...ganglia in movement disorders.   References and Resources References Armbruster BN, Li X, Pausch MH, Herlitze...GFP) and mCherry, two of the most common tags currently used, are approximately 240 amino acids in size...in monkey neurons, we next hypothesized that a different tag fused to the hM4Di might improve the transport...Surprisingly, we found that this small change made a big difference. Replacing the mCherry with the HA tag resulted...Overview of Affinity Tags for Protein Purification. Current Protocols in Protein Science 73: . https://doi....doi.org/10.1002/0471140864.ps0909s73 Additional references on the Addgene blog Browse Fluorescent 101 blog...Find more about the many types of protein tags References on Addgene.org Check out Addgene's Chemogenetics...

...any end goal not available with current techniques like PGD.  Reference Ma, Hong, et al. "Correction of...al. designed plasmids containing Cas9 and two different gRNAs, and electroporated them with an ssODN repair...editing through the NHEJ pathway. Created with BioRender.com. In later characterization studies, the ...Moreover, introducing new DNA seems impossible with current tools, thus quieting some fears about the creation...creation of “designer babies.” The differences in editing between iPS cells and embryos make a case for conducting...of such a treatment on top of the expense of IVF render this argument less convincing at present.   Another...embryos to only 60%? Unfortunately, given the differences between CRISPR repair in embryos and iPS models...

... use of several Cre transgenic mice targeting different brain areas enabled the drawing of a detailed ...the genOway press release for more information. References Abdallah, Khaled, et al. "Adeno-associated virus... delivery of Cre recombinase in mouse primary afferents." Scientific reports 8.1 (2018): 7321. PubMed ...for analyzing the neural circuits of behavior." Trends in cognitive sciences 15.12 (2011): 592-600. PubMed...Optogenetic approaches to study the mammalian brain." Current opinion in structural biology 57 (2019): 157-163...and Peter Hegemann. "Rhodopsin-regulated calcium currents in Chlamydomonas." Nature 351.6326 (1991): 489...conditional gene modification technology in the mouse." Current protocols in immunology 105.1 (2014): 10-34. PubMed...

...in with the current literature. Finally, if you give your talk or poster to enough different kinds of audiences... NIH, in the United States) Strong letters of reference that attest to your talent and expertise as a ...data needed to rule out alternative models or to strengthen your new model?  PFs need to be regularly thinking...Leader position applications require 3 letters of reference- the graduate school mentor, the postdoctoral ... and your research well. Who could fill these different roles? A second or third mentor. Therefore, seek...the job market. Additional mentors are not so different from having a thesis committee in graduate school...presentations and will be able to provide letters of reference, informal recommendations, more positive grant...

...antibody for your application!  References and resources References Lu, Q. L., & Partridge, T. A. (1998... while polyclonal antibodies contain a mix of different isotypes and subclasses. They each have their ...of clones and thus the potential to bind many different sites on the target protein they tend to have ...polyclonal primary antibody contains a mix of different isotypes and subclasses, use a broadly reactive...secondary antibody binding and therefore the signal strength (Fig. 1). Monoclonal primaries If you do decide... be worth considering an antibody raised in a different species.      Table 1: Isotype considerations...targets, look for primary antibodies raised in different, and distantly related, species, and secondary...

...My name is Lauren Flynn and I am currently wrapping up my co-op with Addgene as a DNA Sequencing Analyst...concepts that are heard often during undergrad. Lauren Flynn is the Addgenie behind our "Meet an Addgenie...and industry jobs. Since there are a variety of different career paths that don’t all need another degree...can have flexibility and be up to date with the current world. Bioinformatics it is.’” Though she misses...Shannon Rinaldi values loving what she does. Her parents told her that if she found something she loves ...-op. It has been so insightful to learn about different career paths, successes and failures, values, ... Lauren Flynn...

...examine three things: Aligning the NGS result to a reference sequence to confirm backbone elements.   Confirming...deposited plasmids is to align the NGS result to a reference sequence like a known backbone sequence. We’re...through BLAST or by direct alignment to an NCBI reference sequence or a sequence provided by the depositor...synthesized regions that have no publicly available reference sequence or plasmids containing genes with many...the depositing laboratory confirms that these differences are expected and do not affect plasmid function...challenging to QC by NGS as they are often quite different from one library to another. They also differ ... Repository sometime soon. Stay posted!     References Guerin K, Rego M, Bourges D, Ersing I, Haery ...

...collaboration. The field already has comprehensive reference pages and curated databases for scientists including...discussion on the best strategies and protocols for different experiments.  In this blog post let's take a ...atlas of every C.elegans  neuron. Scientists are currently doing this using two approaches: single-cell RNA-sequencing... peer-reviewed and assigned a DOI that can be referenced. In addition the data published in microPublications...embryonic genes are individually depleted via RNA interference (RNAi). Scientists monitor the effects of RNAi...RNAi using four-dimensional contrast interference (DIC) microscopy and computer imaging processing. The... back frequently for what’s new and popular! References Hammarlund, Marc, et al. "The CeNGEN Project:...

...library protocols you can use as a reference. Table 1: Examples of Different Pooled Libraries at Addgene.  ... plasmids in your library (Are the inserts of different sizes?), and the desired coverage for the library...library amplification protocol. Created with BioRender.com.   The most important factor to consider...For this reason, if your library has inserts of different sizes (such as a transcription factor overexpression...your growth time (e.g., 16-18 hours). Finding reference protocols There are many decisions to make when...pDNA Library Amplification protocol are useful references. Skim through our Pooled Library page to find...“one-size-fits-all” protocol! Each library is different, and you should always experimentally test the...

... Snapgene and Geneious software. References and resources References Chadeuf G, Ciron C, Moullier P, Salvetti...sequencing reads (~150 bp each) are aligned to the reference sequence of the plasmid used to create the viral...more than 90% of the reads should align to this reference sequence. Second, we perform a megaBLAST search...search on all the reads that did not map to the reference sequence. The resulting list of hits is then carefully...reads into longer DNA contigs without using a reference sequence. The five contigs with the most total...Harten DeMaio K, Sanders E, Tasissa M, Kostman M, Tillgren M, Makana Hanley L, Mueller I, Mitsopoulos A, ... Karen Guerin...

... are composed of many different gRNA-containing plasmids, each with a different genomic target. The goal...1.  What species are your cells derived from? Currently, Addgene carries CRISPR libraries that target ...genome, or a specific class of genes? Addgene currently carries several genome-wide CRISPR libraries and...cell or set of cells containing a mutation in a different gene. Libraries may be available in a 1-plasmid...multiple replicates and several cell types can strengthen your results. Enrichment or depletion of multiple... out our CRISPR Plasmids and Resources Page. References McDade JR, Waxmonsky NC, Swanson LE, Fan M (2016... for Using Pooled Lentiviral CRISPR Libraries. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 115: . https://doi.org...

...created with the same backbone but that contain different inserts. When you design primers to anneal outside...primer pair to screen for the presence of many different inserts. The downside: this type of primer does... The type of primers you use depends on your preferences. Either way, make sure to test your colony PCR...a standard PCR thermocycling program. One key difference is the plasmid DNA must be released from the ...and without an insert. These controls are quick references you can use when you run your PCR products out... an appropriate molecular weight standard for reference and to add a loading dye with glycerol to your...products have any mutations.  There are lots of different cloning strategies, but regardless of which is...

...the integrity of different targets and labels. You may want to check out a few different protocols to look...you’ve been looking for too!     References and resources References Bertiaux E, Balestra AC, Bournonville... two points within ~250 nm of each other. For reference, individual presynaptic terminals, which are jam...optically magnify quite so much. Created with biorender.com Steps 2-4 are not found in standard IHC/ICC...traditional full IgG secondaries, can improve signal strength (Sherry and Stiles, 2022). Fourth, signal continuity...2020). Plus, it’s been demonstrated to work in different model systems, paired with SRM techniques, and...

...social life and rest. I need it just as much in my current role as Customer Support and Operations Manager...and projects. It is crucial to identify these strengths within yourself, and to demonstrate them to the...collaboration and fail to identify it as a personal strength until it is identified by another person. Similar...situations where you can learn more about possible strengths and weaknesses, and view everything as a learning...naturally to you. How is this new opportunity much different? Might you already have leadership skills that...solution to the person over email. Examine your current and past job descriptions. Scan through all the...piece of paper and list all the skills that your current or past job requires day-to-day, and you’ll get...

...be translated to other lines. Differences in the physiology of different cell types, however, can make...not only between serum from different manufacturers but also between different lots of serum from the same...concentrated dilutions you will be able to overcome differences in receptor expression. It's all in the mix Even...typically employ the positively charged polycation, polybrene. Interestingly, one study found that alternative...Virus? Check out Addgene's New Viral Service! References 1. Hay, R.J., Macy, M.L. & Chen, T.R. “Mycoplasma...tropism of lentiviral vectors through pseudotyping.” Current Gene Therapy 5.4 (2005). 387-98. Pubmed PMID: 16101513...

..., many plasmids were available, but they often weren’t easily accessible, due to a wide range of logistical...world. This idea, that available and accessible weren’t always the same thing, shaped both Addgene’s founding...distributor for that country. In China, direct shipments weren’t able to clear import control. Partnering with a...form of problem-solving. When universal solutions aren’t enough to ensure accessibility, partnering with...particular topic into beautifully designed and easy-to-reference eBooks. Figure 3: Global readership of the Addgene...which received over two million views from 119 different countries (Figure 4). Four of the five most popular...researchers who use them. The best part of any conference is scientists, from techs to grad students to...

...shared ownership. Go check it out! References and Resources References Radtke, A. J., Chu, C. J., Yaniv,...mean highly multiplexed: you can image over 65 different parameters using this method (see Movie S8 from...for spatial biology enthusiasts. This dataset currently includes 1049 community-validated reagents from...fluorescent probes, representing imaging from 47 different tissues. Researchers upload and share both their...resources .csv file for easy filtering and sorting. Reference images can be viewed by clicking on the links ...data, more discussion, and more functionality. Transparency, both in what works and in what doesn’t, and...

...however different proteins will likely achieve different levels of incorporation due to differences in stability... further technical reference and protocols for use of this system, please reference ‘Rinehart Lab reagents...tools such as phosphospecific antibodies, which aren’t available for the majority of documented phosphorylation... length of induction, which will vary between different proteins. Beyond these standard considerations...mitochondrion. You can follow her on Twitter @nieminm.   References 1. Cohen, Philip. "The origins of protein phosphorylation...

...of interest supports a variety of processes in different cell types. One great way to do this is to use...model for optogenetic studies since they are transparent and the developing embryo is accessible for injection...SuperPLD module is optogenetically recruited by different CIB constructs to the plasma membrane or lysosomes...future updates to the collection! Resources and references Additional resources on the Addgene blog Viral....org Optogenetics Guide Optogenetics Plasmids References Aljiboury, A. A., Ingram, E., Krishnan, N., Ononiwu...precise control over vascular endothelial barrier strength. eLife, 12, RP84364. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife...optogenetic tool for localized, microtubule disassembly. Current Biology, 32(21), 4660-4674.e6. https://doi.org/...

...works well to generate libraries, they all have inherent shortcomings compared to one pot saturation mutagenesis... and scalability (see Supplementary Table 1 of Wrenbeck et al). It uses a uracil labeled wild-type ssDNA... saturation mutagenesis technique described in Wrenbeck et al is a PCR-based approach for generating a...264 basepairs, was the maximum length tested by Wrenbeck et al but it’s likely that longer stretches of...of positive clones. See Supplementary Note 1 in Wrenbeck et al for details on how nicking was optimized...mutagenesis? How would you use it in your research? References 1. Natarajan, Chandrasekhar, et al. "Epistasis...Protocols, pg. 103-109. PubMed PMID: 20676978. 3. Wrenbeck, Emily E., Justin R. Klesmith, James A. Stapleton...