...contain miRNA (micro RNA) and other molecules that can be transferred to other cells, inducing epigenetic...them, making it even harder to cure cancer. To understand how cancer cells influence microenvironments ...and vice versa, let’s take a look at cancer cell metabolism. Cancer cells promote oxidative stress leading...comes to breast cancer, Hoshinho and colleagues found that after injecting breast cancer cells into mice...characterization of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer." Cancer cell 6.1 (2004): 17-32. PubMed PMID: 15261139...and poor clinical outcome in human breast cancers." The American journal of pathology 174.6 (2009): 2023...the Addgene blog Read our cancer related blog posts Learn about our cancer collection pages Read more...

...will know just how tricky these tools can be to use. AAVs, which can target different cell types depending...vectors from the Addgene repository can save researchers significant time and removes a variable from the... challenging. Their efficacy in any given system can be affected by any number of factors, including the...the sharing of that exact data. Here, requestors can upload their experimental data in a standardized ...systems. Browsing the Data Hub before selecting an AAV can help a researcher make a more informed choice on ...continue to do so, in the hopes that these findings can help others as much as they've helped us.  Interested...trends in our own repository data, giving us significant insight into which vectors are likely to be of...

... should have a good mixture of useful tasks that can be accomplished quickly and things that will take...of each day on it. The other half of each day you can spend accomplishing small tasks (like... preparing... easy, but actually doing it in a productive way can be quite difficult. In my experience, planning has... write everything in a Word or google doc that I can comment and make notes on as I progress. I’ve also... their to-do lists at the end of the day so they can jump straight into tasks the next day. If you work...prioritizing and planning in the world, procrastination can easily prevent you from making progress on a task...procrastination recommends testing out how much time you can possibly handle doing a particularly annoying task...

... sheer scale of a large conference can be intimidating. And it can be exacerbated when everyone seems ...different evolutionary lineages share genes that can improve chances of survival for an individual, and...scientists. The connection between mentors and Singletons can accelerate the networking timetable for the Singletons...groups. Through such mentoring programs, scientists can build and expand their networks and further their...career development, and the scientific community can improve the diversity and culture of science. We ...Binning Singletons to be another tool conferences can use to foster a culture that brings more value to...the Society for Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science’s (SACNAS) annual conference...

...virus and help determine the types of cells that it can infect. The VSV-G envelope is widely used and requested...types of cells. This means researchers who use VSV-G can deliver their genes of interest to a variety of cells...producing our ready-to-use lentivirus preps. You can find our lentivirus production protocol on our website...

...above can be made for expressing your favorite T-cell receptor, or perhaps any other tool that can benefit...articles. Think we missed something smokin'? You can pitch a Hot Plasmids section (antibodies and viral...different epitopes on GFP Monoclonal antibodies can yield relatively low signal in immunoassays due to... Fixation, chemical staining, and light exposure can negatively affect FPs during these processes. The...with 90-99% knockdown efficiency across the 11 candidate transcript targets analyzed. CRISPR-Csm presents...

...country. How you can get involved with BioBuilder Details for joining BioBuilder’s programs can be found on.... “I want to learn more about Synthetic Biology. Can you tell me where to start?” is a question more and...transforms them into modules that students and teachers can investigate together. Teachers decide which BioBuilder.... Next it’s off to the lab, where student groups can work with one of five BioBuilder kits — which include...

...genetic drift, scientists can freeze hybridoma cells before culturing or they can clone the genes from the...When you are originally selecting a hybridoma, you can choose one that produces high-affinity/high-avidity...time as the hybridoma cells divide. These changes can alter the antibody that is actually produced by the...antibodies produced by the hybridoma. Any genetic drive can be identified by sequencing the heavy and light chains...myeloma cells and antibody-producing B cells that cannot replicate, meaning that only hybridomas will survive...you’ll get a false negative signal - the antibody can’t recognize the protein even though it is present ...

...work will have in the world is the value that you can succeed in communicating. Even the most rigorous,...measured should change established theory. So, what can you do to ensure that your skills in science communication...great science communication comes with practice. You can bootstrap your science communication skills with ...attention and support to work in their field. It can be hugely beneficial to pose these why questions ...workshop.  Our 2018 workshop took place in Boston - you can revisit the activities of our attendees there online...novel scientific research will be wasted if you cannot convince others that it is important and relevant...in science communication from across the US and Canada convene at ComSciCon's annual flagship workshop...

...packages of 10…)  If you missed the webinar, you can watch the presentation and Q&A session on our YouTube.... Differences in sample treatment across methods can affect reported titer by either method so to ensure...any liver specific capsid, particularly one that can target the epithelial cells in the blood-brain barrier...thoughts?  A: The question refers to this paper. AAV can be safely concentrated to ~1x1014 vg/ml.. As evident...for paper.)    Q12: Is there any AAV serotype that can be used in Drosophila? A: Not to our knowledge. Disease...

...also not suitable for spatially limited studies and can fluctuate with changing culture conditions. The use...of these problems; inexpensive tools such as LEDs can be engineered to deliver precise, consistent, and...Complicated patterns of light intensity and wavelength can be used to study dynamic processes. Conversely, varied... TCS activated by green light; these two systems can be coexpressed for sophisticated control of gene ...dynamic range of these systems ensures that they can be used with many types of proteins, including Cas9...

...look like... when it looks good, that’s a high that can last for several days.” Working with CRISPR Recently... genes are involved in biological process X, you can do with CRISPR technology...” and “with CRISPR, just...specific edits to the genome. Such characterization can be done in a low throughput way now, but Doench says...screening) such that thousands of individual edits can be studied quickly. Involvement with Addgene Although...] success and your success moving forward.” You can give Dr. Doench your own welcome in the comments ...worked on using RNAi screens to learn more about cancer biology in Ed Harlow’s group at Harvard Medical...

...techniques. If you are interested in reading more, you can find the rest of the Plasmids 101 posts here. Now...covered antibiotic selection here at Plasmids 101, we can talk about an even more specific method of screening...expression). When expressed, the β-galactosidase enzyme can break down a dye-linked substrate called x-gal (5...small fragment is inserted in-frame, read-through can lead to a functional β-galactosidase enzyme and a...take up the α-complementation plasmid. This way you can quickly and easily identify colonies that not only...-white screening is a good way to narrow down candidates for more specific analysis, like PCR or restriction...substrate in defined medium, without which the cells cannot reproduce to form colonies (used to complement ...

... Choosing a lab can be a major decision. A science trainee will spend 4-7 years working for one person...not be the driving factor. The following questions can serve as a guide for the quest of a perfect "fit"...this is one case where the topic of your research can make your transition easier – choose a lab that works...goal is to spend as much time in the "zone" as you can. You know you are in the zone when you lose track...always be in the zone, but even brief stays there can make all the difference. Choose a lab that brings...does one stand out amongst a pool of successful applicants and get chosen to work in his or her lab of choice...also includes a useful list of questions for a candidate to ask lab heads, lab members and lab neighbors...

...plasmids do not naturally exist in mammals, scientists can still reap the benefits of plasmid-based research...is fairly straightforward and the resultant cells can either express the plasmid DNA transiently (similar... to the cell, is expressed from the plasmid, and can be assayed conveniently. A direct test for your gene...selection; however, negative selection techniques can be used in conjunction with positive selection to...for mammalian expression – instead use G418. This can be confusing since the neo/kan gene confers G418 ...

...to avoid handling embryos ex vivo, the components can be electroporated into the oviduct of pregnant females...Delivery, or GONAD (Gurumurty et al., 2016). AAV can also be used as a vector to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 either...Alternatively, the gRNA, Cas9, and donor oligonucleotide can be electroporated into the mouse zygote (Qin et al...mechanisms rush in to repair the damage. If all they can do is stitch the two broken ends together through... an oligonucleotide or plasmid), precise changes can be made in the genome via the homology directed repair...from the fact that CRISPR is so efficient that you can inject the reagents directly into fertilized mouse...compared to more conventional methods. First, one can work with almost any strains of mice, as compared...

...protocol can easily be adapted for other types of proteins.    If this video is helpful, you can find our...

...specific type of neuron in a specific brain region can result in a particular neurotransmitter release or...tools required for each one? Behavioral Optogenetics can be broken down broadly into three main steps: 1)...about the many different opsin variants and how they can be used is to consult the many primary research papers...neuronal subtype. However, the length of promoter that can be used in an AAV construct is limited to only a ... stereotaxic surgery (stereotaxic surgery videos can be found on youtube [above] and jove). Delivery of...frame with a digital readout. The advantage is you can “zero” your coordinates at bregma which allows you...protocols on stereotaxic surgeries for viral injections can be found here [5, 6]. Opsin transgenic mice Transgenic...

...and the mice. While not an exhaustive list, these can include what’s being injected, the type of experiment... and restraint method. Many different substances can be injected, including cells, drugs, DNA, viral vectors...to these as “tail vein injections.” However, they can also be given retro-orbitally, behind the eye. IV...technique, as it requires intubation of the mice, which can be tricky given their small size. This technique ...nose, they also pass through the upper airways and can target the airways before the lungs. This is most...tears or punctures to the throat. The feeding tube can be flexible or metal, depending on researcher preferences...

...undomesticated which limits the tools scientists can use to study them. For example, gene knockdown with...into diverse bacteria species. Existing protocols can transfer CRISPRi into a single bacterial strain, ...selection markers, gRNAs, and dCas9 proteins. Second, it can be introduced into a broader range of bacteria. Once...ICEBs1 carries the genes needed for conjugation, but can also carry cargo genes, like Mobile-CRISPRi. The ...understanding the basic biology of bacteria, Mobile-CRISPRi can be used to identify antibiotic resistance genes. .... Key takeaways of Mobile-CRISPRi Mobile-CRISPRi can be used in non-model bacteria species where its modular...PMC6424567. Peters, Joseph E. "Tn7." Mobile DNA III. American Society of Microbiology, 2015. 647-667. PubMed...