...segment of DNA which contains several restriction sites allowing for the easy insertion of DNA. In expression... Produce proteins that glow so that scientists can track their location or quantity inside a cell ...2014 and updated Apr. 14, 2020. Any newcomer who joins a molecular biology lab will undoubtedly be asked... a plasmid by recruiting replication machinery proteins Antibiotic Resistance Gene Allows for selection... the MCS is often downstream from a promoter. Insert Gene, promoter or other DNA fragment cloned into...commonly referred to as “vectors” or “constructs.” To insert a gene of interest into a vector, scientists may... are complete, the vector containing the newly inserted gene is transformed into bacterial cells and selectively...

...used for an array of detectable proteins including fluorescent proteins, antibiotic resistance, and luciferase...monitors APOBEC (a family of cytidine deaminase proteins) and Cas9-mediated editing in real time (St. Martin...inactive mCherry, the lab introduced a 43 base-pair insertion that disrupts fluorescence due to a frameshift...TCA-to-TUA) found within the 43 base-pair mCherry insertion. Editing of these motifs generates lesions that... editing capability of the seven human APOBEC3 proteins, finding that APOBEC3A and APOBEC3bctd are the...populations. To develop this method the lab was inspired by work that used an integrated GFP reporter that...DNA editor. Specifically the BFP mutant (BFPH66) contains a histidine at amino acid 66. This histidine is...

...vague and "what proteins regulate the Z pathway?" is an open-ended list of proteins. Instead, consider "how... at the National Institutes of Health, was an Associate Professor at Albert Einstein College of Medicine...Hughes Medical Institute. His interests include the quality control of secretory proteins in the Endoplasmic... Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Are you currently on or planning to go on the..."how do proteins X and Y regulate the Z pathway?" A well-defined outcome makes it easier for the search...favor a different model. Finding evidence for or against a model is a standard scientific strategy. However...Endoplasmic Reticulum, optimization of fluorescent proteins,  and live cell imaging approaches. Erik is also...

...making copies.     Types of origins of replication There are lots of origins of replication out there so...: The insert Bacteria tend to maintain fewer copies of plasmids if they contain large inserts or genes...elements. The ori is the place where DNA replication begins, enabling a plasmid to reproduce itself as it must...known derivatives), pSC101, R6K, and 15A. Not all origins of replication are created equal. Some will produce...whether the ori is positively regulated by RNA or proteins, respectively. A plasmid's copy number has to ...mutations in the replicon. For example, the pMB1 ori maintains about 20 copies per cell, while pUC – which differs...toxic product. The E. coli strain Most E. coli strains can be used to propagate plasmids, but endA- E....

...majority of research institutes.  Pro tip! In most academic and nonprofit institutes, the Tech Transfer ...materials are requested, instead of coordinating signatures from two different institutes. Our online portal...commonly used ones for transfers between academic institutions.  What is the UBMTA, you ask? Well, organizations...signatory) to the MTAs for plasmids in our repository. Instead, we facilitate the signing of MTAs by the Provider...people think our MTAs are different than other institutes. But they’re not! The vast majority of our plasmids...that plasmid facilitated by Addgene — basically, instead of having to sign individual MTAs for each request...Recipient Scientist Acknowledgment (RSA), which contains the terms of use for the requested material. Once...

... reporter mRNA, which contains the tethering sites for the fluorescent proteins and is driven by an inducible... to monitor local translation and determine if proteins are targeted to their destination co- or post-...Translating RNA Imaging by Coat protein Knock-off) instead takes advantage of the ribosome’s movement. When... along an mRNA, it displaces other RNA-binding proteins to allow translation to occur. For a TRICK reporter...only a red FP bound to the reporter. Because it contains a nuclear localization signal, NLS-PCP-GFP then...mRNAs and their corresponding newly synthesized proteins. As in the TRICK system, the 3’ UTR of the reporter...labeled by PCP-mCherry (Figure 2). The 3’ UTR also contains a CAAX sequence to bind the mRNA to the plasma...

...product to insert, and tools for primer design, so it’s always best to check in with the instructions from ... Gibson and colleagues at the J. Craig Venter Institute in 2009. Here at Addgene we added this option ...fragments, but can also be used in basic cloning of an insert into your vector of choice as shown in the figure...incubated together with an enzyme master mix, which contains three different enzymes: an exonuclease, which...using Gibson assembly, imagine that you want to insert your gene of interest into a vector with a large...included in the vector you want to use. If you inserted these two pieces of DNA by restriction enzyme ...fragments. However, by using Gibson assembly, you can insert both the gene of interest and the tag sequences...

...include proteins like nonstructural proteins 1 to 16, spike proteins, envelope small proteins, and membrane...membrane proteins. Although all viral components are available in bacterial expression plasmids, glycoproteins...glycoproteins and other proteins that require post-translational modification may not be easily expressed ...level expression and purification of SARS-CoV-2 proteins for downstream experiments and offer flexibility... doing things. These new processes have been instrumental in achieving our mission to help science move...Virus Entry Mediated by SARS Coronavirus Spike Proteins. In: Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press...

... 100 kD proteins or 20, 40, 60, and 80 kD proteins. Plasmids containing 150 or 250 kD proteins are also...expressed proteins run in separate lanes. B: individually expressed and coexpressed proteins run as ladders...the Genetic Pertubation Platform at the Broad Institute have expanded the genetic screening toolkit by...express 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 kD proteins in E. coli, either individually (~20,000 lanes...also available separately. The proteins, which are purified via histidine tags, are optimized for SDS-PAGE...Western blots via engineered immunoglobulin binding domains.  Santilli, R.T., et al. Sci Rep (2021). https... large size of CRISPR-Cas effectors and fusion proteins, such as Cas9 and Cas12a, creates challenges for...

...allowing a spacer-repeat “brick” to be inserted. The BsaI site remains intact, allowing subsequent “bricks...make sure that each cell that gets the plasmid contains all of the desired gRNAs. This increases the chance...the Ventura lab. pX333, a modification of pX330, contains humanized wtCas9 and two U6 promoters. To use ...available from the Bullock lab, and gRNAs can be inserted using Gibson Assembly or SLIC cloning methods....)-containing plasmids. Each destination vector contains GFP, enabling you to select cells with high GFP...enables users to express up to 7 gRNAs. The kit contains different destination vectors depending on the...through Golden Gate or Gibson Assembly. gRNAs are inserted into the pCBC vectors using BsaI, and promoter-gRNA...

...recognizing the target protein remains bound to the column while the rest of the proteins are eluted. Then, the...full-length protein that you want to generate antibodies against, or a unique peptide sequence derived from this...the serum are separated, and the serum - which contains the antibodies - is further processed to isolate...Protein G purification is one common method. These proteins bind the IgG heavy chain. Running the serum over...specific to the immunogen or not, while any other proteins pass through. However, protein A and protein G...Antibodies that don’t cross-react with the serum proteins pass through the column, resulting in a polyclonal...or select a monoclonal or recombinant antibody instead. Otherwise, you might experience variability in...

...mice, exosomes expressed specific integrins (cell-adhesion proteins) targeting different organs. This ...action outside of tumor cells, and recent studies (Martins et al., 2018 and Xing et al., 2010) revealed precisely...physiology is deeply connected to these 3 stages and contains multiple cell types: fibroblasts, myofibroblasts...whole, microenvironments promote tumor durability instead of repressing them, making it even harder to cure...possibly inducing the secretion of growth promoting proteins, such as human growth factor, vascular endothelial...microenvironment itself. They deliver compounds like proteins and nucleic acids from cancer cells to the microenvironment...microenvironments! Take myoepithelial cells for instance. They retard tumor formation by inhibiting cell...

...amount of information regarding which regulatory proteins, signaling molecules, mutations, and environmental...represented in a very small number of registers. Instead, one may use qPCR to determine the fraction of ...combination of red, blue, and green fluorescent proteins in each state. The three methods of state interrogation...tell you the distribution of states in a sample; instead, it will suggest the predominant state of registers...plasmid (high copy, ColE1 origin of replication), contains large serine recombinase genes downstream of inducible...copy, bacterial artificial chromosome backbone) contains the register. Depending on the desired application...endogenous gene expression (2). Our paper (1) explains how to arrange attB-attP pairs on a register to...

...Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, Johns Hopkins University, the Salk Institute, and the... the Karolinska Institutet, among others). Mentors and mentees held scheduled monthly progress video conferences... confined by birth country or financial means. Instead, talent should be realized through equal opportunities...internationalization faces several obstacles; for instance there are few resources to help get individuals...supported, and can more fully identify with and be inspired by the mentor’s successful example. For evidence...2014-15, University of Valencia): “It is very inspiring to be in contact with mentors who are at a professional...universities and high level public and private institutions also showed their support and hope for the IMP...

...long ncRNAs is impractical. Instead, tags or stop elements can be inserted to disrupt the transcription...RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcribed but do not encode proteins. They play important roles in many cellular and...permanently disable, protein-coding genes by generating insertions or deletions in the DNA sequence. This same approach...break works well because very small deletions and insertions in the DNA sequence can completely disrupt expression... an open reading frame, so small deletions or insertions may not result in a functional loss (Ho et al...the ncRNA (Hazan and Bester 2021). For example, inserting a polyadenylation signal downstream of the transcription...exon or a large genomic fragment. (D) Knock-in: insertion of a synthetic polyadenylation (spA) signal. Figure...

...sharing their worm strains through the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC) which maintains and distributes...each half to a gp41-1-N-intein. Split inteins are protein domains that naturally “associate, self-excise...distributes the strains all over the world. When I was at the 22nd International C. elegans meeting, I was again... the Arizona State University (ASU) Biodesign institute developed a 3’UTR database specifically for C.... discovered in plants to conditionally deplete proteins of interest in C. elegans (Zhang et al., 2015)...modified TIR-1 protein can degrade degron-tagged proteins in an auxin dependent manner. This system allows...scientists to both spatially and temporally knock-down proteins of interest.  Plasmids for cGAL and split cGAL...

...AAV.CAP-Mac for systemic gene transfer in primate brains Endothelial-specific AAV delivery Recombinant anti-FLAG...COX8a-mStayGold. Scale bars 10 μm (main), 1 μm (inset). Image reused from Ando et al. 2023, under CC-BY...for your next experiments, they will also likely inspire further-improved versions. Thanks to Christophe...Leterrier, whose FocalPlanes piece on mStayGold inspired and informed this section.  Find mStayGold plasmids...2023). Bright and stable monomeric fluorescent proteins derived from StayGold. ResearchSquare (Preprint...alchemy: CAP-Mac unleashes the secrets of primate brains with brilliance By Hridaya Patel (Addgene co-op...systemic gene delivery in non-human primate (NHP) brains.  Systemic gene delivery capsids previously identified...

...PS: they’re free. 3. Fluorescent Proteins 101: GFP Fusion Proteins - Making the Right Connection by Joachim...optogenetics, chemogenetics, plasmids, fluorescent proteins, careers, and more. These resources can now be...Fluorescent Voltage Indicators, and Photoswitchable Proteins by Cary Valley, Shreya Vedantam, Michelle Cronin...used in cloning. 8. Bright Monomeric Fluorescent Proteins: mNeonGreen, mTFP1, and mWasabi by Jennifer Tsang...and find plasmids containing these fluorescent proteins at Addgene. 7. Designing Your Chalk Talk for ...Fluorescent Vegetables in Aptamer Soup by Aliyah Weinstein RNA aptamers, which are nucleic acid sequences...shares some strategies for generating GFP fusion proteins. From considering protein size and shape, linker...

...plasmid's journey begins First, each package is opened and the contents are carefully inspected to verify that...different strains of E. coli that can be used for transformation. The preferred E. coli strains for storage... then the journey of transformation and storage begins. Some samples are submitted as bacterial colonies...the year (see graph below). Addgene scientists inspect each sample and make sure they have been barcoded...assigned to a location in a metal freezer rack that contains five levels that can hold five plates on each ... back into because every barcode on every tube contains information about that tube’s appropriate location...been received and stored, it is put into E. coli strains that have been treated to easily take in plasmids...

... Chavez, researchers at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. CRISPR/Cas9 is an enormously...and former researcher at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering.     Alejandro (Alex)...prevent your gene from being up-regulated. For instance, generally, the more highly expressed a gene is...similar tools were made using other DNA binding proteins such as zinc fingers (ZF) and TAL effectors (TALE...scale CRISPR-based screens can be used to gain insight into protein structure and function (Pan et al....Ansari R, Harper S, Jackson DA, McRae R, Pooley R, Wilkinson P, van der Meer D, Dow D, Buser-Doepner C, Bertotti...Davidsohn N, Housden BE, Perrimon N, Weiss R, Aach J, Collins JJ, Church GM (2015) Highly efficient Cas9-mediated...