...2017. 1. Among scientists, historians have the most Twitter users. Biologists rank #8. Figure 1: Highly...that these results could be biased for two reasons: 1) they are based on the US Occupational Employment ...female to male = 0.629 (the closer this ratio is to 1, the closer males and females are to parity - the ... authorship in the United States (0.428). 4. The #1 (re)tweeted domain by scientists was Instagram Social...links to research that isn’t behind paywalls. 5. The #1 (re)tweeted science domain by scientists was Nature...Discipline. Biologists, neuroscientists, and ecologists (orange box) post tweets containing scientific domains ...network of life (green), physical (blue) and social (orange)  scientists largely cluster by discipline, suggesting...

...assembly. Journal of biological engineering. 2010;4(1):1. Pubmed PMID: 20205762. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2822740...with minimal spectral overlap between them (Table 1). In each construct, 3 copies of the fluorescent protein... enabled labeling of particular structures (Table 1). Each construct was flanked with a CMV promoter (...construct was then introduced to HeLa cells (Figure 1). The resulting HeLa cells show robust labeling, with...fluorophore at the respective subcellular structure (Figure 1). Here, MXS Chaining gave researchers the ability ... all four constructs into one 15 kb insert. Table 1: MXS Constructs for Labeling Cellular Structures ...maxima Tethering partner Subcellular localization 1 TagBFP 399nm/ 456nm histone 2B (H2B) Chromatin 2...

...was around 33% of that observed between Jan. 1 and Mar. 1, 2020. Figure 2: A simple approximation...paper. Green and red lines depict the sum of mean +1 and -1 std for each paper, respectively. The fitted...complication in the China data – there is a period of 1 month, from 1/22/20–2/23/20, where there were zero plasmid... from 5/22/14 to 5/19/20). Each paper has between 1–32 plasmids and a total of 2–2,590 requests. We received...correspond to publications of popular papers. Figure 1: Plasmid requests by date. Parentheses depict the ...China. However, it is evident that if we believe that 1/22/20–2/23/20 are the more accurate dates of lockdown...cases being reported (right, red), likely due to quarantining {% video_player "embed_player" overrideable...

...endogenous gene expression (2). Our paper (1) explains how to arrange attB-attP pairs on a register to record...recombinase-based state machines in living cells” (1), into a more straight-forward, concise explanation...an RSM is to sequence the register. In our paper (1), we allowed individual bacterial cells to form colonies...in the Materials and Methods section of our paper (1). Lastly, it is possible to build gene regulatory ... not. How might one implement RSMs? In our study (1), we implement RSMs in E. coli with two plasmids (...performance data from the indicated figures in our paper (1)) Input Plasmid Output Plasmid Fig. 3A pNR64 pNR160...in the Material and methods section of our paper (1). How might one troubleshoot GSRMs that don't work...

...doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1591-1 Cox DBT, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Franklin B, Kellner MJ, Joung J, Zhang... 556:57–63 . https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26155 Ran FA, Cong L, Yan WX, Scott DA, Gootenberg JS, Kriz... modify any desired genomic target provided that (1) the sequence is unique compared to the rest of the...will cover three ways to circumvent this limitation: 1) the use of novel S. pyogenes Cas9 variants with varying...Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) is about 1 kilobase smaller than SpCas9, so it can be packaged...SpCas9 variants effectively double the targeting range of CRISPR/Cas9 within the human genome. Another ...known to produce off-target editing with SpCas9 (Amrani et al., 2018). When choosing a Cas9, remember to...

...please see this blog post. Browse the article from Ran et al. , 2015 from the Zhang Lab to find plasmids...and expression of the full-length transgene at very low efficiency (<1% of wild type). If either of these...vectors pseudotyped with viral capsids from serotypes 1, 2, and 5 display differential efficiency and cell...synthesis of the complementary DNA strand. Rep and Cap are translated to produce multiple distinct proteins...proteins). When constructing an AAV transfer plasmid, the transgene is placed between the two ITRs, and... replication. The transfer plasmid, Rep/Cap, and the helper plasmid are transfected into HEK293 cells,...typically processed into a double-stranded circular episome through double stranded synthesis. These episomes ...

...used in step 1. Then this strand is degraded with ExoIII and ExoI. Synthesize 2nd mutant strand: The second...are the same sense as the strand of DNA degraded in the first digest (step 1 in above diagram). Remember...making some or all of the following modifications: 1) increased concentration of Taq polymerase, 2) increased...introduced, and scalability (see Supplementary Table 1 of Wrenbeck et al). It uses a uracil labeled wild-...primers to introduce all desired codon changes (step 1 in the image above). A second universal primer is ...number of positive clones. See Supplementary Note 1 in Wrenbeck et al for details on how nicking was optimized...time no, but there are 2 instances where it does. 1) When the backbone vector has multiple BbvCI sites...

...references 1, 2.*Pro-Tip*: once the correct recombinant pAdV plasmid is identified, re-transform into a bacterial...rAdV-S). HEK293 cells are transfected with the AdV plasmid construct from step #1 and allowed to stay in ... (ITR) present at both ends.   Figure 1: A) The structure of an adenovirus: the virion is ~ 100nm... 5 key steps: Construction of the rAdV plasmid (~1 week): The AdEasyTM system is the most popular method... it will result in very low titer. Amplification (1-2 weeks) - The rAdV-S is used to infect more HEK293...-4 rounds) at increasing scale over the course of 1-2 weeks. Each round of amplification should result...CsCl are commercially available. Titer calculation (1 or 10 days) Physical titer (particle count, rAdV ...

.... "Analysis of transduction efficiency, tropism and axonal transport of AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and...Examining serotypes 1, 8 and 9, not only do they undergo retrograde and anterograde transport, but they also...serotypes 1, 8, and 9 share conserved mechanisms for anterograde and retrograde axonal transport." Human...vectors without specific facilities (Biosafety Level-1). Other possible tools, lentiviruses for example, ...suspected cases of insertional mutagenesis in humans (1) and AAVs are non-enveloped viruses, so they are resistant...Subscribe to Viral Vector Blog Posts from Addgene 1. Location, location, location! What do buying real...important factors related to location. Location (1): What tissue? Location (2): Where in the tissue/which...

...intracellular targets. Nature Communications, 7(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10778 Erdmann...molecules in vivo. Nature Biotechnology, 21(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt765 Lavis, L. (2016... envelope design. Nature Communications, 14(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40788-8 ... capping protein. Nature Communications, 14(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39655-3 ...up linked to whatever molecule you choose (Figure 1). Just express the fusion protein and add a specific...proteins, opening up new applications.   Figure 1: Live-cell labeling strategies. The green structure...minimally-disruptive genetic tag on the protein of interest. Table 1: Summary of popular self-labeling tag systems ...

...supE44 thi-1 gyrA96 relA1 tonA JM109 Addgene; Promega e14-(McrA-) recA1 endA1 gyrA96 thi-1 hsdR17(rK- ...galK2 lacY1 proA2 rpsL20 (StrR ) xyl-5 λ– leu mtl-1 Top10 Invitrogen F- mcrA Delta(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC) Phi80lacZM15...use, dilute your antibiotic into your LB medium at 1:1,000. For example, to make 100 mL of LB/ampicillin...molecular biology, that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. DNA is comprised of ...Region Drives transcription of the insert. The promoter is designed to recruit transcriptional machinery ... a base on one strand pairs with a particular base on the other, complementary, strand. Specifically, ... single stranded DNA adding nucleotides according to the sequence of the complementary strand. The replication...

...can use Figure 1 to compare the genomes of these two family members.   Figure 1: Gamma-retrovirus...Retroviruses” is an umbrella term which encompasses 1.) the gamma-retroviruses — that have been developed...of retroviruses called the lentiviruses (like HIV-1) — that have been developed into lentiviral vectors...Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 54(1), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.54.1.137. ...1997). Functional RT and IN incorporated into HIV-1 particles independently of the Gag/Pol precursor protein...RNA as template. Journal of Molecular Biology, 79(1), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(73)90277...Aids Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Synthesis. Journal of Virology, 82(5), 2376. https...

...HIV-1 were transduced with a lentiviral vector containing an antisense sequence against the HIV-1 envelope...infect. Finally, the transfer plasmid encoded the desired transgene flanked by HIV-1 long terminal repeats...packaging, envelope, and transfer plasmids. The packaging plasmid carried a mutated HIV-1 provirus that couldn...section below! References 1. In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a ...Trono and collaborators turned to the lentivirus HIV-1, well-known to infect non-dividing cells. The first... targeting and tracing cells in the brain (Figure 1). 2nd generation lentiviral packaging system The graphic...infectivity, is often used as a substitute for HIV-1 Env, which can only infect CD4+ cells. 3rd generation...

...Cascade's complexity. Figure 1: Schematic of Class 1 CRISPR types. Class 1 includes type I with a Cas3 ...collection! A “complex” system Cas3 is part of the Class 1 CRISPR family, which means it requires multiple Cas...the brunt of the mechanical work for editing. Class 1 CRISPR systems make up the majority of CRISPR-based...CRISPR-based immune systems in bacteria and archaea. Class 1 is further broken down into different types, with ...making up type I, the most abundant type in the Class 1 category. These type Is can then be further broken...editing in human cells. Nature Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13226-x Cameron...non-target strand. The helicase domain is then activated, and Cas3 begins unraveling the double-stranded DNA ...

...Figure 1).   Figure 1: Each problem with dimerizing fluorescent proteins is illustrated. 1) Membrane... dimerization.   1. Transmembrane fluorescent protein fusions Transmembrane proteins, i.e. receptors... in nature are prone to dimerization (i.e. EGFP) [1, 2] or even form obligate tetramers (i.e. DsRed) [...bright, non-physiological, and difficult to ignore [1, 2]. 2. Fusion to an obligate dimer or oligomer Several... For a more detailed discussion see [5]. Problems 1 and 2 depend on protein concentrations. An imperfect... distance runner, gardner, and cook.   References 1. Snapp, E.L., et al., Formation of stacked ER cisternae...contacts that bring apposing membranes together and can wrap the membranes into stacked structures including...

...their HLDA workshops. Let’s use TIM-1 (Single pass type-1 membrane protein), which has been designated...dye, respectively. WT and KO cells were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and fixed in 4% PFA and permeabilized in 0.1%...antibodies were diluted to 1 µg/mL except for 14558, which was used at 0.35 µg/mL (1/100). * = monoclonal antibody...specific antibody:target combination of interest (Figure 1). It can therefore be helpful to try all three when...to label an intracellular target.   Figure 1: HCT 116 WT and SYT1 KO cells were labelled with a...cells were stained with the indicated Synaptotagmin-1 antibodies and corresponding Multi-rAb CoraLite® Plus...between the wild-type and the KO population (Figure 1), further optimization can be performed to both maximize...

...approximately 1 in 16 mice that harbor homozygous alleles at both of your genes of interest. About 1 in 4 mice...ve learned in Part 1, there are many types of genetically engineered mice: transgenic mice, knockin and...In Part 1 of our mouse modeling blog series, we covered techniques that can be used to introduce genetic..., and assuming Mendalian patterns of inheritance: 1. Genotype your parental mice In order to ensure that...example of mice that are derived from crosses. In Part 1, we explained how genetic recombination in mice expressing...expressed, or inducible (this is explained more in Part 1 of this series). In any case, Cre is a dominant phenotype... integration of a novel gene randomly into their genome, some transgenic strains are difficult to breed...

...enzyme (among others): caveolin 1, also known as CAV 1. Usually, caveolin 1 promotes the cell life cycle ...caveolin 1, there’s less malignancy because there’s less proliferation. However, the lack of caveolin 1 in ... expression of TAK 1, an enzyme that controls apoptosis and regulates transcription. Without TKA1, cells...Agnieszka K., et al. "An absence of stromal caveolin-1 expression predicts early tumor recurrence and poor...microenvironment. This results in increased expression of transforming growth factor-β signaling, possibly inducing...let’s take a look at exosomes. Proficient in transportation, exosomes are tools of communication and provide... (micro RNA) and other molecules that can be transferred to other cells, inducing epigenetic changes in...

...and no viral progeny are produced (Figure 1).  Figure 1: Comparison of the life cycle of a lentiviral...2004). HIV-1 gene expression: lessons from provirus and non-integrated DNA. Retrovirology, 1, 13. https... cannot integrate it into the host genome (Figure 1). IDLVs were first discovered by researchers investigating...you might choose an IDLV over a lentiviral vector: 1. No risk of insertional mutagenesis Lentiviral vectors..., H. E. (1996). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase mutants retain in vitro integrase activity...Berry, C., Ecker, J. R., & Bushman, F. (2002). HIV-1 integration in the human genome favors active genes...https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-1-13. PubMed PMID: 15219234 PubMed Central PMCID: PMC449739 Yew, C.T., ...

...of the desired T-A base pair. Figure 1: Transition mutation (C>T, G>A, A>G, and T>C) installation...hAPOBEC3 deaminase can edit in a stretched window ranging from 1-17 bp relative to the PAM sequence (Zong et...excision repair mediated by uracil glycosylase (Figure 1). The presence of a uracil glycosylase inhibitor (... A-T base pair is converted to a G-C pair (Figure 1). As the cellular inosine excision repair is not as...Target-AID based (CBE-2)-  and rAPOBEC based (CBE-1)-  CBEs are successful base editors in rice, tomato...which recognize PAM sequences other than NGG (Table-1). Type Nickase Cas9 (D10A) Deaminase PAM requirements...locus/loci, choose a base editor variant from Table 1 depending on the PAM sequence. Avoid targeting a ‘...

...sensing glutamate using both 1-photon and 2-photon imaging.   Figure 1: 1P and 2P excitation and ...hSynap: Human Synapsin-1 promoter. Good for neuronal expression. hSynap-FLEX: Synapsin-1 promoter, FLEXed for... v857. Image adapted from Aggarwal et al., Figure 1   Increased versatility through two different...expression in Cre-expressing cells. hSynap-FLP: Synapsin-1 promoter, FLP-dependent expression GFAP: Glial fibrillary...three different membrane-targeting flavors – PDGFR, GPI, and SGZ, to improve neuronal membrane trafficking...properties such as kinetics, ∆F/F0, SNR, dynamic range, photostability, quantum yield, and expression. ...segment (PDGFR TMD) that anchors the sensor to the membrane and displays it on the extracellular side. In ...

...nucleotides 1-10 of the guide RNA, prearranged for base pairing with a complementary DNA strand. These 10...4CMP) with domains colored as in Figure 1. HNH, red; RuvC, orange; CTD, yellow; REC lobe, light blue; bridge...10.1146/annurev-biophys-062215-010822 Nishimasu, H., Ran, F. A., Hsu, P. D., Konermann, S., Shehata, S. I.... basic parts of the Cas9 enzyme.   Figure 1: A cartoon depiction of Cas9’s two major lobes, REC...the CRISPR system (Nishimasu et al., 2014). Table 1. Summary of Cas9 domains, the lobe each domain belongs... on itself at the bottom of the image. Stem loops 1 and 2 extend horizontally across both lobes. The guide...outside of the protein, spanning both lobes. Stem loop 1, nestled between the REC and CTD domains, is required...

...and drawbacks of four split AAV vector approaches. 1. Overlapping  Overview: The overlapping strategy has...Adeno-Associated Virus Capsids. Human Gene Therapy Methods 27:1–12 . https://doi.org/10.1089/hgtb.2015.140 Frischmeyer... successfully mediated transduction and expression of the full-length transgene in vitro and in vivo (...this, larger functional transgene products were produced following transduction.  So what’s going on here...between part A and B of the transgene to reconstitute the full-length transgene (Chamberlain et al., 2016...cells in mice. This vector transduced ~10% of cells, similar to the transduction rate of a single AAV. Odom...muscle physiological performance.  2. Trans-splicing Overview: For trans-plicing, splice site donor and acceptor...

... Then plasmids are cured from the cell. Steps 1-1 and 1-2 can be done simultaneously. Image from Li et...coli K-12 strains, 2 E. coli B strains, 1 E. coli W strain, and 1 Tatumella citrea, with a total of 70 sites...the pCas/pTargetF system.   Figure 1: The editing process begins with the addition of the sgRNA sequence...updates involved the following changes. In pCas9, we 1) replaced the promoter of gRNA-pMB1 with PrhaB, 2)...biosynthesis, we constructed a strain library with 1-11 copies of integrated genes. We obtained a stable...in E. coli BL21(DE3) as transformants failed to grow after the transformation of pTargetF into the BL21...pTnsABC expresses the transposases TnsA, TnsB, and TnsC pQCascade expresses the transposase TniQ, the Cas proteins...

...Biotechnology, 10.1038/s41587-023-01756-1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-01756-1. PMID: 37095348. Breaking... for molecular fusion and membrane-targeting applications. Nature Methods, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038...incubation, even with multiplexed guides. Figure 1: A) Cell-penetrating Cas9, fused to HIV TAT, Myc and...expressing COX8a-mStayGold. Scale bars 10 μm (main), 1 μm (inset). Image reused from Ando et al. 2023, under...StayGold fluorescent protein. Nature Biotechnology, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-02018-w. PMID...broad tropism in primates. Nature Communications, 14(1), 3345. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38582-7...StayGold variants AAV.CAP-Mac for systemic gene transfer in primate brains Endothelial-specific AAV delivery...

...successfully identified using this method. Step 1: Prepare a random fragment library of phage DNA This first ...and leave for 1 h at room temperature. After this, it is helpful to subject your membrane to several freeze... the membrane itself or to any “sticky” proteins expressed by your library. After blocking for 1 h at ...it can really help to incubate the membranes overnight in 500 mM to 1 M NaCl in order to enhance folding...place to start) and add your membranes to the solution, shaking gently for 1 h at room temperature. This... on Twitter @JessicaSacher.   References 1. Nobrega, Franklin L., et al. "Revisiting phage therapy: new...which is also gaining a lot of new traction lately (1, 2), depends on knowledge of the structure(s) a given...

...Davidson AR.  Nature. 2013 Jan; 493, 429–432. Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, Habib N, Hsu PD, Wu...sequences were initially discovered in E. coli in 1987 (1), the concept that these clustered repeat sequences...neutralize CRISPR/Cas. Earlier this year, expression of 1 of 5 anti-CRISPR genes were found to inactivate the...and are not translatable to the other CRISPR subtypes. Still, the large and dynamic range of CRISPR systems...well-suited for various innovative biological and translative technologies. Addgene has empowered researchers...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crispr.png Barrangou R, Horvath P. Science. 315, 2007 Jan; 1709–1712...CRISPRdb. Date: 2013-09-18. Makarova K, Haft DH, Barrangou R, Brouns SJJ, Charpentier E, Horvath P, Moineu...

... PCR leads to the most colonies after transformation. When a 1:1 vector:insert ratio is used in the DpnI... get tips for applying it in your own lab. Table 1: Comparison Between Standard Restriction Cloning and...Connecticut interested in protein science.     References: 1. Celie, Patrick HN, Annabel HA Parret, and Anastassis...PCR cloning method." BMC biotechnology 11.1 (2011): 1. PubMed PMID: 21992524. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3207894...products are then transformed directly into chemically competent E. coli and transformants selected with ... for further purification before transformation. After transforming cells, you should perform colony ...consisting of digestion, purification, ligation, and transformation. While restriction cloning is still routinely...

...marker. Looking at Table 1, we can recognize a couple of fluorophores from Figure 1. For example, the chart...called Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET).   Figure 1: Emission spectra and respective ...efficient (i.e., happen most of the time). Figure 1 shows a graph from the BD® Spectrum Viewer, outlining... the brightness of individual fluorophores. Table 1 describes the brightness of a few commonly used fluorophores...Brighter fluorophores have a stronger signal. Table 1: Degrees of brightness for a few commonly used fluorophores...blue laser excites at a wavelength of 488 nm (Table 1), which is near a local maximum of PE's excitation...Knowing that the red laser excites at 640 nm (Table 1), while comparing the two fluorophore's excitation...

...of publication. Table 1 provides an example calculation of the weights. Table 1: Journal Weighting Example...amassed nearly 2,400 citations in its first four years (1). In addition to publishing in Science, Professor ...papers without plasmids deposited with Addgene (Figure 1). Even aggregated this much, you can see the 2013...(F) Weight (=F/E) (G) Weighted Citations (=C*G) 1 2010 3 Nature  3.3% 10.5%   3.2  9.6 2 2010...website at: http://www.neil-t.com/ .   References 1. Cong, Le, et al. "Multiplex genome engineering using...on a range of topics including biotech and research tools, computing performance, and randomized control...

...aggregation, and potentiates the effect of PD-1 blockade.“ (Ref 4). PD-1 helps tumor cells evade the immune system...fasting has a positive effect on cancer treatment (Ref 1). As described in the presentation, starvation or ...of the immunosuppressive cell surface receptor PD-1. This immunosuppressive environment in turn may represent...  (Chimeric Antigen Receptors) CAR T cells and PD-1 modulators. An exciting development in immunotherapy...free deposit and distribution service! References: 1. Pietrocola, Federico, et al. "Caloric restriction...discussed and Professor Caetano Reis e Sousa from the Francis Crick Institute concluded “Aspirin promotes autophagy... Kettering Cancer Center. In contrast to using randomly integrating viral vectors, CRISPR/Cas9 genome ...

...-Integrin alpha 5 beta 1 [IPI-ITGA5/ITGB1.2] Integrin alpha-5,Integrin beta-1 Human, Mouse IgG1 Rabbit...-Integrin alpha 5 beta 1 [IPI-ITGA5/ITGB1.4] Integrin alpha-5,Integrin beta-1 Human, Mouse IgG1 Rabbit...specific integrins in cellular processes.   Figure 1: Integrins can shape into three conformations: (A)...immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry. Table 1: IPI antibodies  Antibody Target Proteins Reactivity...Human IgG1 Rabbit Anti-Integrin alpha M [IPI-LM2/1] Integrin alpha-M Human IgG1 Rabbit Anti-Integrin...Human IgG2a Mouse Anti-Integrin alpha M [IPI-LM2/1] Integrin alpha-M Human IgG2a Mouse Anti-Integrin... β1 integrin mechanics. Nature Communications, 13(1), 7471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35173-w...

...out our Chemogenetics Plasmid Collection . Figure 1: General overview of a chemogenetics experiment. Early...bidirectional control of neuronal activity. Table 1. Descriptions of DREADDs and their activity in neurons... while PSAMs and LMOs have an effect for only 0.5–1 hours after delivery. Chemogenetic ligand. The chemogenetic...cell surface receptors, GPCRs are seven-pass transmembrane proteins that bind a specific ligand. Ligand...initiating signaling pathways in inflammation and neurotransmission. This, and the fact that GPCR ligands can ...in Japan, making it an attractive option for translational studies, however, it has off-target effects....hM4Di, and is especially attractive for use in translational studies because it is FDA and EMA approved. ...

...between the cleaved 3′ DNA strand and a tyrosyl residue of topoisomerase I (1). If a 5′ hydroxyl group ...plating your transformation may allow you to see colonies within 8 hours. References: 1. Shuman S. "...Let’s break down the steps needed for TOPO cloning: 1. Create Your PCR Product: Design standard primers ...mind that Taq polymerase has an error rate of about 1 in 3,500 bases. Typically polymerases with proofreading...enzyme and Taq, with Taq used in an excess ratio of 10:1. Gel purify your PCR product and incubate it with ...different DNA strand comes along, it can attack this covalent bond thus joining the two DNA strands and releasing...planning to transform right away OR you can store the reaction at -20C overnight. 4. Transform TOPO Cloning...

...need a job. Start now. Informational interviews are 1:1 discussions with someone who has interesting experiences...conversation builds a relationship for the future and the 1:1 format is good for everyone including those that ...out-of-the-box ideas that might jump start your learning. 1. Create a peer mentoring group We don’t all get the... and not in academia is run by grant funding. Learning to write grants quickly, efficiently and effectively...apply to or offer to help with lab grant writing. You may not get the grant or your PI may edit everything...thinking about future career options. 5. Write a grant - even if you don’t need one A lot of science in...valuable skill. There are many different kinds of grants that you can apply for. If you are in a lab, your...

...estimated to affect anywhere from 1 in 6,000 to 1 in 19,000 live births (1).  While disruption of the smn1... funding opportunities. References 1. Jones, C., et al. "PP09. 1–2352: Systematic review of incidence...disease. This year, Addgene will be providing plasmid grants worth $2,000 each to two labs through the BeHEARD...

...spreadsheet to complete Step 1. Steps 2 and 3 are usually very easy — our tech transfer team will communicate...scientist, you will have the most involvement with Step 1, and, while data entry can be a chore, we’ve made ...Deposit” and “Download Deposit Spreadsheet” (see Figure 1). Please read our “How to Deposit Your Plasmids with...thorough guide to our online data entry process. Figure 1: Begin the deposit process by clicking “Submit Online...spreadsheet (Figure 2) and are described in Table 1. Some cells have drop-down options for you to choose...and are exceptions to our standard workflow.  Table 1: Guidelines for the data fields in the deposit spreadsheet... Send plasmid information to Addgene Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) approval  Send plasmids to Addgene...

...Jacqueline N Crawley  [et al]. 2012;Chapter 1:Unit 1 20 1-18. doi: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0120s59. PMID:...mutually exclusive) commonly used in optogenetics: 1) electrophysiology and 2) behavioral experiments. ...can be broken down broadly into three main steps: 1) Selection and expression of your opsin of choice ...reviews for a discussion of the different variants [1, 2, 4]. And, of course, the best way to learn about...monitor expression at various time points (e.g. every 1-2 weeks over 8 weeks) in order to determine the optimal...follow him on Twitter @derekpsimonphd.    References 1. Tye KM, Deisseroth K. Optogenetic investigation of..., Jacqueline N Crawley  [et al]. 2013;4(435):4 35 1-4  20. doi: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0435s65. PMID: 25429312...

...near-perfect physical-to-infectious particle ratio of 1:1 (Zeltner et al., 2010). However, for recombinant ...preparations are genome-containing (Figure 1).    Figure 1: Electron micrograph of an Addgene AAV...reported a physical-to-infectious particle ratio of 50:1 (Zeltner et al., 2010). The specific infectivity of... lot (if we still have it available). References 1. Fagone, Paolo, et al. "Systemic errors in quantitative... Human Gene Therapy, Part B: Methods 23.1 (2011): 1-7. PubMed PMID: 22428975. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3640491...particles that can transduce cells. Infectious titers are typically quantified by cell transduction assays. Wild-type....qPCR...Digital droplet PCR...DNA dot blot...Transduction assay...SDS-PAGE...Electron microscopy… Any ...

...deletions, point mutations PCR Reactions 1 1 1 per fragment 1 per fragment In vitro Assembly No No Yes...methods for site directed mutagenesis   References 1. Trehan, Ashutosh, et al. (2016). “REPLACR-mutagenesis... and the nonmethylated PCR products are then transformed into E. coli to undergo nick repair. This method...containing the desired mutations, to amplify both strands of a plasmid template. In addition to containing...template plasmid, these PCR products are directly transformed into bacteria expressing recombineering proteins...fine, especially using plasmids in the 10-12 kb range. REPLACR-mutagenesis also requires making your own...