We narrowed to 217 results for: gnal

... in decreased BRET2 signal. With increased concentration of drug, the BRET2 signal decreases. The...partial understanding of how GPCRs signal through G protein signal transducers. The TRUPATH collection...receptors (GPCRs), receptors that play many roles in signaling processes including smell, taste, sight, inflammation...to interrogate 14 of the 16 non-visual G protein signal transducers (collectively known as the transducerome...heterotrimeric G protein. This complex converts a signal received by a GPCR on the cell’s surface into action... result in the initiation of a vast number of signaling cascades, inducing different cellular responses...subunit from the Gβγ dimer, activating downstream signaling pathways.  This dissociation can be measured using...

...the kinases are located, their signal strength, and how long their signals last all impact transduction ...feedback loops of signaling pathways Negative feedback loops are a common feature of signal transduction pathways...Signal transduction pathways are a lot like cell phone networks. Protein kinases deliver messages to ...transduction of the message. To study signaling pathways, scientists frequently use growth factors or serum to stimulate... but there can be a lot of static since other signaling networks can also be non-specifically activated...activated and, like the game of telephone, often the signal must be transmitted by intermediate messengers. ...kinase inhibitors to alter Raf1-MEK-ERK pathway signaling by using psMEK1 and an ERK kinase translocation...

...conserved eukaryotic polyadenylation signal directs cleavage at the cleave signal and addition of a poly-A tail...elements, such as the polyadenylation or poly(A) signal. While many studies focus on promoter strength ...?curid=17554393   Use of mammalian poly(A) signals in combination with certain viral packaging systems...WPRE (5) and CTE (6), and/or use weaker poly(A) signals like BGH.  References Peters JM, Vangeloff AD...element of the simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal by using in vitro analyses. Molecular and Cellular...Burns JE, Maitland NJ. An Internal Polyadenylation Signal Substantially Increases Expression Levels of Lentivirus-Delivered...

...identification of signaling pathways with potential to confer anticancer drug resistance." Science signaling 7.357...emerging theme is that they do so by activating signaling pathways controlling properties like growth, survival...kits/sabatini-wood-cancer-pathway-orfs/ Finding signaling pathways involved in drug resistance Wood wanted...exactly that. As described in the journal Science Signaling in December 2014, he and his colleagues at Duke... Institute and MIT, started with a list of 17 signaling pathways that are frequently implicated in cancer...

...the extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade. This signaling is a lot like a game...control of signaling pathways. This is particularly exciting because using light to control signaling provides...that bind cell signaling receptors would offer more levers to pull to control signaling pathways. For ...as well as reversibly regulation of endogenous signaling activity in cells.  Let’s shed some light on the...for protein purification and controlling cell signaling. Key components of OptoNBs OptoNBs have two key...surface of a bead.  Using OptoNBs to control cell signaling The second application for OptoNBs takes us into...pharmacological or genetic manipulation of the signaling pathway.  As a proof-of-principle, the team created...

...stimulation. GPCR signaling GPCR signaling is a complicated process involving many downstream signaling mechanisms...activating entire signaling pathways, but what if you’re interested in studying signaling pathways? Here’... secondary signaling pathways with light. This is achieved by coupling endogenous signaling molecules ...When exposed to light, they activate downstream signaling pathways that can change both the membrane potential...neurons without needing to consider secondary signaling pathways. There are many different opsin (natural...cellular function through multiple intra-cellular signaling cascades. Optical methods for controlling GPCR...light to control GPCR activation and downstream signaling cascades (reviewed in Abreu & Levitz, 2020), including...

...low amounts or if the conjugated signaling molecule has a weak signal. For flow cytometry, secondary antibodies... after other signal amplification techniques have been ruled out.  Ease of access Signal amplification...immunoimaging. A scientist conjugates an antibody with a signaling molecule, the antibody binds to a protein, and... voila! Wherever your protein of interest is, a signal will also be. This is the direct approach to immunoimaging... if the direct approach isn’t giving you enough signal to detect your protein of interest, it may be time...primary antibody. In the indirect approach, the signaling molecule is conjugated to the secondary antibody...sensitivity of an assay by increasing the number of signaling molecules associated, indirectly, with each protein...

...are able to signal through more than one subtype. How GPCR signaling works GPCR signaling is initiated...subsequently another round of signaling.    Addgene Tools for Studying GPCR signaling  So with the hundreds ... three senses, GPCRs play roles in initiating signaling pathways in inflammation, and neurotransmission...neurotransmitters, photons or odorants, to elicit downstream signaling cascades.  So let’s break down the name "G-protein... G proteins are important molecular switches in signal transduction pathways and consist of a trimer of...subunits then induce or inhibit intracellular signaling cascades as a response to the extracellular stimuli...GPCRs out there, how can scientists decipher the signaling pathways from ligand to receptor to G-protein,...

... that the signal for the positive population is no higher than 105 signal intensity. Signals any higher...better. The histogram shows peaks of high signal densities, so signal shifts due to upregulation or downregulation...indicates a higher signal, or upregulation, and a peak to the left indicates a lower signal, or downregulation...higher for a signal peak that shifts to the right on a histogram plot and lower for a signal peak that shifts... the voltage will shift it to the left. If your signal is too high, lower the voltage to have your positive...GFP protein are most likely to be clustered at signals below 103, while the GFP+ population cluster would... in comparison, say somewhere between a 104–105 signal intensity. If your samples and controls were processed...

... of multiple cell signaling systems. Activation of membrane receptors and signaling cascades conceivably...Nuclear Receptor Signaling. Dr. McKenna edits the website of the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas (NURSA)...actions instigated by the central nervous system signaling to peripheral effector organs, which then return...actions on other tissues. At the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas (NURSA), one of our primary goals is to ...permit the integration and communication of such signals between central and peripheral organs because of...molecular sensors and governors of endocrine-hormone signaling. The success of members of this group stems in...acetyltransferases or CARM1 methyltransferase. This attendant signaling feature afforded by coactivator complexes suggests...

...light to discern the signal. If the exposure time is long (e.g. > 1/7s) then the signal is weak and vice ... versa for a strong signal. However, exposure time and its relationship to signal depend on what you’re...prominent, strong signal has a shorter exposure time than the negative control, and a weak signal has a longer...sample with the primary included to confirm that the signal is from the primary antibody and not from the background...negative control, such as showing a very bright signal only in the hippocampus compared to other regions... antibody has specific binding and has a strong signal. We call the unique pattern of the antibody binding... an expectation and comparison on the antibody signal’s location. If a distinct imaged pattern does NOT...

...In this example, a 1:1,000 dilution gives a high signal with low background. Created with biorender.com...during your transfer instead of one. If you see signal on both membranes, you know your protein is over-transferring...over-transferring! If you see very little signal, but you know you loaded a good amount of sample of a ...high background (insufficient blocking) or reduced signal (too much blocking.) If you’re having issues with...concentrations of blocking buffer. If you see a low signal, you can optimize blocking conditions by running...protein’s expected concentrations, you’ll see the signal increase as the concentration of the protein increases...samples. If multiple dilutions are showing the same signal (Figure 3B), that means the amount of protein loaded...

...variations in fluorescent signals, and how the machine reads/interprets the signals, the axis is instead divided...the cut-off value for a positive signal (Figure 8). Note that the signal is actually on the X axis; what...passes through the machine’s lasers and gives off a signal read by the machine’s sensors. (Usually this something...(right.) Each event is plotted by the amount of signal read from Marker A and Marker B. Created with biorender.com... divided into positive and negative signal at a point on the axis determined by the researcher, based ...frequency of events on the Y axis and strength of signal read on the X axis may be presented. A horizontal...peak is sufficiently narrow to count as a “true” signal.  Figure 8: A series of histograms from ...

...common enzyme-based reporter methods. For enzymatic signal detection, users provide a substrate that the enzyme...into a detectable product. Scientists compare the signal intensity of the sample to that of a standard curve...direct, indirect and sandwich ELISA the reporter signal is directly proportional to the level of antigen...sample whereas in a competitive ELISA the reporter signal is inversely proportional to the level of antigen...reacts with a provided substrate and produces a signal that is directly proportional to the level of antigen...background staining. Direct ELISAs also lack the signal amplification afforded by secondary antibodies ...single primary antibody and thereby amplify the signal. Since the primary antibody does not need to be...

...they are detected with tyramide signal amplification. Tyramide signal amplification occurs when HRP converts... a ≥100-fold increase in signal over intrinsic fluorescence. Increased signal is likely due to lower background...cells and are secreted from cells due to their IgGκ signal peptide sequence, making them easy to harvest from...RANbody staining results in a ≥10-fold increase in signal over staining with a primary/ labeled secondary...is indistinguishable since they produce the same signal, so only one HRP-conjugated RANbody can be used...Method Uses Pros Cons Antigens HRP (P) Tyramide signal amplification of HRP Staining cultured cells and... and tissue sections Amplifying weak signals of fluorescent protein (i.e. GFP, RFP) Detecting GFP reconstitution...

...powerful the FRET signal. In well-designed FRET-based biosensors, the intensity of the FRET signal can be correlated...depolarization increases the BRET signal whereas hyperpolarization decreases the signal. The authors additionally...GpNLuc and OgNLuc BRET reporters produced bright signals without exogenous excitation and with OgNLuc being... later demonstrated a more than 2-fold brighter signal from Antares as compared to Fluc in this model....overcome these problems but has been hampered by dim signals from the coupled luciferase. This strategy was ...fusions coelenterazine intiates the fluorescent signal and these FP-RLuc8 fusions were dubbed Nano-Lanterns...proteins together thereby increasing their FRET signal. FRET is a non-radiative transfer of energy from...

...and fluorescent signaler. The pro of this system is the kinetic response time from signal input to readable... tools. Why Use Voltage Indicators? Electrical signals are integral to many facets of biology. For example...membrane of cardiac cells. Similarly, neuronal signaling is carried out by action potentials which are ...multiple cells to do things like translate perceived signals to physical actions. Understanding neuronal pathways... cells depends on the ability to monitor their signals – electricity! The research tools for studying ...which can make the kinetics of voltage sensing to signal output slightly slower than other approaches. Functionally... membrane, where it will then localize and emit signal from. This specific example is attractive due to...

... detects the signal of the reporter and fail to pinpoint what tissue or organ this signal is coming from... existing bacterial reporters Limited Depth of Signal/Imaging: Fluorescent reporters are not as well ...confounding factors when attempting to interpret signals from these reporters. Lack anatomical context/spatial...also scatter sound waves and therefore produce signals in ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound is an attractive...for differentiation of arg1 and arg2 ultrasound signals. This also means that multiplexing is possible ... arg1 gas vesicles and restore their ultrasound signal. Using acoustic reporter genes for in vivo imaging...localize to somewhere in the mouse abdomen. arg1 signal, however, can be overlaid onto anatomical ultrasound...

...SunTag signal allowed them to cut their laser power by over 80% and still obtain a higher signal-to-noise...transcriptional activation. Multiple nuclear localization signals (NLS) increase protein import into the nucleus....lesson and created a system to amplify fluorescent signals. Named for the "stellar explosion SUperNova," SunTag...have to increase your imaging time to get enough signal. This workaround risks cellular phototoxicity and...system amplifies the intensity of the fluorescent signal and enables single molecule tracking  within living...traditional fluorescent proteins Improved brightness and signal-to-noise ratio Less chance of phototoxicity Reduced...Marvin E., et al. “A protein-tagging system for signal amplification in gene expression and fluorescence...

...can obscure weak signals; photobleaching from the excitation light, causing the signal to gradually diminish...substrate generates a proportionate luminescent signal, strong enough to detect from proteins expressed... and even modest endogenous pools generate high signal-to-background luminescence (Schwinn et al., 2018... fractions (Shibata et al., 2023). Luminescence signal was used to confirm efficient EV loading of ADAR1...of CFTR was measured through decreases in HiBiT signal, which was slowed by knockdown of UBE3C or other...tyrosine kinase essential for cell proliferation signaling. CRISPR knock-in HiBiT-tagged EGFR cells allowed...rapid internalization and diminished luminescence signal, associated with endosomal localization of EGFR...