...Single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) contain only the variable heavy chain and variable light chain regions... way to produce antibodies, with the highest variability in antibodies produced. Cells - Antibodies can...cells). The genetic reorganization that creates variety in the antibody allowing for their extreme specificity...large amounts of a single antibody with little variation. Recombinant plasmids - Antibodies can be produced...the plasmid. This produces the least amount of variation between antibodies, allows for the antibody’s ...easily confirmed via sequencing, and enables the variable region and constant regions of the antibody to.... The tips of the Fab fragments contain highly variable regions, shown in light blue and light orange,...

...binding) SpCas9 VRER variant 3' NGCG SpCas9 EQR variant 3' NGAG SpCas9 VQR variant 3' NGAN or NGNG xCas9...LbCpf1) 5' TTTV AsCpf1 RR variant 5' TYCV LbCpf1 RR variant 5' TYCV AsCpf1 RVR variant 5' TATV Campylobacter...out target genes in various cell types and organisms, but modifications to various Cas enzymes have extended...available with multiple Cas9 variants, including high fidelity Cas9s, Cas9s with various PAM requirements, and...Species/Variant of Cas9 PAM Sequence* Streptococcus pyogenes (SP); SpCas9 3' NGG SpCas9 D1135E variant 3' ...understanding of CRISPR biology, introduce the various applications of CRISPR, and help you get started...use, and there are several to choose from. Many variations of Cas9 exist, along with other Cas enzymes like...

... through the gel. For better protein separation, vary the acrylamide content of the gel. For small proteins...assessed from a single western.  There are several variations of the protein transfer step including wet, semi-dry...options targeting your protein of interest from a variety of vendors and you may even find plasmids encoding...Some vendors will also test their antibody in a variety of tissues to demonstrate that the protein staining...unintended cross-reactive proteins. Similarly, if you vary the experimental conditions from those used by the...

...across runs. If the results vary considerably, then the high degree of variability in the process could make...response recorded would be due to natural biological variation. This information is critical for correctly interpreting...of the same sample and are included to assess variability in the experimental protocol. In the experiment...assess naturally occurring random biological variability. If one were studying the effects of tau kinase...

...Zafira Castano Corsino, a junior faculty member at Harvard Medical School/Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH...University Miguel de Cervantes, the University of Navarra, and the University of the Basque Country. Mentees...some of the top Universities in USA and Europe (Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology... Zafira Castaño Corsino is a Junior Faculty at Harvard Medical School/BWH, co-Director of the Mentor Circle...Fernandez-Godino is a Postdoctoral Researcher at MEEI-Harvard Medical School, where she studies age-related macular...

...Ligases Small, varies Various Few Complicated Non-natural amino acids 1 Various Many Complicated...HaloTag is actually HaloTag7, and recent specialized variants run up to HaloTag11. HaloTag is now the most popular...any cloning at all! As mentioned above, several variants of these tags have been developed over the years...

...allow you to optimize the concentrations of your various blot reagents. There are two types of gradients...antibodies, especially polyclonal antibodies, can vary lot-to-lot, this range needs to be empirically determined...antibodies, which have much lower lot-to-lot variability. If you’re running an already-developed assay...of protein in your samples. If you have a wide variety of protein amounts on the same blot, you may want...Add sonication step to protein lysis Splice variants Check literature Posttranslational modifications...use a less sensitive exposure kit No signal variation in highly expressed proteins Antibody dilutions...

... Amy Gilson from Science in the News (SITN) at Harvard University. There are tons of ways you can get ...podcast, the SITN team brings in scientists from a variety of fields as well as students from the ed school...Amy Gilson. Vini Mani is a graduate student at Harvard University, former Co-director of Science in the...     Amy Gilson recently received her PhD from Harvard University, is a former Co-director of Science ...

... sensor. This sensor was engineered from a GFP variant and a DA receptor such that GFP fluoresces when...when the receptor is bound by DA. Two variants of the sensor, dLight1.1 and dLight1.2, exhibit high (submicromolar...GRABDA sensor based on a similar strategy: a GFP variant bound to a DA receptor, such that the GFP fluoresces...detection and measurement of neurotransmitters in various species and while exhibiting complex behaviors....

...my PhD in Biological and Biomedical Sciences at Harvard University and entered a new role here at Addgene... to people. When I started my graduate work at Harvard, I recognized that I would ultimately want to go...the Science in the News Blog, a blog made by the Harvard graduate student group, Science in the News. While... keep content coming also keeps me on top of a variety of fields thereby broadening my knowledge. In addition...

...Interest (YGOI) in a controlled environment under various conditions. The first thing you'll need to decide...protein can be released from the resin and used for various binding or folding assays. Yeast vectors There ...large collection of yeast expression vectors with various markers and promoters. If you need to visualize... downstream effects.  And many more! We have a variety of other types of vectors for most applications...

...should they decide to produce virus on their own.Harvard researcher Connie Cepko has been helping us with...viral preps are available now? There are a wide variety of tools already available from Addgene as ready-to-use...system. The first two can serve as controls in a variety of experiments, while rtTA can be used to activate...beginning our AAV viral services with these tools. A variety of chemogenetic tools from Bryan Roth’s lab are...

...impractical to catalog every variant of a feature. Instead, we identified common variants, and then crafted a ...threshold. This issue is addressed by adding more variants to the database. Another limitation is that by...augment the database with new fluorescent protein variants. The future of DNA feature identification What...

...immune reaction to the treatment. These responses vary depending on the person. However, in silico and ... antigen, pre-existing conditions, etc. that can vary widely between recipients.   In vitro prediction...of the human lymphatic system. PBMCs consist of various immune cells, and can be used as a whole or can...microscopic in-vitro models can be built that contain various components of the immune system. Figure...

...typically have a wide range of input quantities. This variation is problematic for conventional NGS library prep...range (1ng – 100ng) are normalized to two-fold variation above and below mean read count per sample, and...and the amount of information per read does not vary by DNA input amount. plexWell™ + Addgene = high quality...Boston University, and did postdoctoral work at Harvard Medical School and the University of Toronto. He...

...fused a different fluorescent protein to various Cas9 variants, SpCas9, NmCas9, and St1Cas9. These fusions...them. Thus, it has been widely adapted for a wide variety of applications: base editing, CRISPR activation... and results were consistent with copy number variation (CNV) analysis of the U2OS cells.   Figure...

... are mTagBFP2, EGFP or one of the improved GFP variants, mRuby2 or TagRFP-T, and an infrared fluorescent...In mammalian cells, one of the improved folding variants of EGFP like mEmerald or Clover is probably best...measurements. Here, EGFP outperforms the improved folding variants, presumably due to the lower growth temperature...fellow at the Bauer Center for Genomics Research at Harvard University.       ...

...well-characterized. During this time, we’ve also created a variety of educational resources in an effort to make scientific...created a normalization mechanism to “collapse” variations and synonyms of the same term that appear in ...promoter “Syn”, that, when selected, will match variations present in the data such as synapsin, hsyn synapsin...synapsin, hSynap. Matching We capture multiple variations of the same information in our search indices...

...gap in the field. Arlene Sharpe’s group at the Harvard Medical School developed a solution: CHIME, a CRISPR-Cas9...in vivo, the non-immunogenic violet-excited GFP variant Vex. To understand the impact of this gene editing...immune system, the group inserted sgRNAs targeting various innate and adaptive immune genes into pXPR_053.... Various Addgenies...

...the best advice is to try a couple of promising variants to check how they perform under your experimental... a fluorescent protein (fusion) there is huge variation in the fluorescence intensities of individual ... plasmid uptake by cells. To correct for this variation, a reference fluorescent protein that is expressed... from Addgene. Another way to dodge cellular variation observed in mammalian cells is to tag an endogenous...