...subpopulation of cells within the injection site of the viral vector, rather than in all cells. For example...2010 Molecular and cellular approaches for diversifying and extending optogenetics. Cell. 196:1-28. PMID ...and genetic engineering to measure and manipulate cells (frequently neurons) and their governing biomolecular...detect, measure, and control molecular signals and cells in order to understand their functions. Example ...wavelength, the pore opens, cations flow into the cell (yellow dots), and the neuron is activated. Optogenetics...which conducts the flow of ions into or out of the cell. Scientists have identified a variety of naturally...adding trafficking signals to localize opsins to the cell membrane. Microbial opsins, such as those described...