Skip to main content
Addgene

We narrowed to 915 results for: Tro;

Showing: 151 - 200 of 915 results
  1. Arf GTPase Family

    Type
    Collection
    ...traffic, they also play critical roles at cilia, centrosomes, the plasma membrane, lipid droplets, the nucleus...
  2. Kazuhiro Oka Lentiviral Vectors

    Type
    Collection
    ...vectors to express your gene of interest under the control of a variety of promoters. Professor Oka and the...
  3. TALEN Guide

    Type
    Collection
    ...new technology, and we hope to continue to have a strong scientific partnership with both the labs that ...
  4. CRISPR Plasmids - Tagging

    Type
    Collection
    ...Yannick Doyon's lab deposited a plasmid which introduces an N- or C- terminal affinity tag (3xFLAG-2xSTREP...
  5. Viral Vectors 101: Systemic Capsids

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...specificity, or retrograde transport in neurons. (b) Genetic cargo can be customized to control transgene expression... Capsid Published Tropism Model Organism Mouse Strain-Specific Tropism?  Reference AAV-...and astrocytes Mice No (LY6C1)   Hanlon et al., 2019 AAV-BI-28 CNS: neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes...-Specific Tropism?" column. For a complete list of mice strains with LY6A-dependent tropism, see S3 table...derived from AAV9 using iTransduce, shows tropism toward astrocytes and neurons, with greatly increased efficacy... appears to show a broader tropism with a potential bias toward astrocytes (Chuapoco et al., 2023). Additionally...systemic AAVs with endothelial-specific tropism in rodents and broad tropism in primates. Nature Communications...
  6. Using AAV for Neuronal Tracing

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...developed a new AAV variant, rAAV2-retro, that migrates retrogradely at higher rates than any other AAV... AAV2-retro vectors with a variety of transgene/promoter combinations. Check out our retrograde AAV blog...requires both antero- and retrograde labelling, synaptic restriction as well as controlled monosynaptic and polysynaptic...Selective retrograde transsynaptic transfer of a protein, tetanus toxin, subsequent to its retrograde axonal...bodies to the terminals of their axons; while retrograde tracing outlines neurons in the opposite direction...axons to their cell bodies. Anterograde and retrograde tracing take advantage of existing transport ...myosin, and enzymes for transmitter synthesis. Retrograde transport is used for transport of endocytosed...
  7. Plasmids 101: The protein expression toolbox

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... What kind of control? On, off, tunable, and/or inducible? How long do you need control? Will temporary...temporary control (a few days) be enough, or do you want a permanent control mechanism? Where is the control...transcription instead of introducing a DNA double strand break. Transient introduction of CRISPRi or inducible...vector! On/off control all the time If your experimental system requires tunable control - or maybe you...price of tunable control These systems can be easily implemented for exogenously introduced proteins, as ...prior to introduction of the construct into cells. However, if you would like tunable control of an endogenously...forever? You don’t need to resort to the force to control protein expression in mammalian cells: easy to ...
  8. Viral Vectors 101: Types of viruses

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...viruses: gamma-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus. Gamma-retrovirus Retroviruses...type of gamma-retrovirus is Murine Leukemia virus (MLV). Naturally isolated gamma-retroviruses have been ...Lentivirus is a type of retrovirus and shares many common features with gamma-retrovirus including genome architecture... nucleus as gamma-retroviruses do. Fun fact: Since lentivirus and gamma-retrovirus are so closely related...expression (Robinson, 1982). To add insult to injury, retroviruses generally have moderate to high immunogenicity...immune response in the host. So why use a gamma-retrovirus in the lab? Well, they are essentially evolutionarily... types with a high efficiency. However, gamma-retrovirus infection is restricted to dividing cells only...
  9. Advanced Uses of Cre-lox and Flp-FRT - A Neuroscientist’s View

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...A common means to achieve ligand control is to fuse a mutant estrogen receptor (ER) ligand binding domain...PSD95-mcherry) under the control of Cre recombinase. After in-utero electroporation, this plasmid mix results...tracking for instance) can be controlled with FLP-FRT. For further temporal control, Tamoxifen inducible Cre...system, but it only gives you a single level of control without modification - either Cre is there or it...for site specific (and often cell type specific) control of DNA recombination and gene expression can be...addition, a variety of means to spatiotemporally control FLP and Cre expression have been developed. Read...FLP and Cre enable additional levels of genetic control. What is FLP FRT and how does it work? FLP recombinase...
  10. Antibodies 101: Flow Cytometry

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Include proper controls To ensure accurate data analysis, include a complete set of controls. Ideally, every...will have a negative control that does not express the target and a positive control that does. The negative...of experiments easier and faster to perform. Introduction to flow cytometry Flow cytometry allows users... (3): An optics system A fluidics system An electronics system  Cells are first resuspended in a pressurized...fluorophore or fluorochrome-stained protein will emit a stronger photon than a cell expressing low levels of the... further the shift of a cell from the negative control, the higher the level of expression. A routine ...triton-x, saponin, or tween. Take care when using strong detergents like triton-x and tween as extended ...
  11. Important Considerations When Using AAVs

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...larger amount of vector using a serotype with strong CNS tropism (4). If axonal transport is not desirable...receptor physiology and the effects of metabotropic and ionotropic influences on overall cell function. ... thanks to our guest blogger Katrina Armstrong. Katrina Armstrong is a Neurophysiology Msc Student at ...post was contributed by guest blogger Katrina Armstrong, a Neurophysiology Msc Student at the University...known is that different serotypes have different tropisms but, as you can see, AAVs of each serotype can... asking questions!  Table 1: AAV Serotypes and Tropism Experiment  Detection Method CNS AAV1, AAV2...>AAV8>AAV6>AAV5>AAV1>AAV2 This preferential tropism for different brain regions is largely due the ...
  12. Delivery Methods for Generating iPSCs

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV)-derived retroviruses. Retroviral vectors, such as pMXs or pMSCV, infect...delivery methods. Retrovirus has a cloning capacity of ~8 kb, so either a single polycistronic vector or multiple...10 kb) than other retroviral vectors. This makes it possible to use a polycistronic cassette that expresses...Mechanism Efficiency Safety Pros Cons MMLV-derived Retrovirus Integrating High Low Efficient and Stable Genome...Need to sequence cells to verify excision didn’t introduce mutations Adenovirus Non-integrating Low Medium...required for translational use. Viral Vectors Retroviral: Some of the first iPSCs were generated with ... corresponding endogenous pluripotency genes. Retroviral vectors are prone to incomplete silencing of ...
  13. Plasmids 101: Stringent Regulation of Replication

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...DNA.  Plasmids are said to be under stringent control when they depend on the host cell’s initiation ...replication independently are said to be under relaxed control, as they only require the host's replication machinery...replication mechanism of plasmids under stringent control, such as pSC101. DNA replication and regulation...round of replication. Initiation is the primary control point of DNA replication in bacteria, so the process... the bacterial chromosome and for stringently controlled plasmids. Binding of IHF (green) redistributes...binding is necessary to initiate replication, controlling the amount of active DnaA available is one of...source, ATP binding is one more way for the cell to control DNA replication. A variety of other proteins also...
  14. Plasmids 101: The Promoter Region – Let's Go!

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...target genes. The sequence of the promoter region controls the binding of the RNA polymerase and transcription...promoters is commonly employed in lentiviral and retroviral constructs and we will discuss these in a future... all the time while others are more carefully controlled. Regulated promoters might act only in certain... light. In the cell, promoters themselves are controlled by still other regulatory factors: enhancers,...Additional considerations CMV General expression mRNA Strong mammalian expression promoter from the human cytomegalovirus...some cell types. EF1a General expression mRNA Strong mammalian expression from human elongation factor...promoter hybrids. CAG General expression mRNA Strong hybrid mammalian promoter Constitutive  Contains...
  15. 27 Hot Plasmids from 2016

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... under the control of the cI857 temperature-sensitive repressor. The temperature-controlled expression...activity in the Co-IP compared of a control Co-IP indicates stronger interaction. The system has been demonstrated...DECEMBER 2016 Restoring yeast prototrophy with plasmids Though auxotrophic markers are used frequently ...complement strains with multiple auxotrophies or using different auxotrophic backgrounds can lead to disparate...their Yeast Prototrophy Kit, a set of plasmids designed to complement unused auxotrophies in Saccharomyces... at a dose and duration sufficient to kill all control cells and surviving “mutant” colonies were deep...GTPases involved in cell signaling pathways that control many cellular processes such as differentiation...
  16. Viral Vectors 101: Viral Vector Elements

    Type
    Blog Post
    .../gamma-retrovirus Lentiviruses are a class of retrovirus (so all lentiviruses are retroviruses, but not...not all retroviruses are lentiviruses.) This means that lentivirus and gamma-retrovirus share a lot of...as tools in the lab. We will discuss the gamma-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated...somatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSVG). VSVG is a broad tropism envelope protein that can also be pseudotyped to...the common components outlined above for gamma-retroviruses. While not required for lentiviral production...   Fig. 1 - Viral vector components of retrovirus  Adeno-associated virus AAV’s elements are...are quite different from gamma-retrovirus, but they perform very similar functions to infiltrate the host...
  17. Viral Vectors 101: AAV Variables That Matter

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Viral Vectors 101: An Introduction to AAV Viral Vectors 101: The AAV Retrograde Serotype Viral Vectors... more than one.  Most AAV serotypes have broad tropism (the ability of a virus to enter a particular cell... cell type), but there are differences in tropism between animal species or even strains of the same species...well in a rat or non-human primate. Likewise, in vitro efficacy doesn’t always translate to in vivo efficacy...remember that some serotypes can be transported retrogradely and/or anterogradely along the axon. Others,...site or circuit can occur. Promoters The promoter controls how the gene of interest will be expressed; it...or inducible.  Ubiquitous promoters  These often-strong promoters offer the most flexibility for expression...
  18. Site Directed Mutagenesis by PCR

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... PCR-introduced mutations can make alternative approaches more favorable if you want to introduce a point...highly versatile technique that can be used to introduce specific nucleotide substitutions (or deletions...approach can be used in conventional cloning (to introduce or remove restriction sites), in mapping of regulatory...substitution of key residues), and in SNP analysis (to introduce naturally occuring SNPs in a plasmid context)....genome editing. Tailored mutations are commonly introduced to endogeneous DNA through homology-directed ... Mutagenesis In brief, point-mutations can be introduced to plasmids using primers (with the desired mutation...green) amplify the plasmid template (blue), and introduce a restriction site “A*” (in addition to the “A...
  19. 28 Hot Plasmid Technologies from 2015

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...plasmids: Luc (intronless; CMV-LUC2CP/ARE and Luc-I (intron-containing; CMV-LUC2CP/intron/ARE). The Luc-I...all-optical electrophysiology A major challenge in the field of all-optical electrophysiology is designing...field with an improved tool for electrophysiology, minus the use of electrodes. The Cohen lab has made the...Luc-I intron is a chimeric β-globin/immunoglobulin intron that has been commonly used in constitutive splicing...an effort to obtain even more precise temporal control of gene knockout or activation, the c-terminal ...). This system provides users greater temporal control over CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome modification and...Optogenetics is a powerful tool that utilizes light to control and monitor individual living cells in order to...
  20. Viral Vectors 101: Viruses as Biological Tools

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...muscular atrophy.   Type of Virus Pros Cons Retrovirus Stable Gene Expression Broad Tropism ...the best one for your experiment. Retro and lenti viruses Retroviruses are a family of viruses that stably...The most well-known retrovirus is HIV. Lentiviruses are a genus of the retroviral family that can infect...which means they do not stimulate a strong immune response when introduced into an organism. This feature ...straightforward across applications, while electroporation of a human, for example, isn’t a reasonable...types of viruses used in mammalian research: 𝛄-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated...the need for envelope disassembly. Both lenti and retro viruses can accommodate a cargo up to approximately...
  21. Viral Vectors 101: Pseudotyping

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...range (tropism). Pseudotyping is only done on enveloped viruses such as lentivirus, retrovirus, and rabies...et al, 2020). Because retrovirus is closely related to lentivirus, many retroviral envelope proteins have... a few cell types.  If you’re looking for more control in the cell types your lentiviral vector will infect...particles.   Why pseudotype? Lentiviruses and retroviruses typically target immune cells with their wild-type...viruses to infect neurons. Besides altering the host tropism of your virus, there are many other reasons when.... Image from Crawford et al., 2020.   Broad tropism: VSV-G pseudotyping A commonly used envelope protein...stem cells and neurons. However, VSV-G’s broad tropism can be undesired for in vivo studies since there...
  22. Tips for a 1st Time CRISPR User (by a 1st Time CRISPR User)

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...blotting is a loading control. Pro-Tips: 1. It’s all about the MOI. In retrospect I used a way too high...express CAs9 and are included as a control (WT). Vinculin is a loading control. 3. In terms of making the...undigested control. Sometimes the PCR products can look smeared, so having an undigested control can help...those formed from control (GFP gRNA-targeted) BRAF sites (lanes 3, 4) were used as controls. Duplexes were...but that nobody talks about. After months of troubleshooting, those people who did not tell you that essential...Cas9 line that’s “most efficient at editing” to introduce the gRNA, but I just randomly chose one of my ...and BRDN0001146266) ( 76479-LV and 76480-LV) or control GFP gRNA (BRDN0000561167) (80034-LV) were individually...
  23. Opto-Nanobodies: Using Light to Manipulate Cell Signaling and Protein Purification

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... application for OptoNBs takes us in vitro: light-controlled affinity purification of unmodified proteins...light-based control of signaling pathways. This is particularly exciting because using light to control signaling...  Option #2 may sound like fiction, but light-controlled protein purification is now a reality thanks ..., and their use for protein purification and controlling cell signaling. Key components of OptoNBs OptoNBs... put AsLOV2 because here it was less likely to destroy the nanobody’s function than if inserted into the...insertion into loops 1 and 6 resulted in light controlled binding, but with opposite effects: insertion...insertion site on light-induced binding.  Light controlled protein purification with OptoNBs The first application...
  24. Plasmids 101: Yeast Vectors

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... when using auxotrophic selection Of course, there are some drawbacks to using auxotrophic markers as ...maintained within the yeast cell. These elements control not only the number of plasmids found in each cell...unstable and may be lost during budding. Yeast Centromere plasmids (YCp): These are considered low copy...incorporate part of an ARS along with part of a centromere sequence (CEN). These vectors replicate as though... The copy number of these vectors can also be controlled if specific regulatable elements are included...yeast Historically, scientists have utilized auxotrophic selection rather than antibiotic selection when...insensitivity of yeast strains to some antibiotics. Auxotrophy is defined as the inability of an organism to...
  25. Antibodies 101: The Basics of Western Blotting

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...possible, include positive and negative controls. Positive controls typically include cell lines or tissues...Gordon J (1979) Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure...Towbin et al., 1979, Burnett et al., 1981).  Introduction to western blotting  In a western, proteins ... Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is the first step of a western. ...immobilized onto a membrane, usually composed of a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) in a step...step called protein transfer. While both nitrocellulose and PVDF are commonly used, PVDF tends to be slightly...validated applications, pay close attention to the controls listed on the vendor’s website. Typically, the...
  26. Hot Plasmids Spring 2024

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...www.janelia.org/open-science/voltron-and-positron.  Both Ace2N-mNeon-A122D and Voltron2 are available as Cre-dependent...33714753. Voltron2 voltage sensors By Brian O’Neill New viral vector preps expressing the Voltron2 voltage...performance.      Figure 4: Structure of Voltron or Voltron2 conjugated to a JaneliaFluor dye emitting... SARS-CoV-2 research New viral vector preps of Voltron2 voltage sensors AAV vectors for targeting microglia...membrane protein (Plasmid #141386-LV [+M], negative control) were immunoblotted against Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid...also immunoblotted against vinculin as a loading control (right panel). Image from Addgene. These antibodies..., are now available! Building on their earlier Voltron indicators (a fusion of Ace2N and HaloTag, Figure...
  27. Viral Production at Addgene

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...subunit (RPP30) as a control for normalization purposes are being used. Quality Control Mycoplasma Our 293T...virus preps are titered and subjected to quality control by Addgene before being distributed to customers...production protocols, titering methods, and quality control are described below. AAV Production AAV distributed...probes targeting the ITR elements and an internal control of known titer (protocol modified from Lock et ... April 2016) also performed by ddPCR.  Quality Control Addgene ensures high quality viral vectors by optimizing...production protocols and performing rigorous quality control (QC). The specific QC experiments performed varies...preparations are subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by silver staining or SYPRO...
  28. Hot Plasmids April 2018 - Protein Degradation, Nanoscopy, FIRE-Cas9, and Yeast Expression Tools

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...and other proteins controlled by GAL4 and ZIF268. To demonstrate independent control of gene expression...a GAL4/estradiol controlled transcription factor and a ZIF268/progesterone controlled transcription factor...transcription factor 1 controls expression of transcription factor 2, which directly controls expression of a...TRIM21 recruits ubiquitin and the proteasome to destroy antibody-bound pathogens. Clift et al. found that...can deliver these components together using electroporation. In these bulk cell experiments, Clift et al...no stress or damage upon TRIM-Away, and the electroporated cells re-adhered to the culture plate within...chemically inducible approaches to provide temporal control, this new system, Fkbp/Frb Inducible Recruitment...
  29. Hot Plasmids - March 2019 - Anti-CRISPR, 2in1 Cloning, Fluorescent Voltage Indicators, and Photoswitchable Proteins

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... rather blunt instrument for controlling CRISPR. To bring greater control to Acr activity as a biological...Listen to this episode of Hot Plasmids! Optogenetic control of CRISPR-Cas9 by CASANOVA Article contributed ...protein domains, they have developed a system to control CRISPR-Cas9 activity using blue light (Bubeck et...opens up the potential for spatial and temporal control in many genetic targeting and editing experiments...electrical activity in the brain by inserting electrodes into the brain. But this process is time consuming...photostable, and is compatible with optogenetic control. The researchers also showed that Archon1 is functional...cloning podcast segment Recently, the Grefen lab introduced the “2in1” vector cloning system - a Gateway ...
  30. Viral Vectors 101: Optogenetic Tools

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...described the first light-activated tool for controlling neuronal activity, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2),...scientists have developed many optogenetic tools to control cellular activity with exquisite precision using...light. Optogenetics, or light activated tools, can control everything from electrical activity to gene expression...BioRender.com.   Optogenetic tools Types of control We will discuss three types of tools: light-gated...hyperpolarize the cell (Mattis et al., 2012). Bicistronic vectors combine excitation and inhibition by ...Some tools turn on and off rapidly with light to control precise timing of the perturbation. Other tools...intra-cellular signaling cascades. Optical methods for controlling GPCR activation have been developed to selectively...
  31. Your Lentiviral Plasmid FAQs Answered

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...efficient tools to introduce your gene of interest into cells. Unlike gamma-retroviruses that can only infect...Q1: Are retroviruses and lentiviruses the same thing? Can I package lentivirus with retroviral packaging...Lentiviruses are part of the retroviral family. What scientists often refer to as “retroviruses” are technically ...technically gamma-retroviruses - another, separate member of the retroviral family. While both lentiviruses and ...Addgene Depositor (and lentiviral expert) Didier Trono's lab webpage explains how lentiviral particles are...and gamma-retroviruses use the same genes for packaging (that's gag, pol, and env), the isoforms of these...LTRs) are different. As a result, lentiviral and retroviral packaging vectors are not interchangeable. While...
  32. Quick Guide to All Things Lentivirus

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...produced in high-titer retroviral stocks generated by the transfer of a retrovirus into the packaging cell...are interested in using lentiviral vectors to introduce your favourite gene into your favourite cell line...CRISPR/Cas9 components, and fluorescent sensors. Retroviral vector background Until the development of viral...cells, labs use viral vectors and particularly retroviral vectors because they target a broader range of...into the genome is more efficient. The first retroviral vectors used were derived from the Moloney Murine...MoMLV, lentiviruses, a separate genus of the Retroviridae family including human immunodeficiency virus...infect non-dividing cells is not restricted to in vitro cell culture as lentivirus-derived vectors are capable...
  33. 3 Tips to Improve HDR Efficiency for CRISPR Editing in Human Cells

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...inefficiently our edits were being introduced. Although we were able to introduce the desired mutations in genes...The CRISPR/Cas9 com­plex is very efficient at introducing double stranded breaks (DSBs) into genomic DNA...generating gene knockouts, NHEJ repair does not allow introduction of specific sequence changes. To generate ...Accomplishing this usually involves simultaneously introducing a homologous DNA repair template, such as a sin­gle-stranded...in our lab. Our goal was to use the system to introduce disease-causing mutations in iPSCs (or correct... but had never been systematically analyzed: introducing silent CRISPR/Cas9 blocking mutations in either...target sequence once the desired edit has been introduced. We found that blocking mutations increased the...
  34. Rabies and Neuronal Tracing

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Callaway EM. Retrograde neuronal tracing with a deletion-mutant rabies virus. Retrograde neuronal tracing...a variety of cargoes, genetically engineered neurotropic viruses emerged as powerful tools for visualizing...that cell, and nascent RABV cross synapses to retrogradely infect neurons that project to the starter cell...occurs, subsequent cycles of viral replication and retrograde transmission occur, spreading the virus through...RABV G protein is necessary and sufficient for retrograde transmission (Etessami et al., 2000, Wickersham...2007). Thus, RABV transsynaptic spread can be controlled by selectively supplying the G protein in trans...released from the starter cell and transmits retrogradely to first order neurons, via entry mediated by...
  35. Getting Started with Behavioral Neuroscience: Standardizing Experiments and Using Viral Vectors

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...AAV9 serotypes have strong neuronal tropism, AAV5 targets both neurons and astrocytes, and AAV4 targets ...receptor subunits or neurotrophic factors. Another option uses optogentics to control neuronal activity,..., behavioral neuroscientists can now precisely control where and when certain genes are expressed to investigate...specific behavior. This blog post will give an introduction to behavioral neuroscience, and address experimental... in a laboratory, a high level of experimental control is required, because seemingly tiny external factors...Experimenter Interaction should be minimal and strictly controlled; optional handling animals Experiment Behavioral...channels that are chemically activated. Both are introduced in neurons and depending on the choice of channel...
  36. Plasmids 101: Positive and Negative Selection for Plasmid Cloning

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...such as prototrophy, the ability to synthetize all compounds needed for growth, or auxotrophy, the inability...synthesize a compound needed to grow. Auxotrophy and prototrophy come into play during cloning if you’...lab created a yeast prototrophy kit containing 23 plasmids to complement auxotrophy. Negative selection...antibiotic resistance cassette and you aren’t introducing an additional antibiotic resistance cassette ...plasmid backbone contains your gene of interest. Auxotrophy Besides antibiotic selection, you can select ...you’ve designed your experiment using an auxotrophic strain of bacteria (one that doesn’t synthesize an ...amino acid), and a plasmid that complements the auxotrophy (i.e., synthesizes the critical amino acid). ...
  37. Technical Design of a Western Blot

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...expensive Nitrocellulose or low-fluorescence PVDF membranes Increased fragility (nitrocellulose) or increased...stains as loading controls: An alternative to high-abundance single protein controls in semi-quantitative...either DTT or β-mercaptoethanol (BME). DTT is a stronger reducing agent than BME and has a less… distinctive...life when stored properly. Because BME is not as strong as DTT, you’ll have to use different concentrations...Membranes The two membrane options are PVDF and nitrocellulose. PVDF is a sturdy membrane that can be stripped...membrane, it also has higher background noise than nitrocellulose membranes. Pro tip! You can visualize proteins...methanol and place it on a light box after drying. Nitrocellulose, on the other hand, doesn’t require any pre-wetting...
  38. Hot Plasmids: Spring 2025

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Here's what makes these new backbones special: Strong expression: A CMV promoter drives robust gene expression... a test drive! We validated viral packaging and strong expression after inserting EGFP and provide step-by-step... Looking for more? Explore our empty and EGFP retroviral plasmid set, our bacterial plasmid set for expressing... Image courtesy of IPI.   Repurposing retrotransposons for DNA editing By Emily P. Bentley For RNA-guided...beyond Cas9 with STITCHR: a combined CRISPR / retrotransposon system with the pithy name "site-specific target-primed...insertion through targeted CRISPR homing of retroelements." The Abudayyeh-Gootenberg Lab developed this...this tool based on several new site-specific retrotransposon elements they identified and characterized ...
  39. New Viral Vectors - Winter 2025

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...viral prep pAAV-Ef1a-fDIO EYFP AAV5. AAV8, AAVrg Control Karl Deisseroth New serotype (multiple) rAAV-CAG...pAAV-AiE0452h-minBG-SYFP2-WPRE3-BGHpA (Alias: CN2237) AAV-PHPeB Control Jonathan Ting New viral prep AiP12787 - pAAV-...minBG-SYFP2-WPRE3-BGHpA (Alias: CN2787) AAV-PHPeB Control Jonathan Ting New viral prep AiP12610 - pAAV-...pAAV-AiE0780m-minBG-SYFP2-WPRE3-BGHpA (Alias: CN2610) AAV-PHPeB Control Jonathan Ting New viral prep AiP13755: pAAV-AiE0743m...10aa-H2B-WPRE3-BGHpA (Alias: CN4496) AAV-PHPeB Control Jonathan Ting New viral prep AiP14825: pAAV-AiE0441h...prep pAAV_BiSSTe10_dTomato_nlsdTomato AAV-PHPeB Control Gordon Fishell New viral prep pAAV_BiSSTe10_ChR2... pAAV_BiCHATe27_dTomato_nlsdTomato AAV-PHPeB Control Gordon Fishell New viral prep pAAV_BiCHATe27_...
  40. Rewiring Metabolic Circuitry with CRISPR RNA Scaffolds [Video]

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...concepts discussed in the paper. The transcriptional control of multiple loci is deftly coordinated by the eukaryotic...systematically delete/overexpress endogenous genes or to introduce heterologous genes, but the trend of research ...tinkering with regulatory networks and multiplex gene control. However, these approaches are often met with the...Modifying the CRISPRi system for multidirectional control The CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) model consists...CRISPRi system for more flexible multidirectional control, a new study repurposes the sgRNA to include modular...The use of regulators allows a greater degree of control of desired expression levels dependent upon the...small allowing multiple sgRNA constructs to be introduced simultaneously in a single plasmid. The functionality...
  41. Plasmids 101: Colony PCR

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...is sufficient. Controls: Controls can make or break an experiment. The best controls for a colony PCR... They also serve as controls for your PCR reaction. Running a no template control PCR reaction for detecting...bacterial debris. Use a positive control. A good positive control is bacteria transformed with the same...primer design. Use a negative control strain. A good negative control strain is an untransformed culture...type of control is especially important for insert-specific primers. If your negative control amplifies...number of background colonies on your no ligation control plate. The more background, the more colonies you...backbone vector with and without an insert. These controls are quick references you can use when you run ...
  42. FLEx Technology and Optogenetics: Flipping the switch on gene expression with high spatial and temporal resolution

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...basics: What is optogenetics? Optogenetics: Controlling neurons with light In 2005, a team from Stanford...1984; Harz and Hegemann, 1991). These proteins control the flow of electric charges across cell membranes...opsin genes in targeted cells makes it possible to control neuronal activity with a specificity far greater...can be achieved using pharmacological or electrophysiological methods (Deisseroth, 2011; Mei and Zhang... to flow across the axon’s membrane, thereby controlling neural activity (Bernstein and Boyden, 2011; ...usually drive weak expression of downstream genes. Strong cell-specific promoters, on the other side, are...; Hudry and Vandenberghe, 2019). How to achieve strong opsin expression in specific neuronal cell types...
  43. Plasmids 101: Using Transposons in the Lab

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Transposable elements (TEs): Retrotransposons  Class I TEs are also known as retrotransposons. They transpose by...those without (non-LTR TEs). LTR retrotransposons are like retroviruses both in their structure and mechanism...which are required for LTR retrotransposon transposition. Non-LTR retrotransposons contain two open reading... Figure 1: Overview of retrotransposon transposition. Retrotransposons are mobilized by a ‘copy-paste...such as the ~11 kB cDNA for dystrophin, the gene mutated in muscular dystrophy, require truncation to fit...of transposition: Class I TEs, also called retrotransposons, and Class II TEs, also called DNA transposons...into new target sites. This is similar to how retroviruses, like HIV, replicate. Class I TEs do not encode...
  44. Chemogenetics vs. Optogenetics: Which Method Should I Choose?

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Noninvasive Controlling Stimulation ExogenousEasily controlled EndogenousNot easily controlled Unique...spatiotemporal control of a small subset of neurons is necessary, use optogenetics. If broad control of whole...boundaries in neuroscience by granting targeted control over neuronal activity. While they serve similar...optogenetics differ are: Timing Targeted manipulation Controlling stimulation Invasiveness  Choosing the best ...Chemogenetics does not offer the same level of control over timing. Because chemogenetics relies on chemical... can reach target cells throughout the body. Controlling Stimulation Some studies rely on delivering reversible...stimulation to receptors. Optogenetics offers better control over these factors as the light source can be easily...
  45. CRISPR 101: Off-Target Effects

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...probability of artifacts. Off-target controls A seldom used control for targeted CRISPR experiments is ... how to predict and minimize them, and ways to control for and quantify them when they can’t be avoided... system is an RNA-guided nuclease that either introduces a ssDNA nick, a dsDNA break, or is engineered...placement (e.g., mutating a specific amino acid or introducing a specified edit). However, if your design does...putative off-targets would be suitable. How to control for off-target events Sometimes there just isn’...applications, this is ok, but it still must be controlled for and acknowledged as a potential limitation...to perform key experiments on is a good way to control for off targets as well as clonal differences. ...
  46. Plasmids 101: Dimers and Multimers

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...sample. Troubleshooting Tips   Figure 3. Summary of plasmid multimerization troubleshooting tips...capillary gel electrophoresis. BioProcess Int. 2006 Sep;4(8):38-40. Summers D. Timing, self-control and a sense...sometimes observe something odd in our uncut DNA control: a band or two appear on an agarose gel at notably...agarose gel Running undigested DNA on a gel as a control when performing a diagnostic digest is a simple...sequencing of our plasmid samples during our quality control process. Since MiSeq involves sequence assembly...identification of plasmid multimers. Capillary Gel Electrophoresis (CGE) analysis Another technique that can detect... detect multimers is capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), which has been used in plasmid vaccine and gene...
  47. Quantifying DNA? Here are Five DNA Quantification Methods to Consider

    Type
    Blog Post
    ... or chaotropic salts. Capillary electrophoresis Quantifying DNA using capillary electrophoresis is ... using gel electrophoresis. Except, it’s smaller. And automated. Unlike gel electrophoresis, you only ...wavelength that they maximally absorb. The spectrophotometer measures these absorbances using UV-transparent...absorb best at 280 nm and organic compounds and chaotropic salts maximally absorb at 230 nm. The A260/A280...specific for double strand DNA (as compared to spectrophotometric methods that measure all nucleic acids). ... sample concentration for you. Agarose gel electrophoresis Though not the quickest way to quantify DNA...methods can’t tell you and you don’t need a spectrophotometer or a fluorometer to quantify DNA this way....
  48. Plasmids 101: Transformation, Transduction, Bacterial Conjugation, and Transfection

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...have learned how to introduce genetic materials into cells in the lab. The introduction of foreign DNA or...research. There are multiple ways foreign DNA can be introduced into cells including transformation, transduction...plasmid of interest. Scientists can also use electroporation, the application of an electrical charge to...Transduction occurs when foreign DNA or RNA is introduced into bacterial or eukaryotic cells via a virus...Transduction is a common tool used by scientists to introduce different DNA sequences of interest into a bacterial...transduction. Scientists also use transduction to introduce foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells, like mammalian... process by which foreign DNA is deliberately introduced into a eukaryotic cell through non-viral methods...
  49. Fluorescent Proteins 101: Monitoring Cell Mobility Using Fluorescent Proteins

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...Finsterbusch, Michaela, et al. "Patrolling monocytes promote intravascular neutrophil activation and glomerular...same laser) cooperate to cause a higher-energy electronic transition in a fluorescent molecule (see figure...epifluorescence microscope and GFP fusion proteins controlled by promoters specific to the immune lineage, ...movements in real time. This technique was first Introduced to immunology by three papers in the journal ...of pathogen-immune cell interaction relied on in vitro studies where it was difficult to apprehend the ... The video above depicts the infiltration of neutrophils expressing LysM-GFP (green) into a draining lymph...infection with S. aureus (red). You can then see neutrophils swarming around S. aureus and eating the bacteria...
  50. Top Requested AAV of 2017: pmSyn1-EBFP-CRE

    Type
    Blog Post
    ...pouring in! While our lentiviral service is going strong, the AAV service has shown incredible growth this...EBFP-Cre Available in serotypes AAV1, AAV5, and AAV retrograde (the most popular form), this viral vector is...deliver DNA encoding Cre recombinase under the control of the synapsin promoter. It can be used to drive...genes to various brain regions. You can partially control which cells are successfully infected by an AAV...serotype, but occasionally you may want to further control where your gene of interest is expressed.  A cell-type...cell-type specific Cre can provide you with that control in a modular way. For example, say you would like...contains a Cre-dependent mCherry cassette under the control of an otherwise ubiquitous promoter. You could ...
Showing: 151 - 200 of 915 results