...quantity of your POI, but simply whether its concentration changes in response to experimental parameters...errors like uneven pipetting or irregular membrane transfer. Figure 1: A loading control is a type ...type of positive control necessary to demonstrate a POI’s absence. It also helps confirm that lanes are loaded.... No pipetter is perfect, and proteins may not transfer precisely evenly across the entire blot. So how... Figure 3: In a perfect world, protein concentration in your sample would directly correlate to protein... in the loading control are due to loading and transfer errors — not to any factors from before the proteins...you’ll need to conduct a control experiment to demonstrate that expression of your reference protein does...

...regulating its translatability." Science 343.6169 (2014): 419-422. PubMed PMID: 24458642. PubMed Central PMCID:... has recently published techniques to follow translation in living single cells. However, before CRISPR-Cas9...Both antibodies have a short antibody specific DNA strand added to them. Only if the proteins of interest...are in close proximity to each other can the DNA strands take part in rolling circle DNA amplification. ...When Eugenia is not by the microscope she likes to travel, discover new restaurants, go to concerts and bake...(2010): 897-905. PubMed PMID: 20543841. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2920597. 2. Nathans, Daniel. "Puromycin...(1964): 585-592. PubMed PMID: 14166766. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC300121. 3. Söderberg, Ola, et al. "Direct...

...Signal transduction pathways are a lot like cell phone networks. Protein kinases deliver messages to ..., and how long their signals last all impact transduction of the message. To study signaling pathways,... game of telephone, often the signal must be transmitted by intermediate messengers. Optical control of...prone to aggregation in cells compared to the tetrameric Dronpa it was derived from. What are photoswitchable...photoswitchable kinases.  Below are a few examples demonstrated in Zhou et al. 1. Testing kinase inhibitors ...signaling by using psMEK1 and an ERK kinase translocation reporter with a mRuby2 fluorescent reporter ...feedback loops are a common feature of signal transduction pathways, but are often hard to decipher because...

...expression of the transgene of interest. In our studies, mCherry interfered with the transport to the membrane...versatile method to identify the expression of transgenes of interest. Furthermore, fluorophore variants...between them, could affect the properties or trafficking of the fusion protein (Kimple et al., 2013). ...different tag fused to the hM4Di might improve the transport of this DREADD to the plasma membrane. The haemagglutinin... important influence on the expression of the transgene of interest and its localization in the membrane... (Kimple et al., 2013) could help improve the transport of protein of interest the membrane.   ...Figure 1: Electron microscope images showing ultrastructural localization of hM4Di in monkeys. The pre-embedding...

... efficacious to target the coding or non-coding strand of DNA. As a rule of thumb, we avoid target sites...for HDR, the choice of target site is far more constrained by the desired location of edit; efficiency decreases...HDR for introducing edits. The same locational constraints are even more exquisite for the so-called base..., 2020). is not limited to single nucleotide transitions but still requires a nearby PAM, although these... modulating gene expression at the level of transcription – CRISPRa (activation) and CRISPRi (inhibition...most-efficacious to target a ~100nt window upstream of the transcription start site (TSS), while for CRISPRi, a ~100nt...of producing the guide (synthetic, in vitro transcription, or lentiviral delivery) can affect the accuracy...

...dinucleotide and methyltetrahydrofolate, which are universally abundant. Second, induction of transcription occurs...of customizable DNA-binding domains based on transcription-activator-like effectors (TALEs) as anchors ... thaliana. The results are light-inducible transcriptional effectors (LITEs) designed to bind specific...target them to specific cell populations. They demonstrated use of the LITEs to control gene expression .... Genes under LITE control showed a rise in transcription in as little as 30 minutes after light stimulation...light dose and is fully reversible after light retraction. Finally, because light can be applied non-invasively...really flexible and modular,” Konermann said. “Transcriptional activators are easy to expand or combine with...

...Screening Kit Learn How the Clon Tracer Library Can Be Used in Cancer Lineage Tracing Resources on Addgene.org...each year. Despite these grim statistics, new strategies for attacking cancer are yielding promising results.... What is cancer, really? While cancer is extraordinarily complex at the molecular level, at the cellular...threat, cancerous cells still need to successfully infiltrate the circulatory or lymph systems to spread, or...model When mutations do arise and cancer ensues, traditional chemotherapies have taken advantage of the universally-dividing...University in Nashville, Tennessee has already demonstrated that a number of novel small molecules can bind...lines. Further, for each plasmid in the kit, the transcript most commonly found across all TCGA tumor samples...

...efficiencies, we could train our prediction model PRIDICT (Mathis & Allam et al., 2023). We trained our models in..., and deletions) without introducing DNA double-strand breaks (Anzalone et al., 2019; Chen & Liu, 2023...typically a Cas9 H840A nickase fused to a reverse transcriptase) together with a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA...containing a primer binding site and a reverse transcription template (RTT). The design of the pegRNA has...learning-wizard colleague Ahmed Allam. Continued training led to the recent development of PRIDICT2.0 (Mathis...al., 2024). The additional datasets used in the training of PRIDICT2.0 make this model more suited for ...nicking gRNAs (used for PE3 and PE5 prime editing strategies) based on a DeepSpCas9 score ranking (Kim et ...

...in an organism, including the embryonic and extraembryonic cell types. In mammalian development, cells...during ESC isolation. Low Chances of post-transplantation rejection when used therapeutically High Low...similar functional utility, iPSCs bypass the transplantation compatibility issues and ethical concerns of... used therapeutically, the chances of post-transplantation rejection are low. Further, as iPSC generation...somatic cell type to another, also known as transdifferentiation.   Many thanks to our guest blogger, Kusumika...and publishing after completing her postdoctoral training from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard...Beckmann, and W. Wurfel, Non-embryo-destructive Extraction of Pluripotent Embryonic Stem Cells: Implications...

...provided with a detailed training schedule that helped me transition easily. Training and responsibilities... was not as scary as it seemed. The transition into a traditional work environment was aided by the efforts...come without worry, as I had never worked the traditional “9-5” job. Prior to this, the only work experience...responsibilities Through this training, I was gradually introduced to Addgene as a company and given more details on...on what my position entailed. The official training process was lined out to span the first three months... what I was to do for my time at Addgene. This training prepared me for the independent work on the QC...concern to the plasmid function. The steps of the training process gave me enough time to become familiar...

...more “tractable” problems.  We must better define the postdoc (and even the grad student) trainee experience...such as new training programs (like at the Keck Graduate Institute), funding for training (such as the...speaking out and writing about issues in our science training infrastructure for some years.  He spoke eloquently... to choose institutions with allies engaged in training excellence to begin effecting change.  Panelists...Medical School, titled her presentation “How to Train Your PI”.   She focused her talk on the issues involved...advisors only know about academia and alternate training needs to be provided to take advantage of all ...journals.  He pushed for drastic change in the way we train scientists to start addressing this problem.  Finally...

...number of challenges ranging from long periods of training to limited job opportunities in academia - the...the main reason most people enter postdoctoral training. Similarly, there are several factors to consider...about how to get the most out of your postdoctoral training experience. If you're going to commit to doing...mentor is not always available for mentees due to travel, teaching, grant writing, etc. Also, it is unlikely...mentors. I found this beneficial for my projects, my training, and when I went on the job market. Additional... or that a reagent has not been convincingly demonstrated to work for your specific assay. "Quick and ...to replicate. Plan experiments logically and strategically to increase your rate of productive results ...

...use of antibiotic resistance DNA plasmids are traditionally grown in bacteria as a way to produce more of...in a plasmid. During the propagation and/or transformation process, some bacteria will either never receive... is nifty because the recovery period after transformation (the dreaded 60 minutes shaking at 37 degrees... available, cost-effective, timesaving for transformations. Cons: Prone to satellite colony formation ..., interchangeable with Amp, timesaving for transformations. Con: Expensive.   Kanamycin Kanamycin, or...selection gene. However, it does require a slower transformation recovery period than amp or carb (60 minutes...confers mammalian resistance to G418. Con: Slow transformation   Spectinomycin/streptomycin Spectinomycin...

...disproportionately large number of honorees to have trained under a previous laureate (Zuckerman, 1977; Ma ...more than just technical knowledge, shaping their trainees’ very way of thinking too. Albert Einstein might... . . is not the learning of many facts but the training of the mind to think something that cannot be ...). But is it possible to bring the kinds of transformative educational experiences afforded to those fortunate...apprentice with top scientists to larger groups of trainees at an earlier point in their careers? A CURE ... to identify regions of MDH that interact with citrate synthase and presented their findings at the American... actively involved in the learning process. As trainees become more comfortable with the open-ended nature...

...the possibility of directional gene transfer, analogous to traditional restriction enzyme cloning. Sticky-end...and requires only one RNA rather than the two (tracrRNA and crRNA) needed by Cas9 for cleavage. In certain... Cas9’s shortcomings - namely its blunt double stranded cleavage and G-rich PAM requirement. Zetsche et...target. Cpf1 also does not require an additional tracrRNA. Once they had determined the minimal elements...Sticky-end mediated gene transfer would be particularly helpful for targeting non-dividing cells, which are...favored by SpCas9. Since Cpf1 doesn’t require a tracrRNA, crRNA guides are only ~42 nt long. Direct synthesis...significantly cheaper than that of the ~100 nt crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid guides needed for Cas9 function. Since ...

...proteins needed for the virus to replicate,  and the transfer plasmid which contains the viral genome. In today...and cap are expressed from a separate plasmid in trans, freeing up space in the viral genome so that a ...Replication initiates from the AAV genome ITRs on the transfer plasmid, which contain regions of dsDNA. To generate...its endonuclease activity to generates a ssDNA substrate which is then nicked by its endonuclease domain...capsid. Rep proteins are also involved in the transcriptional regulation of the AAV p40 promoter which drives...into a capsid other than AAV2. This production strategy is called cross-packaging.  Capsid (cap) gene ...promoter. Alternative splicing and differing translational start sites generate the three VP proteins. ...

...difference. Traces The Traces tab shows the edited and control, non-edited Sanger traces in the region...as determined by comparing the edited trace to the control trace. In the ICE algorithm, potential editing...the targeted gene.   Analyze Complex Edits   Traditional Sanger sequencing-based analysis tools are unable...and Sanger sequenced. ICE compares these sequence traces to give a detailed analysis of CRISPR editing. ...result from single or multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 double-strand DNA breaks using SpCas9. More features will be ...three tabs - Contributions, Indel Distribution and Traces - provides particular details about the indel profile...the reference sequence derived from the control trace file. On the plot, the green (edited sample) and...

... to the administration of postdocs, often at a departmental level rather than being centrally administered...research in the U.S. and postdoctoral training has not been demonstrated to be required for the jobs that ...scientists are paid above this threshold or for tracking the hours that these scientists work and paying...across academia). Increased postdoc wages, overtime tracking? What are institutions doing? Institutions are...exactly how postdoctoral salaries are changing. Transparent salary information for postdoctoral positions...their salary raised 101% if hours are not to be tracked. University of Buffalo and Ohio State both have...exemption level. Not only is this in direct contradiction to explicit policies set up other institutions...

... protein of interest, such as a sample transiently transfected or stably infected with the protein of ...downregulated, examine a protein’s stability or post-translational modifications, or study how a target protein... two ways. Both methods utilize the same basic strategy: immobilize the antibody or antibody-target protein... two different approaches allow for optimized strategies for differing amounts of target proteins or antibody...strengths.    . Steps of an IP: 1) Protein extracts from cells or tissues contain a complex mix of... needed. Since many factors, including salt concentration, ionic strength and pH, affect binding the lysis...antibody and is immobilized. The ideal antibody concentration to use will vary between capture antibodies ...

...abscessus is first transformed with Cas9 on an integrative plasmid containing tetracycline repressor TetR ...resistance selection marker KanR. This strain is then transformed with the sgRNA cassette on a plasmid ...luminescent reaction with the substrate furimazine. Right: Demonstration of PILATeS. Cell adhesion to ...multiple myeloma drug mezigdomide and ubiquitination substrate Ikaros (IKZF1ZF2) (B). Image adapted from Kroupova...9% of colonies (102 to 104 times higher than traditional homologous recombination methods). By using mCherry... mCherry for selection of sgRNA plasmid transformants, they avoid M. abscessus’ high rate of spontaneous...workflow in M. abscessus. A) Sth1Cas9 mediates double strand break at the target site, which results in either...