddle et al., 2024.   Once an antibody...

...main decisions to make: 1. Which modification? and 2. Which viral vector should be used? Modifying gene...locomotion. Mice may need to be given some time to adapt to a testing apparatus. General stress levels of...

...strain (which will be covered in more detail in part 2 of this blog series) controls the cell types in which...mouse models provide researchers with useful and adaptable tools to perform basic and preclinical research...

...details below) can also be adapted to a competitive format. Figure 2: Overview of using Competitive...

... plate. Incubate plates at 37 ℃ for 18 hours. Day 2 Observe plates for colony formation. Shown below are...individual colonies and effective selection. 150 µL of 2 mg/mL Carbenicillin plated over-agar Plate shows less...individual colonies with smaller size than the 1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL plates and effective selection. Selection Curve...selection with carbenicillin; however it can be adapted for any antibiotic through the use of a selection...

... more from the authors in this blog post. Figure 2: iGluSnFR3 displays enhanced brightness, expression... of various G-protein-coupled receptors. Image adapted from Ino et al. 2022, under CC-BY license.   Find...activation by shift in cellular localization. Image adapted from Farahani et al. 2022, under CC-BY license....responses are highly resistant to pH changes. Image adapted from Koveal et al. 2022, under CC-BY license.   ...