We narrowed to 1,017 results for: PLE;

...nucleotides (for example, Digoxigenin-labelled Uracil) that will bind to complementary mRNA within an embryo...WISH protocol involves preparation of the tissue sample, several washes, and temperature changes to visualize...specific antibodies that detect the mRNA-riboprobe complex are added to the tissue. The last step involves...cells that contain this mRNA-riboprobe-antibody complex and, as a result, these cells turn blue. Students...organism of interest, use the RNA to create a complementary DNA (cDNA), and then use PCR and molecular cloning...cell types or entire organs in planarians. For example, the gene Piwi labels neoblast cells and the gene...one strand of the siRNA and are directed by complementarity to the remaining single stranded siRNA to bind...

...negotiation as something done not by people wearing a lab coat, but instead by people wearing business suits discussing...though three examples depend on many specific details about the individuals, each example provides a scenario...scenario where both people get something valuable. Importantly, as the third example shows, the ultimate... is important to people so that you can approach negotiations creatively with people from anywhere in ...transferable skill? Negotiation as a zero sum game Some people think about negotiation as a zero sum game - that...machine? Let’s walk through a more specific example. Perhaps you and your lab mate are negotiating ...your organization. In my non-academic roles, some examples of negotiation have been: A job offer conflicts...

...inexpensive and can be 5’-phosphorylated in house using a simple PNK reaction or can be purchased 5’-modified from...probably while it is being synthesized) can form a complex with an ssDNA guide. Therefore, researchers must..., the widespread success of CRISPR-Cas9 across multiple model organisms (3) lies in the versatility of...inject cells with in vitro preassembled Cas9/gRNA complexes or with guide RNA- and Cas9-expression plasmids...which could be less desirable if one has to target multiple sites in a single experiment. Also, the NGG PAM... an optimal distance from the target site. For example, NGG may not be present in AT-rich regions of the..., I was going through NgAgo google forums where people write their experiences with the new method and...

..., and conservation. But please be aware that there are many easy-to-implement confinement strategies that...with wild ones. For example, Drosophila lines with compound autosomes are completely infertile when mated...organisms with Cas9 risk creating a gene drive? The simplest way to make a gene drive is to insert an endonuclease... cell can create an RNA-guided gene drive. In principle, this event could happen even if there isn't any...authorities) was to detail these robust and easy-to-implement confinement strategies2. Our hope was that anyone...laboratory organisms but not wild organisms. For example, an sgRNA-only drive will spread exclusively through...with that sequence2. Both methods are easy to implement and have been tested in yeast5. Ecological confinement...

...I was careful to keep it relatively simple. I honed the complexity of the talk by running it by the teachers... Association (PTA) has been instrumental in supplementing that curriculum. It’s through the PTA that I...elementary students can ask. It doesn’t just need to be people who think of themselves as “scientists.” We had...for my school’s Math & Science Night. There are plenty of places to get ideas for science activities. ...Spangler Science The Fab Lab Middle school: supplementing the science curriculum Sharing my expertise ...will likely change for next time is giving fewer examples and think of a way to make this section more interactive...did not try to sugarcoat the potential dangers of people using the technology in an unethical manner, but...

...target protein? Epitope Availability The answer is simple: epitope availability. An antibody can only bind...the researcher and ones that happen naturally.  Sample Denaturing  First, let’s think about induced conformation...frequently denature the proteins as part of the sample prep. This involves using heat and/or chemicals...being used as a marker for flow cytometry, for example, can only be recognized by antibodies that bind...epitopes available if it is being selected out of a complex mix of proteins that have been extracted from a...Picking the Right Antibody  It can get even more complex if you’re looking for proteins that are interacting...help to visualize an abstract protein during your sample prep process, imagining how it starts and if any...

... strategy is that large complexes may not permeate through your tissue samples as homogeneously as a single...processing and sample preparation can also help reduce the levels of endogenous IgGs in your samples, but know...option is from the same species as your tissue samples. The bad news: this situation is hard to avoid ...The culprits are endogenous IgGs in your tissue sample. Most common IHC protocols use two antibodies -...targets.  Pre-formed primary and secondary antibody complexes (Figure 2B) Some labs have found that you can ...with serum from the same species as your primary/sample, and then applying this mixture to your tissue ...secondary antibodies before adding them to your sample so the secondary antibodies aren’t free to bind...

...In its simplest form, PCR based cloning is about making a copy of a piece of DNA and at the same time...few quirks specific to the PCR cloning process - please check out that post if you need a more detailed...detailed refresher on the downstream steps. For this example, we will describe how to copy a cDNA from one vector...location in your recipient plasmid (usually in the Multiple Cloning Site (MCS)), but do not cut elsewhere ... buffer, as this will save time later In our example, we will use EcoRI and NotI to ligate our cDNA ...start codon (ATG) to the stop codon (TGA, in this example). Assuming you are amplifying from plasmid DNA ...design is similar, but we need to use the reverse complement to get PCR amplification. We can start similarly...

...the best choice for small sample sizes, small regions of interest, or complex sequences such as G-C rich...However, Sanger sequencing remains useful for small sample sizes and shorter regions due in part to its low...high accuracy. Conversely, you can only run one sample at a time, which can become costly and impractical...the bases (and, if necessary, separate different samples), the resulting data, or reads, are essentially...control. NGS is generally cheaper if you have many samples and can output more data, and it typically results... regions or for higher accuracy of a particular sample.  Long-read sequencing (“Third-generation sequencing...sequence an entire plasmid in one read. Runs can be completed in anywhere from under an hour to 72 hours, with...

...you only need 1-2 ul of sample and the run time is just a few minutes per sample. During the run, DNA fragments...absorbance. Then you measure the absorbance of the DNA sample.  These absorbance measures give you an idea of...dilution factor x 50 ug/ml This method is quick and simple and doesn’t require any special reagents. However...especially when you expect low concentrations in your samples and are often used to quantify DNA for next generation...fluorescence-based methods require a standard curve, a set of samples with a known DNA quantity and their corresponding...That way, you can compare the fluorescence of your sample against this curve to quantify your DNA prep. Though...yourself as many fluorometers will calculate your sample concentration for you. Agarose gel electrophoresis...

... amino acids, HA is nine), multiple repeats of the tag can recruit multiple frankenbodies to amplify the...ever like to write about a recent plasmid deposit please sign up here.  Here's what you'll find in this...genetic screening technique using Cas12a for multiplexed gene perturbation The Penn State Protein Ladder...Anti-FLAG frankenbody (FB) construction from the complementarity determining region of an anti-FLAG scFv and...genetic screening technique using Cas12a for multiplexed gene perturbation by: Gabrielle Clouse While ...method for screens. Cas12a’s ability to perform multiplex editing within a single expression cassette is...vs. Cas 12a expression cassettes when encoding multiple guides. While two guides require two arrays for...

...fluorescently labeled probe. If the DNA is complementary to the probe (for example, has the sequence of the mutated...searching for), then the probe will bind to the sample thereby labeling it. The label can then be visualized...strength of the signal in comparison to a control sample. Southern blotting applications range from confirming...experiments to forensics and clinical diagnostics. One example of southern blotting being used to identify a gene... MstII and southern blotting are conducted on a sample from an individual without sickle cell anemia, ...DNA sequences to see which is more abundant in a sample. Whereas Southern blotting is labor intensive and...different restriction enzyme digests. Incubating a DNA sample of unknown sequence with restriction enzymes and...

...mutations. Multiple gRNAs could be used to combat this problem, just as ART includes multiple drugs to ...Over 25 million people worldwide are currently infected with the lentivirus HIV-1. Today, HIV-1 can be...undetectable in the blood. But the virus doesn’t completely disappear; it just hides in latently infected...accomplish this tough job! Kamel Khalili’s lab at Temple University has demonstrated two potential strategies...the immune response. The second strategy is the simple removal of the HIV-1 genome from infected cells...transcriptional activation. Zhang et al. designed multiple gRNAs to target the 5’ long terminal repeat (LTR...activation of HIV promoter-luciferase constructs. In multiple HIV-1 latent T cell lines, as well as a latent...

... antibody complexes before applying them to samples, such as when performing IHC in a sample where your...gives you a better chance of getting the complex into the sample. Alternatively, Fab fragments can be used...proteolytic approaches. This comes in handy when, for example, you want to swap out one isotype for another. ...antibody in isolation from another portion. For example, Fab fragments are molecules composed of just the...antibodies. Their smaller size allows them to get into samples more efficiently and can also improve localization...antibodies bound together may be too large. Using a complex that is one full antibody bound to a Fab fragment...same species as your secondary antibody to your sample prior to adding your primary and secondary antibodies...

... as these immune complexes are smaller than a primary:secondaries:conjugates complex. If you are trying...Antibody-based assays are complex and antibodies may perform differently in different samples and experimental ...primary (linear) structure using heat or acid, for example in a Western blot. If you were to try and use such...all IHC experiments are the same. Differences in sample processing, fixation, antigen-retrieval, and permeabilization...chance that the antibody could meet your needs.    Multiplex experiments Finally, consider whether you will... in the experiment. If you are planning to use multiple antibodies in a single experiment then you will...antibodies are sold under different names through multiple vendors, so look at epitope target, source, and...

...reveal the hM4Di coupled to mCherry (top) or HA tag (bottom). The images show examples of dendrites (blue...interest. Furthermore, fluorophore variants (for example green and red fluorescent proteins) allow simultaneous...properties or trafficking of the fusion protein (Kimple et al., 2013). We found that the fluorescent proteins...The hM4Di receptor is an engineered Gi protein-coupled receptor, one of the Designer Receptor Exclusively...antibodies against mCherry, and secondary antibodies coupled to nanogold particles, that allow a high-spatial...needed, the use of HA and other short epitope tags (Kimple et al., 2013) could help improve the transport ... not generalizable to all fusion proteins. For example, we saw that another type of DREADD, hM3Dq, is ...

... is completely degraded. Cloning Grade DNA (high quality/low quantity) – You can usually complete a cloning...transfection-grade While we’ve included a sample of some commonly used kits, please note that Table 3 is certainly...plasmid DNA itself, which can happen if you leave the sample in a lysis buffer for too long or if you get a ...easier than others to prevent quality issues. For example, some kits reduce the risk of ethanol carry-over...you mix specially coated magnetic beads into your sample and use magnets to isolate the beads for the wash...Take your average column-based miniprep kit for example. These kits are designed to handle ~1–5 mL of liquid...can affect the lysis buffer ratio and result in incomplete lysis. You may be able to scale the amount of...

...membrane will remove some of your sample —and harsher stripping means more sample loss. If you are still optimizing...you want to detect more than one protein in your sample? Or what if something weird happened during your..., almost like new. This approach preserves your sample and saves you from having to run a whole new gel... of time that you want to probe your blot with multiple antibodies. You’ll want to set up your blot with...stripping solution (see below) to minimize loss of your sample from the membrane. Next, plan out the order of ...stripping methods. If you are planning to detect multiple proteins through several rounds of stripping and... the weaker binding ones first to preserve your sample. Pro tip! Because some protein is lost each time...

...biomolecules. They can be part of multiple dynamic and overlapping complexes that have distinct functions....biotin-containing media. FRET is another example of a protein fragmentation complementation assay that can be used to...proteins that interact with a particular protein  complex as opposed to an individual protein. The Bethune... when the bait is part of a particular protein complex. Not performed in a native cell context. For AP-MS...experiment is called a protein fragmentation complementation assay (PCA). In the Split-BioID method, each...Protein Interactions. Split-BioID is a protein complementation assay where BirA*, an E. coli biotin ligase...proteins Y and Z interact, the two BirA* fragments complement each other to form a functional BirA* enzyme....

...dish can be easily applied to multiple dishes, remember that handling multiple dishes will take longer and...packaging systems divide the viral elements among multiple plasmids. Second generation packaging systems ...transfer gene. By dividing the viral elements across multiple plasmids, the risk of recombination and consequently...different generations of lentiviral packaging systems please see Addgene’s Lentiviral Guide. While the third...plasmid are not always the best for others. For example, in our hands we find that a double harvest approach...larger genes such as Cas9. See figure 1 for an example of how changing transfection ratios can affect ... volume than with the unconcentrated prep. For example, at Addgene we typically concentrate 100-fold meaning...