We narrowed to 1,042 results for: URE

...factors to consider when choosing one.     Figure 1: Example of an experimental optogenetic setup...activity or gene expression. Experimental output is measured and quantified. Created with BioRender.com. ...either excite or inhibit neuronal activity upon exposure to light within a specific range of wavelengths... be used in tandem with the opsin.      Figure 2: Diagram of excitatory (ChR2) activation by light...engineered receptor that change shape with light exposure to activate them. PORTLs use a similar concept...when a signaling pathway is unknown.      Figure 3: Chimeric OptoXR incorporating rhodopsin undergoes...that may go awry in a disease state.      Figure 4: Example of an intracellular signaling pathway...

...disrupt normal cell biology and make it hard to capture true protein behavior. Traditional epitope knock-ins...Together, these limitations create challenges for measurements needed to move discoveries from the lab bench...reconstitutes a fully functional luciferase enzyme (Figure 1). Addition of substrate generates a proportionate...research questions before creating knock-ins.  Figure 1: Schematic of HiBiT tagging technology.   ...autofluorescence from the plates or media, which can obscure weak signals; photobleaching from the excitation...more than substrate addition and a simple add-mix-measure method. NanoBiT® luciferase activity is compatible...letting you track endogenous protein activity and measure responses to therapeutics in real time. Let's take...

...Glypican Collection here! Figure 3: General glypican domain structure. Glypicans are proteoglycans ... no UTR sequence added to the genome (Figure 4). Figure 4: STITCHR consists of a nicking Cas9 ... FOS gene promoter and the MYC locus (Figure 5). Figure 5: TurboCas protein labeling compared ...synapses and deep-brain fiber photometry.  Figure 1: Characterization of iGluSnFR4 in mice. A) Scheme...choice. After hearing about researchers' favorite features and limitations of existing backbones, we're excited...viral generation and stable cell line creation (Figure 2). Looking for more? Explore our empty and EGFP... own Lentiviral backbone plasmids here! Figure 2: Addgene cloned EGFP into pAG Lenti CMV N-HA ...

...between strains of one species, so be sure to check the literature and validate your choice of AAV vector...Tropism depends on many variables, so be sure to check the literature for previous work in your experimental...adeno-associated virus infection. Nature, 530(7588), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16465 Tervo, D. G. R., Hwang...allowing them to target particular cell types. Figure 1: Diagram of AAV components. Created with BioRender.com...vectors have both distinctive capsids and genomic structures. The viral capsid is the key that lets AAVs “...mixing, matching, and modifying capsid and genomic structures. For example, rAAV pseudotypes mix the genome... by Addgene are pseudotypes using the genomic structure of AAV2, so they are formally called rAAV2/1, ...

... active for greater than 50 generations. Figure 1: Mobile-CRISPRi's modular components. Image from...it integrates into the trnS-leu2 locus.   Figure 2: Introducing Mobile-CRISPRi into bacteria. Top...However, the rate of transfer was variable. They measured transfer rates by comparing the number of colonies...several bacteria associated with human disease (S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa) in addition...isolated from cheese. Knockdown efficiency, as measured by knockdown of a constitutely expressed RFP reporter...median knockdown of ~40-fold across all species measured. Beyond understanding the basic biology of bacteria...pathogens) were grown in presence of trimethoprim, cultures treated with a folA gRNA were more sensitive to...

...compositions of Cascade. Although seemingly ubiquitous in nature, they are largely underutilized in research settings...mostly a consequence of Cascade's complexity. Figure 1: Schematic of Class 1 CRISPR types. Class 1 includes... systems utilize with type I-F Cascades. Figure 2: Cascade complex from CRISPR type I-E. Created...tools has been challenging. It can be difficult to ensure comparable expression of all components of Cascade...making cuts every so often. Cutting both strands ensures that there isn’t a template strand left behind ...behind that the cell can use to repair. Figure 3: General overview of the Cascade-Cas3 mechanism. Created...components can make Cas9 easier to work with than Cas3. Future targets Cas3 has the potential to be incredibly...

...MagLOV’s structure changes under magnetic field. Such changes could be harnessed or enhanced for future MagLOV-based...control of biological systems (Wheeler et al., 2016; Duret et al., 2019). But the field has sometimes seen ...1%) and recovered after the magnet was removed (Figure 1). At first, Andrew and Maria were skeptical. ... since the initial report in 2023.)     Figure 1: Fluorescence intensity of EGFP-FlavinTag in ...change of ~75% in response to the magnetic field (Figure 2); they named this variant MagLOV. Andrew was ...and didn’t need any added cofactors.      Figure 2: Fluorescence intensity and ΔF/F of MagLOV, a...magnet is waved under the sample. The imaged area measures approximately 82 mm across. Video courtesy of ...

...which attract fish for them to prey upon (Figure 1). Figure 1: The sea anemone's red color can be used...aeBlue, amilCP, tsPurple, and gfasPurple) (Figure 2). Figure 2: Chromoprotein expression from bacteria...fluoresce at very low levels. Chromoproteins in nature Compared to the history of fluorescent proteins... chromoproteins lost color overnight in liquid culture, though expressing the chromoproteins from the ...chromoprotein plasmid that combines the most desirable features: intense color, fast maturation, and low fitness...     Chromoproteins for allelic exchange Figure 3: pTOX plasmids expressing amilCP and tsPurple...genetic modification integrates into the genome (Figure 3). Here, the chromoprotein is expressed and gives...

... resource. Nature Protocol Exchange Website: http://www.nature.com/protocolexchange/ Nature Protocol Exchange...for iOS and Android). A neat feature of protocols.io is the checklist feature which allows you to check ...process so you’ll have a record of your work. This feature further simplifies lab work if you like to bring...an open online protocol repository hosted by the Nature Publishing Group. Like the previously mentioned...and create lists of your favorite protocols for future reference. The exchange currently boasts over 2,500...links to protocols on their own websites. We're not sure how frequently it's being updated now, but there...access to protcols from external vendors, such as Nature Protcols and NEB. Quartzy Website: https://www....

...Martin, B., & Shendure, J. (2022). Precise genomic deletions using paired prime editing. Nature Biotechnology...editing world. The approach, originally published in Nature, is a “search-and-replace” genome editing technique... breaks (DSBs) or donor DNA templates.  Figure 1: An overview of prime editing. Created with BioRender.com...Liu lab contributed an improved prime editing “architecture” that can be combined with any of the PE2-PE5...prime editing as efficient as possible. Figure 2: Decision tree for selecting a PE6 variant. PE...2023, under a CC BY 4.0 license. epegRNAs: Structured RNAs with improved stability Traditional sgRNAs...of large DNA sequences with twin prime editing. Nature Biotechnology, 40(5), 731–740. https://doi.org/...

...green cards and citizenship.   Lauren Celano, CEO Propel Careers. Lauren is passionate about working with...This post was contributed by guest bloggers Lauren Celano of Propel Careers and Rachel Casseus, Esq. ...and on. As you think about your career (and your future in general), keep in mind that you may have years...careers - being aware of this can help take the pressure off having to find the perfect job immediately...but not limited to biotechnology, chemistry, architecture, engineering, mathematics, physical sciences...bachelor's degree or its equivalent and state licensure, if required to practice in that field. H-1B work-authorization...background, expertise, publications, and plan for future activities; including the interest of the greater...

... 1) follows this structure: Step 1: fix (and maybe label) your sample (i.e. cultured cells or tissues...and after expansion and measure the degree of agreement between them to ensure the expanded images are...how you interpret a target’s structure. For example, cytoskeletal structures that form continuous lines ...easier, more accessible way to image biological features previously only visible via techniques like super-resolution...by just adding water.)  Step 5: Image   Figure 1: The ExM process allows you to physically magnify...depend upon the specific gel recipe used, ambient temperatures, incubation times, and the physical properties...properties of the sample itself. For example, cultured cells are typically easier to expand than mouse brain...

...survive high temperatures (up to 95 °C) and is active over a range of elevated temperatures (37–75 °C)....elevated temperatures, allowing further discrimination by incubating the ligation at a temperature near the...Reaction Temperature Calculator can be used to estimate an appropriate incubation temperature when using...will also efficiently ligate many undesirable structures, including substrates containing gaps or DNA ...phosphorylated base can be observed in the crystal structures of several DNA ligases bound to substrate (23... the melting temperature (Tm) of the DNA strands. This selectively reduces the concentration of annealed.... 2. Tomkinson, Alan E., et al. "DNA ligases: structure, reaction mechanism, and function." Chemical reviews...

....  After this, lowering the temperature allows the repressor to re-nature and again repress expression...red recombineering system has three components (Figure 1): 1) Exo, 2) Beta, and 3) Gam. All three are ...recombineering with an ssDNA oligo substrate.   Figure 1: Components of the Lambda Red Recombineering ...a generic lambda red recombineering experiment (Figure 2). In the following sections, key steps that differ...confirmation of recombinant clones.    Figure 2: Overview of using Lambda Red recombineering ... pairs of homology to the targeted insert site (Figure 2, top).  These primers are typically ~70 nucleotides...few strains can also be found at Addgene, but be sure to read the associated papers for their particular...

...able to eliminate the need for axenic (pure) laboratory cultures to study these microbes. From 16S rRNA...GPS coordinates, water temperature readings using a heat gun, and pH measurements. We collected small water...samples could be kept frozen after collection. Figure 1: Paul included a voltmeter on top of the battery... bank and the vehicle battery/alternator to make sure the vehicle battery didn't run down. In September...processing environmental samples Since the high temperatures and unstable ground around these hot springs...-term stabilization of unknown bacteria. Figure 2: Christina Mork collecting samples at the hot...able to safely get back to our lab work. Figure 3: When a bison wanders into the campsite, leave...

...copies per cell. Figure 1: A plasmid map showing the standard features of a plasmid. So, how...Growth conditions The amount of aeration, temperature, culture volume, antibiotic, and medium can all affect...chloramphenicol – make sure your growth conditions aren't working against you!  The culture inoculum Freshly...colony and do not subculture directly from glycerol stocks, agar stabs, or liquid cultures. Freshly transformed...pairs can be separated more readily at lower temperatures and allows the replication machinery room to...if you need two plasmids for an experiment, make sure they have "compatible" ori's. See the table below... affect copy number. Some ori's are temperature sensitive; others ori's can be "tricked" into amplifying...

... guest blogger Jack Leeming Editor of Naturejobs, part of Nature magazine. Humans are built to enjoy, ... your structure. Develop your protagonist In most cases, the protagonist will be you. Make sure to highlight...accept and acknowledge your failures. Foster conversation A story is not a lecture. Make yourself open to ... parts of our lives that tend to have a story structure: beginning, end; cause, effect; lesson, learning...apologised and admitted he’d been under a lot of pressure recently which had affected his judgement. Eventually...rhetorical technique you have in your arsenal to make sure people pay attention. Highlight your lowest points... discovery into a scientific story, but it will ensure that people pay attention. Practice Nobody gets...

... different reasons. Exposure to antibacterial drugs provides a selection pressure, killing off bacteria...resistance is defined as microbial survival despite exposure to antibiotics designed to kill them or to impede...multi-drug resistance: definitions vary in the literature, but generally organisms with multi-drug resistance...contributing to the development of resistance include (Figure 1): Over-prescription of antibiotics (for example...populations to antibiotics at unnecessary times, putting pressure on resistant bacteria to over-take the population... and making them more difficult to treat in the future. Patients not finishing the whole course of antibiotics...killed by a higher concentration, or sometimes more exposure time is needed for the drug to work… if the instructions...

...developing transgenic hairy root lines in tissue cultures takes half a year, and generating a transgenic...in the medicinal plant, the Catharanthus roseus (Figure 1). The ultimate goal of our research is to enhance...production either in the plant or in plant tissue cultures.   C. roseus is not a model organism such as Arabidopsis...used to develop stable hairy root lines in tissue culture. This method is commonly used in C. roseus, but...not reproducible. Prior to creating transgenic cultures or plants, our transient expression method enables...overexpress a gene and evaluate its function. In nature Agrobacterium contains a plasmid with a T-DNA (... does not work well, as the leaves have a waxy texture and are difficult to infiltrate. We have recently...

... Staphylococcus aureus Cas9. Nature 520:186–191 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14299 Find plasmids from...targeting with CRISPR–Cas13. Nature 550:280–284 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24049 Find plasmids from this...altered PAM specificities. Nature 523:481–485 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14592 Find plasmids from this...and high DNA specificity. Nature 556:57–63 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26155 Ran FA, Cong L, Yan WX,...Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp) 3' NGG Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) NGRRT or NGRRN Neisseria meningitidis...than SpCas9. For example, Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) is about 1 kilobase smaller than SpCas9...more about SaCas9 and AAV Check out our CRISPR Featured Topic Page Resources on Addgene.org Check out...