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... acronyms, so if you're new to viral vectors or simply need a refresher, we've included a glossary at ... — hence the use of “retro”. Retroviruses have simpler genomes, containing only the necessary packaging...transfection step of the viral packaging cell line. For example, Phoenix™ is a popular second-generation gamma-...

... dimensional sample (see Figure 1); similar to an MRI or CT scanner. This is accomplished by focusing ... to a single focal point. This is accomplished by using, for example, red light instead of blue to excite...between the glass coverslip and a sample in aqueous buffer it is completely reflected. This reflection occurs...water-like buffer the sample is immersed in. Although the excitation light is completely reflected, energy...my experiment? When I am contemplating which microscope to use for a new sample I always start by asking...asking two questions: 1) Is the sample dynamic or static? 2) Is the sample thin (< 15 μm) or thick? These...capture in these types of samples is their fast movements. Depending on the sample, a temporal resolution...

... multiplex PCR:  Single template PCR reaction - one template is amplified using several forward and ...PCR requires free nucleotides (dNTPs), template DNA to amplify from and unique single stranded DNA primers...reaction:  Denaturation- To amplify DNA, the two strands of the template DNA first have to be separated...End point PCR’s goal is to amplify a specific target of DNA. This amplicon can be used in molecular cloning...determine the concentration of the original template DNA in the sample.  Addgene currently uses ddPCR for AAV...Multiplex PCR, as the name implies, is a method in which multiple targets can be amplified in a single PCR experiment... reverse primer sets.  Multiple template PCR - multiple templates with different primer pairs that align...

...control is generally a sample or group that will have a desired response. For example, if you are studying...control is a sample or group that is not subjected to the experimental condition. In the example above, a ... wild-type and knockout samples. In this test, wild-type and knockout samples are treated with the identical...present in the wild-type samples and absent in the knockout.  If knockout samples are unavailable, try substituting...interactions between the sample and the secondary antibody. C, a label control treats the sample to the full protocol...endogenous antibodies naturally present in the sample, for example at sites of inflammation. This tends to be...all new samples, protocol changes, or when high background labeling occurs (Burry 2011). Complex experiments...

...in a PCR protocol that amplifies the entire plasmid template. The parent template is removed using a methylation-dependent...requires a template of high homology to the endogenous target, yet to facilitate the repair, the template should...mutagenized plasmids. PCR primers (green) amplify the plasmid template (blue), and introduce a restriction ... flank the targeted region. Upon PCR amplification, the template is removed by DpnI restriction digestion...are designed to be complementary, but each primer may extend beyond the complementary region as long as...efficiently amplified than larger constructs, but plasmids as large as ~6 kb can be amplified fairly easily...extension time to match the size of your template. Amplification of GC-rich plasmids is facilitated by the addition...

...with each sample. Successfully analyzed samples will display the following parameters: Sample - The unique...multiplex sample, ICE includes visual representations of all detected edit types in the sample. The visualization...indel.   For a complete guide to ICE analysis, including detailed explanation and examples, read the paper...easy. Simply upload your Sanger sequencing files and provide basic information such as your sample names...the ICE software has two analysis formats: sample by sample analysis, which can compare up to five editing...results and a list of the analyzed samples (see below).   If the sample run had no issues, the analysis ...perform more in-depth analyses on each sample by clicking on the sample name or on its corresponding bar graph...

... easy to measure sample concentration and purity using only a tiny bit of the sample itself — so easy ...instrument can calculate a sample’s nucleic acid concentration based on the sample’s absorption at 260 nm (...spectra of a mixed sample.  But, other molecules that may be present in the sample also absorb light...levels exceed 70% of the sample content (Loughrey and Matlock, 2016). So, even samples with “good” A260/280...nm, you may have phenol in your sample.  RNA contaminants DNA samples can also be contaminated with RNA.... To confirm RNA in your DNA sample, you will need to use a complementary assay, such as a fluorescence...especially problematic in low-concentration samples (samples with concentrations < 10 ng/μL), where absorbance...

...generation simpler, as described in an earlier post on generating CRISPR mouse models. For simple knockout... Single-stranded DNA repair templates Short single-stranded DNA templates have been shown to improve the...final ssDNA template. Figure 2: Overview of ivTRT to generate an ssDNA repair template. Although...ssDNA template and CRISPR machinery, Quadros et al. recommend ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of Cas9...Easi-CRISPR. As in the knock-in example, you’ll design your repair template with 55-100 bp homology on each...plenty of Addgene plasmid options for templates - see the example at right using blue flame plasmid pmScarlet_C1.... It’s also made targeted insertions relatively simple in C. elegans and bacteria. But CRISPRing typical...

... the sample to that of a standard curve to extrapolate the concentration of antigen in the sample. A variety...-containing sample with their conjugated primary antibody. Users next incubate the sample with the multiwell...control, include a sample that is known to contain the target antigen. Some examples could be an endogenous...used to quantify the level of target antigen in a sample. While Engvall et al. originally developed the ... proteins and small molecules from a variety of sample types (Engvall 1971). Scientists value ELISAs for...). Fluorescent tags may also be used, but for simplicity we will discuss the more common enzyme-based ...capture antibody that binds to the antigen in a sample and then a second detection antibody binds. The...

...in liquid culture to amplify the library, followed by DNA isolation. The amplified library is verified ...your first step will be to amplify the library. This is similar to amplifying a plasmid: transform E. coli...the same proportion after amplification as they were prior to amplification. And as anyone who has worked...impact what conditions it needs to properly amplify.  Amplification protocols therefore differ from library... for the libraries we amplify in house, but these are not general amplification protocols. Rather, each...your amplified library should be very similar to that of the original library. Like amplification, this...the size and complexity of pooled libraries, NGS is the best way to validate your amplified library and...

...you will need to start with a fixed sample. Depending on the sample type, this might be frozen or formalin-fixed...al, 2022 for a sample protocol.)  Simultaneous IF Depending on your needs, your sample, and targets, you... Figure 2: Examples of simultaneous multiplex IF labeling of rat brain samples from the James Trimmer..., or you can make your own. For example, to label the rat brain sample shown in Figure 2A above, Andrews... get completely washed away and leave no signal. If you see lots of extra signal in these samples where...set of samples where you label only one target in each. Compare these individually-labeled samples with ...referred to as immunocytochemistry (ICC) when the sample is cultured cells or immunohistochemistry (IHC)...

...molecule in an unknown sample. To do this, you serially dilute a control sample of known concentration...extrapolate the concentration of an unknown sample. For example, a BCA assay uses a serial dilution of a ...concentration of the unknown sample based on its measured response. An example of this is shown in Figure...their bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) to normalize samples before running a western blot. Standard curves ...control protein, incubated alongside an unknown sample with the BCA reagent. The absorbance of both is...you to determine the concentration of the unknown sample.  How do I make the standards for a standard curve...standard curve by serially diluting a known control sample, called a standard. The ideal standard curve has...

...detecting specific populations of cells in a complex tissue or sample (1). When combined with cell sorters, ...information about the cell’s complexity. A cell with a high degree of internal complexity such as extensive membranes...rule out dead cells and debris. For example, a whole blood sample will contain a mix of cells including...differences in their size and complexity, cells from a whole blood sample will separate into distinct populations...ensure that samples are single cell suspensions. For cells that tend to aggregate, pass the sample through...single-stained samples for each fluorochrome in the experiment. Single-stained samples must be as bright...experimental sample. In addition, you should include a panel of “fluorescence-minus one” controls, samples stained...

...protein:DNA complexes with antibodies specific to your protein(s) of interest. Once the complex is captured... Once you have your sample, the first step is to ensure your protein:DNA complexes will remain bound to...you’re working with a tissue sample, you’ll need to homogenize your sample before moving on to the next...the protein:DNA complexes. Once you’ve finished fragmenting the DNA, spin down the samples to remove cell...protein:DNA complexes and finally (5) isolated the DNA from your antibody:protein:DNA complexes. Your DNA...Homogenization for a tissue sample can also need significant optimization for the sample type and size.) It can...process is very similar for both, though tissue samples do require an extra homogenization step. For this...

...can test three or more groups (two samples and a control, for example) simultaneously, with up to two independent...differences exist between. For example, if an ANOVA analysis on a five-sample data set yields statistical...appropriate to use if all sample comparison is needed, without a high number of samples (~5). Tukey’s test ...test assumes your data follows. Fig. 1: Examples of comparable groups with and without equal levels... variance among data.     Fig. 2: Examples of data distribution profiles.   Parametric...They are classic parametric tests and one of the simplest statistical tests available. Tailed t-tests If...you are solely interested in whether or not two samples are statistically different than one another, a...

...carrying sample-specific barcodes. Rather than continuing to process 100s to 1000s of samples individually...projects in many labs. However, the high costs of sample preparation for high-throughput next generation...sequencing instruments by enhancing the efficiency and simplicity of library prep. As part of our mission, we’ve...technology overview For any NGS experiment, the DNA sample being sequenced must be sheared into smaller fragments...workflows are limited by costly library prep, as each sample requires an individual library. The plexWell™ workflow...library prep”, in which a relatively large number of samples are subjected to a DNA-barcoding step that uniquely...labels DNA from each well of a 96-well plate. Then, samples from several plates are pooled together to create...

... adjusted depending on the sample. It is important to remember that sample lysates will also contain proteases... from the sample prior to beginning the IP.  During the IP, the target protein in the sample binds to ...proteins are completely removed. Wash steps should be performed even with a pre-cleared sample.  Eluting ...parallel with both a sample known to express the protein of interest, such as a sample transiently transfected...immunoglobulins, to isolate a specific protein out of a complex mix. Using this technique, users can look for the...the antibody or antibody-target protein immune complexes, wash away unbound protein, elute and measure ...Protein extracts from cells or tissues contain a complex mix of proteins seen as green squares, purple circles...

...the amplified region of interest. Cas13 uses a complementary crRNA sequence to bind to the sample and ...extracted from a sample and subject to isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) using a commercially... available amplification kit. In this case, regions of gene S and Orf1ab gene are amplified. RPA reactions...cleavage. Upon amplification by the RPA primers, the Cas12a-crRNA binds to the complementary region in the...the samples. First, RNA is extracted and subject to reverse transcription. This is then amplified by PCR...cleavage. Highlights: Reverse-transcribed RNA samples are amplified by PCR instead of RPA. Unlike RPA, this ... RNA is extracted and subject to isothermal amplification by primers that target the E and the N2 gene...

... qPCR, viral DNA is amplified and monitored in real time. When the PCR is complete, the results are analyzed...required for a mini amplification reaction to take place.  When the PCR is complete, a droplet reader extracts...the fluorescence amplitude of each one. Droplets that fluoresce contain the amplified target sequence....cycles. After additional rounds of amplification, your fluorescence amplitude will increase, leading to greater...standard curve is giving an accurate readout of your samples.  Of course, if qPCR were perfect there would be...if you set up two identical assays with the same sample, you could end up with a titer of 4 x 1012 genome.... Each droplet contains the ingredients for amplification of the target DNA. This partitioning reduces...

... and dsDNA. This is not true for all amplicons; if your amplicon is AT-rich or has a secondary structure...individual values match across the board. If the samples or sample conditions change, the multiplexed protocol...Method Standard Curve?  Amplification Efficacy Calculation Amplification Efficacy Assumptions ... can be the more optimal choices at times. For example, chemistries that rely on hairpin design of probes...Allelic specificity Can be multiplexed Single amplicon validation technique Hydrolysis Probes (Taqman...Bustin, 2017 for a more in-depth review.)  Your amplicon should be between 70-200 bp long With ΔΔCT analysis...validation data, be aware that different machines, samples, and treatments may affect the assay. It’s unusual...