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...basic molecular mechanisms underlying the disease (Menezes et al., 2015). As yeast are unicellular organisms...making it easy to conduct large experiments over multiple generations. Similarly to other model organisms...manipulations. In this blog post, we’ll cover five popular model organisms, but there are many more out there... mice are more genetically and physiologically similar to humans than many other model organisms, they...study human diseases. Diseases in mice show many similar phenotypes to human diseases and have successfully...The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Another popular model organism is Drosophila melanogaster, or as...short life cycle of 8 to 14 days, and produce a large number of offspring that are laid externally. Fruit...

...acronym for a real mouthful of a phrase: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. That contrast...

... yield a cellular phenotype, translational output, etc., which can support a larger cellular engineering...types of experiments it enables. What is modular cloning? Modular cloning, or MoClo, is an organization ...What is modular cloning useful for? All of this sounds really neat — but when is this type of large-scale...you have been in the cloning trenches yourself. Modular cloning, or MoClo, is a systematic cloning strategy...strategy designed by synthetic biologists to perform large scale, one-tube cloning reactions. In this blog,...put, it assembles individual DNA components into larger units or circuits with functional relevance following...organizational schema described above, and not any particular cloning technique. Though rarer, you can find...

... field, requiring a variety of biological and molecular tools. One such tool is the model organism, an...cost, it’s understandable why E. coli is the most popular bacterial organism in microbiology and biochemistry...from NIAID. E. coli is often a part of the “molecular biologist tool box” for its common use in plasmid...time of around 20 minutes, they are perfect for molecular cloning and metabolic engineering.  The E. coli...found in E. coli have been manipulated for use in molecular biology studies. For example the E. coli biotin...norvegicus Rattus norvegicus, or the rat, is another popular model organism. A close relative to the mouse, ...models due to their size, physiology, and genetic similarities with humans. However, rats have some key differences...

... and agriculture, its portrayal in popular fiction has been largely negative. But these negative depictions...there was no turning back. While the world of molecular genetics was booming, SciFi saw the rise of literary...literary giants such as Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, James Blish, and John W. Campbell. This period... exterminate entire humanity were the two most popular topics that sparked the imagination of most of ...understood the DNA, the next milestone for the molecular biologist was to devise methods to manipulate ...discovered. These proteins are characterized by large DNA recognition sites, which makes them highly specific...pairs simultaneously to increase specificity. This modular approach made ZFNs highly appealing to researchers...

...Modular cloning is a popular DNA assembly tool used to build single- and multi-gene constructs for a ...bacteria or cell-free systems. The approach is particularly useful for producing drug precursors, biofuels... chemical synthesis of these molecules. To make large amounts of pure product in an affordable way, researchers...that can be assembled into individual TUs or very large (up to 20!) multi-TU constructs (Moore et al., 2016...build genetic circuits and would benefit from a larger library of parts but don’t need to add tags to ...multiplexed CRISPR, and chromosomal integration of larger expression cassettes (Shaw et al., 2023). Those...plant-specific parts you‘ll need, including sub-cellular localization signals, plant markers, and reporters...

...libraries CRISPR screening has become a popular tool for probing cellular pathways and mechanisms. CRISPR screening... We’ll serve up a sampling of some of the most popular and give you a tour of what these libraries are...can be used to identify genes that underlie a particular phenotype. Figure 2: Schematic of CRISPR...pooled library. Created with BioRender.com. The popular (and deliciously named) Brie and Brunello libraries... activation or inhibition CRISPR screening are similar to those for knockout screens: sgRNAs to guide ...different high-throughput experiments. Our most popular screening library is the MORF library, which stands...splice isoforms, to allow comprehensive screening, cellular programming, and more. For more details, check...

...Compared to the history of fluorescent proteins in molecular biology research, chromoproteins have a shorter... may be that chromoproteins protect corals from solar irradiation by reflecting visible and infrared light...Spragg. Advantages of using chromoproteins for molecular biology Because chromoproteins absorb visible ...fitness cost of expression. They found that the cellular fitness cost varied greatly between chromoproteins...cost yet. However, many fluorescent proteins face similar limitations, and many labs are already using these...fluorescent proteins for your research Read our Molecular Biology Reference Find plasmids for FRET References...https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48604-4 Salih A, Larkum A, Cox G, Kühl M, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2000) Fluorescent...

... Viruses are intracellular parasites and natural vehicles for genetic information. Therefore they make...used in experiments. Retroviral vectors make up a large toolbox used by researchers for (among other things...vectors in our Gamma-retrovirus guide and find popular packaging and gamma-retroviral envelope plasmids... Systems can be found in our Lentiviral guide. Popular packaging and lentiviral envelope plasmids are ...systems. Below I provide a brief overview of a few popular gamma-retroviral and lentiviral vectors that are...in your experiments. Gamma-retroviral vectors Popular gamma-Retroviral Transfer Vectors   Expressing ...mechanism. Scientists can express siRNAs to direct the cellular RNAi machinery to silence target genes. This empty...

...Research on Our Special Collections Pages Duchenne muscular dystrophy: The most common inherited disease The... The genetic disease targeted is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked recessive disorder affecting... no good treatment. The dystrophin gene is very large (79 exons), but much of the sequence appears to ...only mild symptoms, a condition known as Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). Dystrophin’s size makes it difficult...improve muscle function, and they must be injected regularly. Dystrophin and genome editing Since complex oligonucleotide...Figure 1: Exon skipping strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. gRNAs can be designed to flank a single...transcript constituted 59% of total dystrophin mRNA, similar to the 39% observed by Tabebordbar et al. Long ...

...must occur by doing work outside of the lab. Extracurricular activities don't have to be ‘extra’ Today’s...in a myriad of professions is to engage in extracurricular activities (EA). EAs can: Introduce new perspectives...strengthen interests and skills. Although the word “extracurricular” may be taboo in the lab, multiple research... your skills, values, and interests. Are you particularly good at writing and editing manuscripts? Are..., TAKE ACTION! Taking action: Examples of extracurricular activities The table below lists potential...professions within and beyond academia. Extracurricular Activities Professional Skills Open source...OpenCourseWare) Access to knowledge outside your particular field of study Assess your interest in a different...

... The “hot plasmids” from last March were quite popular and represent the diversity of tools we share on...about the aptamer soup in this blog post. 5. Five Popular Model Organisms by Alyssa Cecchetelli and Lukas... or eukaryotic cells is a common technique in molecular biology and scientific research. Get an overview...from the community. Are there any topics you particularly like or maybe something you’d like to see more...

...the MazE/MazF complex: molecular bases of antidote-toxin recognition." Molecular cell 11.4 (2003): 875-...consist of a toxin which can affect a variety of cellular processes and an antitoxin that suppresses the...biological tools for a wide range of applications in molecular biology or in vivo studies. Let’s take a look ...through the overlapping mok gene." Journal of molecular biology 223.1 (1992): 41-54. PubMed PMID: 1370544...plasmids Resources on Addgene.org Check out our molecular biology reference Search for a plasmid here Find...

...actual molecular size – it is possible that a large or charged FP fusion can change the subcellular localization...vesicles via the secretory pathway to their subcellular or extracellular destination. At the end of their life...plasmids containing that particular gene. For subcellular markers in yeast see...and selected subcellular marker proteins, it’s possible to get an idea about the subcellular structures ...Medicine, 7). Identifying the subcellular localization and composition of cellular complexes are important ...protein function. Getting ready to determine the subcellular localization of your protein of interest The ...to be a part of an organelle or involved in intracellular transport pathways, it is possible to map the...

...the Addgene blog Plasmids 101: Modular Cloning Plasmids 101: Modular Cloning Applications and Kits Plasmids...and Mohamed Soufi. So you’ve learned about the Modular Cloning (MoClo) system and what it can do for you... same concentration. What really matters is the molar ratio of your fragments. To increase your ligation...acceptor plasmids, and the ‘amount of vector’ and the ‘molar ratio of insert to vector’ can be defined by you...

...virtual molecular biology toolbox organized, today’s post features a list of free online molecular biology...Resources on Addgene.org: Read our Molecular Biology Reference Find molecular biology protocols Browse our ...all have our favorite tools for tackling these particular tasks, but they tend to be scattered about the...electronic lab notebook, it also has a suite of molecular biology tools and can make plasmid maps. Free ...different insert:backbone ratios. In-Fusion cloning molar ratio calculators Lab math calculators These calculators...with common calculations performed in the lab. Molarity calculator Promega's Biomath Calculators Primer...you find experimental and/or validation data on molecular biology tools.  Addgene Data Hub: A data repository...

...interactions (PPIs): Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC). What is bimolecular fluorescence complementation...Proteins in Living Cells Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation. Molecular Cell 9:789–798. https://doi.org..., FRET can be used to detect the inter- and intramolecular interactions that underlie protein function...fusion proteins be in close proximity and present in large enough quantities (and the correct stoichiometric...complementation? Bimolecular fluorescence complementation is a method for detecting protein-protein interactions...a fluorescent readout.   Applications for bimolecular fluorescence complementation BiFC has been used...directly visualize PPIs that regulate numerous cellular functions, including ubiquitinoylation, kinase...

...selectively activating them with the CRISPR system was a large one.  The question for her then was this: Can you...Addgene, enabling systematic investigation of the cellular consequences of repressing or inducing individual...

...Bygren, Lars O., et al. "Change in paternal grandmothers early food supply influenced cardiovascular mortality...PMC3929550. 3. Kaati, Gunnar, Lars O. Bygren, and Soren Edvinsson. "Cardiovascular and diabetes mortality determined...change in genotype. Epigenetic modifications play a large role in turning genes ‘off’ and ‘on’, signaling ...signaling which genes should be ‘read’ by the cellular machinery. This is how most cells in the body contain the...complex of DNA and histone proteins that compacts cellular DNA into chromosomes and reduces the risk of dangerous...the more compacted it becomes. This prevents the cellular machinery from physically interacting with the...Epigenetic changes have been discovered to play a large role in a variety of diseases, ranging from cancer...

...within academia, most particularly postdocs working in the U.S., whose current salaries are below the new ...proposed raising the salary for exemption to $50,440 and also suggested that the salary level should now ...gauge exactly how postdoctoral salaries are changing. Transparent salary information for postdoctoral positions...get paid. Institutional salary policies are one indicatator of how salaries may changes due to the FLSA...had a minimum salary policy: of those, 51% of institutions set their postdoctoral salary scales to the...different points on this salary range. We have been able to gather data on changes to salary for some of the institutions...2015, Stanford raised salary levels to $50,000, and as of October 1st the salary minimum was raised again...