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TypeBlog Post..., R., Weinstock, G., Metzker, M. et al. Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian...organism in microbiology and biochemistry. Certain strains have been specifically developed to thrive in laboratory...extensive research history and characterization. Many proteins and processes naturally found in E. coli have ...amphibians in science with early research providing insight into some of the most significant and fundamental...), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.1159/000323761 Modlinska, K., & Pisula, W. (2020). The Norway rat, from...
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The Fluorescent Vegetables in Aptamer Soup
TypeBlog Post...unstable in vivo due to poor folding and thermal instability at 37°C (Ouellet et al., 2016) and requires a...riboswitch, metabolite binding to the riboswitch instead activates Spinach fluorescence. In the search for...identified the nucleotides that contribute to the instability of Spinach, and were able to develop an aptamer...Spinach, a miniaturized version of Spinach that retains similar levels of fluorescence when bound to DFHBI... cell imaging. Bunch of baby spinach, or BoBS, contains tandem repeats of Baby Spinach. It was developed... Aliyah Weinstein... -
New Optogenetic Tools for Cytoskeleton and Membrane Control
TypeBlog Post...to reveal even more insights. Super-duper lipid editor And if recruiting proteins to the cell membrane...photoswitchable elements into many other types of proteins. Here, we’ll highlight a few recently-deposited...et al., 2022). Stopping traffic with CIB1-Rabs Instead of using an optogenetic module to activate or recruit...such a strategy to dissect the roles of three Rab proteins during a key stage of zebrafish development (Aljiboury...(Aljiboury et al., 2023). Rab family proteins support vesicle trafficking and organelle dynamics, but ... -
Site Directed Mutagenesis by PCR
TypeBlog Post...reporter constructs), in functional analysis of proteins (to perform alanine scanning mutagenesis or targeted...should be resistant to Cas9 cleavage. If a plasmid contains the template, site-directed mutagenesis can be...which is dam+). Methylation deficient bacterial strains can be identified by the dam13(-) mutation – you...you’ll want to steer clear of these strains when preparing the plasmid template for site directed mutagenesis...functional regions of the plasmid including the insert. This is essential since mutations are potentially...PubMed PMID: 2448875. 4. Xia, Yongzhen, et al. "New insights into the QuikChangeTM process guide the use of... -
Evolution of Lab Techniques
TypeBlog Post...whether you are perusing classic papers or are brainstorming new technological innovations. Let’s take a ...blotting to screen founder transgenic animals for the inserted transgene because Southern blots have a lower ...digests. A researcher can test the orientation of an insert in only a few hours at low cost with restriction...do not typically rely on Sanger sequencing but instead use methods like pyrosequencing that are parallelized...techniques we use now may soon become obsolete. For instance, the popular genome-engineering tool, CRISPR, ...mouse lines, such as BAC transgenic or traditional knockins/knockouts, a thing of the past. In the sequencing... -
Ghanaian Researchers to Receive Plasmid Awards from Addgene and Seeding Labs
TypeBlog Post...bioinformatic and proteomic tools to discover genes and proteins associated with pathogenesis. In his future work... T7 polymerase, EcoRI, and various fluorescent proteins. Dr. Duedu’s plans for these plasmids have a heavy...PCR. We hope these plasmids will help Dr. Duedu inspire new Ghanaian scientists to continue to do excellent...have received equipment through Seeding Labs’ Instrumental Access program. We are excited to discover what...Apply to Recieve Equipment through Seeding Labs' Instrumental Access Program Additional Resources on the ... -
A Scientist's Guide to Ebola
TypeBlog Post...does all of its damage with just seven structural proteins. But, as NPR explained, it’s not the virus itself... critical for viral attachment and fusion. Once inside a host cell, new evidence in PLoS Pathogens shows...shows that the Ebola virus glycoprotein remains essential in allowing those infected cells to go undetected...in a novel way, by shielding host cell surface proteins. Researchers at the University of Virginia School...California, Santa Cruz, offers sequence data on five strains of Ebola representing the latest outbreak and earlier... -
How Exercise Purges Stress and Keeps Depression at Bay
TypeBlog Post...researchers led by Dr. Jorge Ruas of the Karolinska Institutet, the discovery really wasn’t what they’d...those mild stressors as usual, but somehow their brains were protected. Effects of Activation of the PGC... Moon and Henriette van Praag of the National Institute on Aging in a commentary about the new work published...explore. “It will be important to identify the key proteins and metabolites that are dynamically secreted ... -
CRISPR 101: Epigenetics and Editing the Epigenome
TypeBlog Post...covalent modifications to DNA or histones, the proteins that help package DNA, were associated with gene...With the help of guide RNAs, fusions between Cas proteins and the epigenetic modifier could be targeted ...cytosine demethylation of DNA. However, several proteins in the DNA oxidation and repair pathways work ...of the larger pMVP/pMAGIC cloning system, which contains Cas9 fusions for several epigenetic modifiers,...Sander JD, Reyon D, Bernstein BE, Costello JF, Wilkinson MF, Joung JK (2013) Targeted DNA demethylation...endogenous genes using programmable TALE-TET1 fusion proteins. Nature Biotechnology 31:1137–1142 . https://doi.org... -
CRISPR-Cas14: a family of small DNA-targeting enzymes enabling high-fidelity SNP genotyping
TypeBlog Post...immune systems that provide bacteria protection against infectious agents. Several enzymes behind this ... from the Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute for uncharacterized genes that were proximal to...40-70 kDa), which is half the size of other Cas proteins found in the so-called class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems... of the larger and more complex Cas9 and Cas12 proteins. Cas14 cleaves ssDNA But what is the function ...providing a gRNA specific of a viral sequences, for instance, the enzymes are activated and can cleave fluorescent... -
SpyLigase Irreversibly Locks Peptides Together for Efficient Cell Capture
TypeBlog Post...for this tool? Howarth: Polyproteins are useful for mechanical study of proteins by atomic force microscopy...SpyLigase can be used to link affibodies or antibodies against common tumor markers to subsequently capture cancerous...SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, to be able to grab on to proteins irreversibly in a genetically encoded way. SpyTag... bacteria have this chemistry in their surface proteins. It is best studied in the pili that they use ... -
Lentiviral CRISPR Libraries Enable Genome-Scale, Knockout Screening
TypeBlog Post...pooled libraries include enrichment against kinases, cell cycle proteins, and more. “In the past, genome... really not possible before,” said the Broad Institute's Ophir Shalem. “Whole regions of the genome which...delivery vehicle, Neville Sanjana, also of the Broad Institute, said they were able to produce a very diverse... of one of the Science papers, told the Broad Institute. “This will greatly aid efforts to understand ... -
Important Considerations When Using AAVs
TypeBlog Post...when using them. There are suspected cases of insertional mutagenesis in humans (1) and AAVs are non-enveloped... in the tissue/what cell type? In the CNS, for instance, there are marked differences among serotypes ... second strand synthesis before gene expression begins. ScAAV avoid this rate limiting step and can immediately...complexes to study neural function. Often the reporter proteins associated with these complexes are so robustly...References 1. Russell, David W. "AAV vectors, insertional mutagenesis, and cancer." Molecular Therapy 15.10...vectors: packaging capacity and the role of rep proteins in vector purity." Human gene therapy 18.2 (2007... -
Tips for a 1st Time CRISPR User (by a 1st Time CRISPR User)
TypeBlog Post...image. You could probably also do Western blotting against GFP expression, but I didn’t. 2. In the original...data not shown). Pro-Tips: 1.Designing primers against genomic DNA to amplify the gRNA targets was challenging...digestion products (that would co-migrate on a gel) instead of two different sized digestion products (which...make a figure with the data). Using acrylamide instead of agarose gives much sharper bands. I compared...you are analyzing short DNA fragments, run PAGE instead of agarose to get sharper bands. Conclusion Overall...C, Vogelstein B, Bunz F. Genetic knockouts and knockins in human somatic cells. Nature Protocols 2007;... -
Plasmids 101: Walkthrough of Addgene’s Snapgene-Powered Quality Control Process
TypeBlog Post... selectable markers, tags, origins of replication, and fluorescent proteins that are already included ...backbone sequences, and any known sequences for the insert. The Snapgene desktop software allows us to quickly...using the Snapgene desktop software. If a plasmid contains a region with a high amount of guanine and cytosine...digest to confirm the size of the plasmid and the insert. By using the “Simulate agarose gel” option with... -
CASTing Off for New Shores in Human Genome Editing
TypeBlog Post...recruits transposition cofactors. The transposon proteins integrate a payload sequence into genomic DNA ... combines with a donor template and transposon proteins (Tns) to integrate large sequences into genomic...mutations in TnsB, the subunit that catalyzes DNA insertion, along with both evolved and engineered adjustments...editing with a site-specific recombinase to achieve insertion of long sequences. In their experiments, PASSIGE...S. H., & Liu, D. R. (2025). Programmable gene insertion in human cells with a laboratory-evolved CRISPR-associated... -
Antibodies 101: Fc Effector Functions
TypeBlog Post... antibodies drive an effective immune response against a pathogen. The Fc domain creates a link between...expressing Fcγ receptors binds to IgG and release cytotoxins that kill the target cell. If the pathogen is...and eosinophils, where the eosinophils release cytotoxins via degranulation. Antibody-dependent cellular... functions and all that antibodies can do! For instance, some Fc receptors, once bound to an antibody,...Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytotoxicity against tumor targets. Nat Med. 2000 Apr;6(4):443-6. doi... -
Plasmids 101: Antibiotic Resistance Genes
TypeBlog Post...this post we'll focus primarily on antibiotics against Gram negative bacteria. In future posts, we'll ...bacteria, and general working concentrations. For instructions on how to prepare antibiotic stocks, see Addgene's... as a marker for successful cloning. In these instances, the cloning vector typically has two separate...that are only resistant to the antibiotic that remains intact. Tips and tricks from the bench Use fresh...Tetracycline is used. Keep in mind that some E. coli strains have natural antibiotic resistances, so make sure... -
Tetbow: Bright Multicolor Labeling for Neuronal Tracing
TypeBlog Post...stochastic and combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins is only possible at low copy number ranges, resulting...2018) (Figure 1). Once introduced, fluorescent proteins were best imaged after tissue clearing with SeeDB2...expression levels. Clearing large tissues - Fluorescent proteins are very stable in SeeDB2. However, SeeDB2 is ...strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system." Nature 450.7166 (2007)...labeling of neuronal circuits with fluorescent proteins and chemical tags." eLife 7 (2018): e40350. PubMed... -
Hot Plasmids and Viral Preps - September 2021
TypeBlog Post...-free system, capable of producing fluorescent proteins and enzymes. Image from Moore et al., 2021. ...through monitoring the expression of fluorescent proteins and oxytetracycline enzymes. Next, this system...libraries: Cas13X and Cas13Y, two compact Cas13 proteins found in the metagenome datasets from hypersaline...messenger-RBP sgRNA Library targets human mRNA binding proteins with 10 guide RNAs per gene. The lab modified ...also target core operons in other pneumococcal strains. The BARBEKO sgRNA library uses CRISPR cytosine...