...application, they can be membrane-permeant or membrane-impermeant, and the cells of interest can be the ones...dye staining can be done on live cells. For cellular proliferation, esterified dyes that can enter cells...in the extracellular space. The targeted epitopes can be motifs within transmembrane proteins, such as ...However, there are more techniques and strategies one can employ beyond simply incubating cells with single-fluorophore-conjugated...single-fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. These methods can include labeling markers with multiple proteins/antibodies...visualizing DNA instead of proteins. Some stains can diffuse through the cell membrane freely, while others... application, one or several of those techniques can be used alongside standard surface labels. Here, ...

...cells: antibodies can bind to proteins on the cell surface, or the cell membrane can be permeabilized ...natural part of the immune system and a tool that can be used for a variety of research applications. Within... immune system is referred to as an antigen. You can learn more about antibodies in our Antibodies 101...Once a protein is targeted with an antibody, you can visualize the protein via fluorescence or chemiluminescence...research setting, antibodies of different isotypes can be used together in the same experiment because the...this, it may contain many epitopes that antibodies can recognize. Imagine you’re doing a word search puzzle...But, there are actually many ways that antibodies can be produced for research purposes, some of which ...

... your technical skills, can open new career opportunities for you, if you can identify them in yourself... conflict can fall into “groupthink” and fail to evolve. Recognizing when “bad” conflict can be spun into...conflict can lead to people disagreeing with each other just for the sake of disagreeing. It can be extremely...creating new avenues of communication can create as many problems as it can solve. Many of us have heard the...common good. If you can get past that hurdle, there are a few more tools that can come in handy: Empathy...inherently bad, and in many cases it can be. If people or teams can’t see eye to eye on something and a .... There are countless classes and resources that can provide details and vocabulary for this skill. What...

...participants can contribute and sketch on the board without leaving Zoom. The annotate function can also make... and take minutes that can be accessed by anyone at any time. This document can be shared and serve as... to group together. Breakout Rooms can be used as a break, but can also be used to brainstorm on data ...Cornell Medicine. Discussing data with colleagues can be more difficult during the pandemic era, with fewer...and/or be in the lab at odd times, new strategies can make socially distanced work more creative. An example...their thoughts. Then at the lab meeting, the team can discuss those ideas and build from those.   ... Figure 1: Virtual lab meeting? No problem! You can still creatively collaborate and brainstorm! Image...

...optical microscope can be very difficult, so how do you know it’s there? For this task, you can use PCR based...luminescence. This can then be detected by a luminometer. Non-specific DNA stains can be added in the infected...antibiotic agents. These agents can be used to wash the cell cultures. The treatment can take a few weeks to a ...difficult to eradicate. You can suppress the growth of mycoplasma but cannot eradicate it completely. When...mycoplasma. These methods cannot guarantee complete removal of mycoplasma but, can get rid of most of mycoplasma...drugs like penicillin and streptomycin. Mycoplasma can pass through filtration methods because of its ability...source among those mentioned above. The contaminants can spread through dirty clothing, lab wears, human speech...

...competitive while digital can be oversaturated. Transition from academic to informal writing can difficult.  ...interaction. Can bring in things to be physically interacted with. Public speaking is a common fear. Can be discouraging...cons. Flexible. Can allow people to learn in multiple ways from the same experience.  Can combines cons ...Static. Can be difficult to convey an entire story or context via still images. Some things cannot be photographed...Visually compelling and flexible. Can be used to illustrate things that cannot be seen with the naked eye or...their audience demographics. Do your research so you can go to where your audience already is.  You’ll also...availability to resources (including the internet!) can vary depending on factors like socioeconomic status...

...key transferable skill that can help you get more of what you want and can also strengthen your relationships...negotiating with my PI on how to spend my grant money (Can I attend this conference?) and with my lab mates ...going on vacation (New York City or Hawaii?). So how can you approach improving this transferable skill? Negotiation...approach to negotiation is the most straightforward, it can mean that everyone leaves disappointed (we’ve all...problem-solving exercise? Asking questions like the below can help you understand the perspective of all persons... person’s request? Your colleague is if someone can feed their cells this weekend - why? Do they have...Someone has to be the first author but another author can present the work at the next big conference - Is ...

..., since they can differ. 48” x 36” tends to be the most common poster size, but this can vary as well....readers can navigate your poster and follow the logical progression of your work, and you can accomplish...beautiful figures. And, you can’t wait to tell your story. But, before you can show off your work at a conference...university, you are likely aware of how different posters can be. You have also probably thought about why certain...catch the audience’s eye and draw people in. That can be accomplished with an exciting title and attractive...and potentially a photograph of yourself. A photo can be very useful in the event that you will not be ... your poster at all times, so other participants can identify you. You may also wish to make creative ...

...instance, how much force can be generated by conformational changes in proteins? How can information propagate... R bodies can repeatedly extend and contract in response to changing pH, and they can rupture E. coli...questions can be addressed using R bodies: simple, force-generating protein machines that can extend and...both wild type and mutant R bodies can be found at Addgene here. What can R bodies do for you? R bodies are...understanding these complex processes can’t be overstated, we can also learn a lot from Nature’s simpler...

...Papers can be saved to a Semantic Scholar library. You can add hashtags to library entries, which can help...You can also set up alerts for new publications from a particular author. Saving papers Papers can be ...1996, but is getting an update! The latest version can be found here. The new PubMed will become the default...paper-finding-machine. There are four general types of accounts you can follow: Scientists: Following other scientists helps...they support. Monitoring these types of accounts can help you find papers related to a particular topic...papers, so naturally they tweet about papers too. You can follow journals related to your field of research...technically a way to save papers on Twitter, but you can bookmark a tweet in order to easily access it later...

... parts can be assembled into TUs is key to understanding MoClo. By a similar principle, TUs can be further...many parts can be assembled into many combinations. Even with current technologies, it can be extremely...pair with it can be queried by testing any number in the Level 2 assembly. These pathways can require a ... particular cloning technique. Though rarer, you can find MoClo that relies on Gibson and other non-Golden...cloning methods. MoClo’s organization schema MoClo can be broken down into three hierarchical levels: individual...terminators, etc. Once selected, individual units can be combined into… Transcription units (TUs), which...composed of multiple parts transcribed together. They can express one or more gene(s), and typically begin ...

...conference, the audience can help decide which questions get answered. “You can upvote a question and the... you can revisit the Q&A in the chat box. Presenting? Make it interactive! As a presenter, it can be difficult...session from conference to conference can be wildly different. There can be no presenter at their poster, ... “On the flip side, you can attend conferences for just a little bit. You can just go to sessions that... may have apps or interactive calendars that you can use to help plan your conference experience.One of...there was a Q&A section in the interface where you can type in questions for the speaker. “I think a lot...could share their notes together. Figure 1: Can you draw Spongebob from these instructions without...

...titer of a viral vector stock can vary based on transduction target and can also be altered by freeze-thaw... (which can include empty capsids that are devoid of a viral genome). Empty viral capsids can be formed...Different primers can have different annealing efficiencies (Wang et al., 2013). Although you can optimize your...exact same PCR twice can give titer measurements that vary up to two-fold. How can we get more reliable... us information on three important factors. What can AAV titers tell you? Physical titer: the concentration...titer: the concentration of viral particles that can transduce cells. Infectious titers are typically ... after negative staining. Empty vector particles can be identified after negative staining and appear ...

...information can be entered using our online form or by using a downloadable spreadsheet. Either choice can be ...pre-publication plasmids so they can be available when the paper is published. Plasmids can be linked to a peer-reviewed... Strain Addgene can distribute your bacterial strains if they: are E. coli that can be used under BSL1...utilize your plasmids (these can be protocols, GenBank files, etc). We can accept sequence files in any...plasmid cannot be propagated in DH5α. For plasmids with highly repetitive sequences (which can be prone...process. After you have logged in to your account, you can begin the deposit process by clicking "Submit Online... download the .xls file. For the online form you can submit "Published plasmids" or "Unpublished or pre-publication...

...Antibiotic resistance can be scary to think about, but we can all do our part to learn all we can, and minimize...ways in which bacteria can become resistant to antibacterial drugs. Resistance can be intrinsic, meaning...infection before they can test for resistance. Growing and isolating the infecting bacteria can take 24 hours ... for millennia. What we can do, however, is fight smarter, not harder. We can utilize tactics like rotating... is important to note that the term ‘antibiotic’ can also be used to describe anti-parasitic drugs and...to this class of antibiotic. Acquired resistance can be the result of one bacterium sharing genes with...methods of ‘horizontal gene transfer’. Resistance can also arise from random mutations in the genetic sequence...

...standard curve can be used to determine the amount of starting material in your sample.  qPCR can also be used...concentration, unlike qPCR where results can vary across replicates. ddPCR can be used to quantify DNA sequences...an in vitro method in which a small amount of DNA can be copied many many times in a short time period.... and essential practice in molecular biology and can be used in a multitude of scientific techniques such...    Steps of PCR The beauty of PCR is that it can amplify DNA using only a short list of reagents and... polymerase is thus a heat resistant enzyme that can withstand changes in temperature. Taq was first identified...denaturing) and cooling (annealing) steps Taq polymerase can copy DNA between the primers using the dNTPs.  Let...

...optimization can be performed to both maximize the separation and reduce any background staining. This can include...clone names, which can allow you to search different providers for the same clone. This can be particularly... process, one must first confirm that a candidate antibody can detect the antigen of interest in the given...proteomic and transcriptomic datasets can be used to select a candidate cell line (e.g. DepMap) – you’ll need...PFA-saponin, PFA-triton). The fix/perm solutions can make a significant difference in the efficacy of your antibody... this post, we will describe the approaches that can be used to determine selectivity of an antibody for...line approach Genetic knockout-based validation can conclusively prove the ability of an antibody to ...

...recombinase-dependent vectors, this can cause challenges for the experimental design as these vectors can exhibit spurious...studying how neurons are physically connected, we can begin to understand how the brain works. It’s kind...roll) neurons! Neurons are really cool because they can transmit information, for example, from one of the...looking at how neurons are physically connected we can begin to understand how the brain works. There are... (Fig. 2). Viruses as neuronal scalpels Viruses can be injected into the brain and efficiently deliver...finding a virus that works well for retrograde tracing can be difficult. The in vivo workhorse adeno associated...rabies) naturally exhibit retrograde transport and can therefore perform retrograde tracing, but often at...

...information so you can tap them for advice. As a future alum, these are people you can “cold call” and ask...someone you trust. A good coach can make a big difference, if you can find one. Create your own peer mentoring...if there are other ways they can help you grow. Mentoring relationships can last for an hour or for a year...First, I will describe some of the many ways you can approach finding someone to give you advice and guidance...the training or skills you want to learn. Mentors can be senior to you or peers you admire.  If you see...away We should all have a “posse” of advisors who can help us in different ways and in diverse areas. It... you present or see your work product in action) Can help you learn the local “ropes” and become an insider...

...2 nm, which can lead to higher resolution for super-resolution microscopy. Nanobodies can be labeled with... the above listed molecular techniques, but they can also be expressed in bacteria and extracted with ... to occur: A) Multiple polyclonal secondary IgGs can bind to different epitopes of a primary antibody....multiple labels (green circles in figure 2 below) can be attached to each antibody. But being big is a... target antigen and the fluorescent label, which can reduce the potential image resolution of super-resolution...recognize only one primary antibody. This process can be avoided direct antibody fluorophore conjugates...Reagent Pros Cons Antibodies Bivalent Polyclonal Can be labeled with multiple dyes Commercially available...