We narrowed to 731 results for: Sis

...actin and myosin, and enzymes for transmitter synthesis. Retrograde transport is used for transport of...vivo, microinjection, pressure injection or iontophoresis (applying small electric currents via inserted...methods are naturally occurring viruses that infect, persist, and migrate within neurons, and that are also ... Not all measures of transport efficiency are consistent which may be caused by the diversity of techniques...are not fully understood and may be a form of transcytosis where the AAV particle is taken up on one side...cross the blood brain barrier by endothelial transcytosis (Foust et al., 2009; Merkel et al., 2017), and...Aschauer, D.F., Kreuz, S., and Rumpel, S. (2013). Analysis of transduction efficiency, tropism and axonal...

...systems that are widely present in bacteria. They consist of a toxin which can affect a variety of cellular...division”). The encoded toxin-antitoxin system consists of CcdB (toxin) and CcdA (antitoxin) where CcdB...sequences in RNA resulting in a blockage of protein synthesis. The antitoxin MazE, which binds and inhibits ... contains the mazF gene and a gene for Zeocin resistance (Figure 2). This MazF-ZeoR cassette is flanked...) contained within it by selecting for Zeocin resistance. Then, counter-selection with methanol medium...systems Because restriction modification systems consist of two enzymes that have opposing activities, it...the systems just described, the hok/sok systems consist of three components: Host killing (hok), a long-living...

... in every experiment-based investigation of a hypothesis: proper controls! For every experiment, an investigator...ability of the cells to express the protein.   In analysis of the result in Figure 1, an internal control...includes the aforementioned internal control and is consistent with the result in Figure 1 could look like this...associated with the independent variable should be consistent over time and from different preparations of ...replicate control is important, it speaks to the consistency of the reagents and hands performing the experiment...experiment, not the reproducibility or consistency of the observed phenotype associated with the independent...replicates control for the reproducibility and consistency of the observed phenotype associated with the...

.... Insertional mutagenesis combined with acquired somatic mutations causes leukemogenesis following gene...lentiviral vector: 1. No risk of insertional mutagenesis Lentiviral vectors tend to integrate into transcriptionally...2002), thus increasing the risk for insertional mutagenesis. This integration could lead to an undesirable...harbor these unwanted interruptions. Insertional mutagenesis is especially concerning in clinical settings...acute lymphoblastic leukemia due to insertional mutagenesis (Howe et al., 2008). 2. Transient expression ...cells, as they avoid the risk of insertional mutagenesis while still allowing for stable expression of...Sander, J. D. (2013). High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells...

... (2016) Enhanced Rice Blast Resistance by CRISPR/Cas9-Targeted Mutagenesis of the ERF Transcription Factor...longer shelf life and the development of disease-resistant crops to increase agricultural yield (Wang et ...including commonly used model organisms like Arabidopsis and Medicago truncatula and several crop species...sequence and ~75 nucleotide scaffold sequence) is consistent between plants and other organisms, but the promoter...GOI) into plant cells. A) The system typically consists of a Ti plasmid, into which the GOI is inserted...2013) Plant genome editing made easy: targeted mutagenesis in model and crop plants using the CRISPR/Cas...homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew. Nat Biotechnol 32:947–951 ...

...antibiotic resistance cassette and you aren’t introducing an additional antibiotic resistance cassette ...where the inserted DNA includes an antibiotic resistance marker. After transformation, plate the cells...into the plasmid backbone contains a kanamycin resistance cassette, you would plate the cells on kanamycin-containing...cells carrying plasmids that contain a kanamycin resistance cassette will grow. However, often times, the...often used for cloning in yeast since antibiotic resistance spontaneously arises in yeast. For example, Markus...occurring genes for cloning purposes (antibiotic resistance genes, toxin genes, and the sacB gene). By tapping...

...through a phase of crisis where they 'collect' a number of mutations.” Cystic fibrosis may not be the most...Cas9 genome editing system to correct the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductor receptor (CFTR) by homologous... intestinal stem cells of patients with cystic fibrosis (8).   The difference with CRISPR/Cas9 in comparison...stem cells isolated from two patients with cystic fibrosis. They were able to demonstrate functional correction...said Gerald Schwank, first author of the cystic fibrosis report. “This is a big advantage over induced ...Cas9 in Intestinal Stem Cell Organoids of Cystic Fibrosis Patients." Cell Stem Cell. 13, 653-658 (5 December...

...salts. Capillary electrophoresis Quantifying DNA using capillary electrophoresis is similar to quantifying... using gel electrophoresis. Except, it’s smaller. And automated. Unlike gel electrophoresis, you only ... sample concentration for you. Agarose gel electrophoresis Though not the quickest way to quantify DNA...nanofluidic channel and the sample is separated by electrophoresis. Smaller fragments migrate quicker than larger...quantification of a RNA ladder using capillary electrophoresis which shows fluorescence units over time. Smaller...

...breakdown of the nuclear envelope, which occurs during mitosis. The most well-known retrovirus is HIV. Lentiviruses...the fear of random genomic integration causing mutagenesis in the host. Adenoviruses can deliver relatively...Dividing Cells Moderate Immunogenicity Insertional Mutagenesis Possible Lentivirus Infects non-dividing...non-dividing cells Insertional Mutagenesis Possible Adenovirus Remains Episomal (Little Risk of...of Insertional Mutagenesis) High Gene Expression Infects Non-Dividing Cells Large Packaging Capacity (... AAV Remains Episomal (Little Risk of Mutagenesis) Very Low Immunogenicity Infects Non-Dividing...Integration of murine leukemia virus DNA depends on mitosis.” EMBO J. 12 (1993) 2099-2108. PubMed PMID: 8491198...

...lab developed the Phage-Assisted Continuous Evolution (PACE) and Phage-Assisted Non-Continuous Evolution...Base editors make specific DNA base changes and consist of a catalytically impaired Cas protein (dCas or... to base editor activity and editing speed and consists of the following components: A plasmid in the.... A phage encoding the deaminase TadA-7.10 A mutagenesis plasmid controlling the phage mutation rate ...stringent phage selection. Figure 2: Phage-assisted evolution of base-editing activity. A plasmid-...Zeng J, Bauer DE, Doudna JA, Liu DR (2020) Phage-assisted evolution of an adenine base editor with improved...

...the heavy lifting, so don’t let the statistical analysis of your data get you hung up. Here we will dive... for you. Statistics – The basics Statistical analysis is what determines if there is statistical significance...account for subject-to-subject variation in its analysis (the test assesses the difference of the group...differences exist between. For example, if an ANOVA analysis on a five-sample data set yields statistical significance...pairings, additional tests, referred to as post-hoc analysis, must be performed. These will be discussed later...information. A post hoc test, done after your initial analysis can provide information on specifically which ...statistically different within your ANOVA/ANCOVA analysis. If you have performed a MANOVA/MANCOVA and want...

...insertional mutagenesis in humans (1) and AAVs are non-enveloped viruses, so they are resistant to alcohol-based... viruses, AAVs normally require second strand synthesis before gene expression begins. ScAAV avoid this... Russell, David W. "AAV vectors, insertional mutagenesis, and cancer." Molecular Therapy 15.10 (2007):...PMID: 17882145. 2. Zincarelli, Carmela, et al. "Analysis of AAV serotypes 1–9 mediated gene expression ...Dominik F., Sebastian Kreuz, and Simon Rumpel. "Analysis of transduction efficiency, tropism and axonal...promote efficient transduction independently of DNA synthesis." Gene therapy 8.16 (2001): 1248. PubMed PMID:...8. Ferrari, Forrest K., et al. "Second-strand synthesis is a rate-limiting step for efficient transduction...

...off-target analysis in order to meet clinical approval. It is key to maintain a consistent set of standards...connections can help alleviate the reproducibility crisis in biology. It is key to address these concerns... The results are then visualized using gel electrophoresis. Surveyor™ and T7E1 have been widely adopted...including Digenome-seq (Kim et al. 2015) for in vitro analysis, IDLV for in vivo detection (Gabriel et al. 2011..., Yanfang, et al. "High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells... sequencing, pyrosequencing, and melting curve analysis for the detection of KRAS mutations: diagnostic...Gabriel, Richard, et al. "An unbiased genome-wide analysis of zinc-finger nuclease specificity." Nature biotechnology...

...cytometry provides analysis at the cellular level, it cannot be used for subcellular analysis such as morphology...lymphocytes and “gate” that population for further analysis. Since different populations of immune cells express...around their desired cell population for further analysis. In this example, the lymphocyte population is...Include proper controls To ensure accurate data analysis, include a complete set of controls. Ideally, ...allow you to omit dead or dying cells from your analysis; dead or dying cells tend to have more autofluorescence... panel will help you set up gating during data analysis.  We hope that this blog has provided you with... an overview of flow cytometry for single cell analysis and some useful background information for setting...

...Here's what you'll find in this post: Peptide-assisted genome editing for primary cells Monomeric StayGold...Recombinant anti-FLAG tag antibodies Peptide-assisted genome editing for primary cells By Susanna Stroik...optimizing the Cas protein delivery with Peptide-Assisted Genome Editing (PAGE). They fused the Cas enzyme...cell-penetrating peptides and co-incubate it with an “assist peptide” that facilitates endosomal escape. Combining...mCherry reporter (mChe), with co-incubation with assist peptide (AP). C) Workflow for Cas-RNP-PAGE editing...primary T cells, by co-incubation of Cas-RNP and assist peptide. Adapted from Zhang et al. 2023 with permission...of human and mouse primary cells using peptide-assisted genome editing. Nature Biotechnology, 10.1038/...

...heating and cooling steps. PCR relies on heat resistant DNA polymerase from the thermophilic bacterium...aquaticus (Taq). Taq polymerase is thus a heat resistant enzyme that can withstand changes in temperature...generating mutated sequences for site-directed mutagenesis.  Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR... high throughput SNP genotyping, gene deletion analysis, and RNA detection.  A summary of the types of...interest  Molecular Cloning Site-directed mutagenesis Molecular Diagnostics qPCR Quantify starting...pathogen identification SNP genotyping Gene deletion Analysis RNA detection     References and Resources... PCR  Plasmids 101: Colony PCR Site Directed Mutagenesis by PCR Resources on Addgene.org Protocol: Polymerase...

...newly-deaminated inosines. Pro tip! The nucleoside inosine consists of the nucleobase hypoxanthine + a ribose sugar...this promising start, the team used rational mutagenesis to produce the adenine transversion editor AYBEv3...editing, they co-expressed Polη, a translesion synthesis polymerase known to preferentially incorporate...and ABEs, they could be useful for saturation mutagenesis, and they provide a strong proof of concept for... editor (gGBE) (Tong, Liu, et al., 2023). gGBE consists only of engineered MPG fused to nCas9. First, ...empty space. Over several rounds of rational mutagenesis, the team progressed to gGBEv6.3, which was capable...., & Chang, X. (2024). Protein language models-assisted optimization of a uracil-N-glycosylase variant...

...expression levels comparable to GFP during early embryogenesis (Figure 3). mScarlet-I3 also offered clearer... Pe K., Cesar M., Hobert O. (2024) Comparative analysis of new mScarlet-based red fluorescent tags in ... common human pathogen notorious for its high resistance to antibiotics. Several CRISPR/Cas-based systems...abscessus’ high rate of spontaneous antibiotic resistance interfering with selection. Using an inducible...understanding of its biology, pathogenicity, and resistance mechanisms.     Figure 4. Overview of...plasmid containing tetracycline repressor TetR and resistance selection marker KanR. This strain is then transformed... cassette on a plasmid expressing mCherry and resistance selection marker HygR. The CRISPR system is induced...

...codon usage important? Translation and protein synthesis relies on transfer RNAs (tRNAs). tRNAs bind to...2010). Figure 1: An overview of peptide synthesis. A ribosome interacts with mRNA and charged tRNAs... altering the sequence of the protein. As DNA synthesis has become quite cost-effective it seems easy ...algorithms/resources (Athey et al., 2017) and many DNA synthesis companies, such as IDT, Genewiz and GenScript,...system of choice. ThermoFischers GeneArt Gene Synthesis NovoPro Labs Codon Optimization Tool (ExoOptimizer... Hausser J, Syed AP, Bilen B, Zavolan M (2013) Analysis of CDS-located miRNA target sites suggests that....139758.112 Mauro VP, Chappell SA (2014) A critical analysis of codon optimization in human therapeutics. Trends...

...phosphatase inhibitors to your lysis buffer. Additionally, protein lysis should be done at 4 °C or on ice...conditions Adjust lysis conditions: time, temperature, and/or buffer to increase lysis Add sonication...temperature. Some proteins aggregate at 95 °C, a common lysis temperature, so consider a longer incubation (10...ladder on the lefthand side. Whatever you do, be consistent and document it.   Did it work? Save yourself...chemical buffer around, which works well and consistently, to help troubleshoot background issues. It’...sonication step to protein lysis Splice variants Check literature Posttranslational modifications ...Run control protein (if available) and note in analysis Plasmid-based proteins: plasmid sequence not...