... Gen AdVs were designed to have increased cloning capacity, decreased  potential for the generation of...E4 are deleted in 2nd generation AdVs, thereby increasing cloning capacity to ~12 Kb. The ever popular ...generated high interest for gene therapy due their increased cloning capacity (up to 36 kb!), long-term transgene...AdEasyTM system is the most popular method for creating adenoviral vector constructs. It consists of 2...can be repeated multiple times (2-4 rounds) at increasing scale over the course of 1-2 weeks. Each round...of amplification should result in a 10-100-fold increase in virus. Purification (2 days) - Purification...

...different compositions of the Cascade complex. Created with BioRender.com.   The Cascade complex Cascade...Figure 2: Cascade complex from CRISPR type I-E. Created with BioRender.com. Thanks to this complex,...Tomoji Mashimo lab and the Tilmann Weber lab — to increase efficiency of these systems, though consistent...General overview of the Cascade-Cas3 mechanism. Created with BioRender.com.   The reeling mechanism...unwinding of dsDNA occur simultaneously, which creates a loop in the target strand that is cut occasionally...repair without the section between the two gRNAs, creating a deletion. However, there is the chance of a .... Future targets Cas3 has the potential to be incredibly useful in therapeutics. Imagine deleting a problematic...

...Factors to consider when creating a pooled library amplification protocol. Created with BioRender.com. ...Re-transformation of the SPLINTR Libraries (PDF, 401 KB) Screening Zhang Lab - Multiplexed Overexpression of Regulatory...et al. Nat Protoc. 2017 with modifications Screening pCMV-Rep78/68 Scanning Saturation Mutagenesis...Amplification and Sequencing Protocol (DOCX, 32 KB) Screening Rinehart Lab Iterative Synthetically Phosphorylated...-Cas9 knockout and transcriptional activation screening, a protocol paper by the Zhang lab, and the Broad...More resources on the Addgene blog Genome-Wide Screening Using CRISPR Preparing Pooled Libraries NGS Quality...

...expression? Are you trying to create a single point mutation? Do you want to create a fusion with a reporter...include a homology directed repair (HDR) template to create knock-ins, point mutations, or to add a tag, you...vivo. A common choice for conducting genome-wide screens using CRISPR. AAV transduction Only compatible...Transient expression of CRISPR components, expression decreases as RNA is degraded within the cell. Can be used...Transient expression of CRISPR components, expression decreases as gRNA and Cas9 protein are degraded within the...validated tools.  Special thanks to Joel McDade for creating the Expression Systems table. Marcy Patrick contributed...

...and found that 50 nt spacers increase editing efficiency but also increase off-target editing within the...1090), which decreases the REPAIRv1 construct size from 4,473 bp to 4,152 bp without decreasing editing efficiency..., which deaminate adenosine to inosine in RNA, creating a functional A->G change. They fused ADAR deaminase...to dPspCas13b, but observed low RNA editing. To increase A->G editing, they employed hyperactive ADAR constructs... they hoped to destabilize ADAR-RNA binding to decrease off-targets. Of the tested constructs, ADAR2DD...

...generation oil are moved through small channels to create a water-in-oil emulsion containing approximately...the number of positive droplets as the dilutions increase. The ddPCR software uses the ratio of positive...parameters, here are a few things you can try: Increase the number of cycles. After additional rounds ...amplification, your fluorescence amplitude will increase, leading to greater separation of your positive...droplets. No more than 50 cycles is recommended. Decrease your ramp rate. A rate of 2C/s is recommended ... the droplets, but you can go as low as 1C/s. Increasing the elongation time to 2 minutes and the denaturation...denaturation time to 1 minute has been shown to increase droplet separation (Witte et al., 2016). This is...

...CRISPR screen to disrupt these enhancers. The third and final step is to conduct our CRISPR screen. We start... the marvel of DNA compaction, an enhancer can increase the expression of a gene that is millions of base...stem cells, and conclude with a targeted CRISPR screen that can disrupt these enhancers. A real-world ...that have NANOG binding sites 2. Design a CRISPR screen to target and disrupt the NANOG enhancers 3. CRISPR...you’re interested in designing your own CRISPR screens for enhancers, check out the Appendix. Conclusion...precision medicine. We can apply this knowledge to create targeted disease therapies with minimal side-effects...

...Website: http://protocols.io/ Protocols.io is the creation of ZappyLabs. Currently in beta testing, the software...courses, as well as a space for research labs to create their own lab or group websites. OWW is managed... cells. If you’re familiar with the process of creating and editing Wikipedia pages, OWW will be relatively...The site allows you to comment on protocols and create lists of your favorite protocols for future reference...of the early protocol sharing websites. It was created in 1999 and allows scientists to contribute protocols...web-based lab management tool that allows labs to create accounts in which their members can share protcols...your lab’s needs. At Addgene, we’ll continue to create new molecular biology educational resources, such...

...Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has likely existed in creatures such as jellyfish for millions of years; however...physiological processes. Re-engineering GFP to increase its range of color and application Almost as.... Tsien described an S65T point mutation that increased the fluorescence intensity and photostability ...derivatives Mutation Known Function S65T Increased fluorescence, photostability, and a shift of the... the major excitation peak to 488 nm F64L Increased folding efficiency at 37C Y66W Causes the chromophore...Blue-shifts the wavelength (blue derivatives) Y145F Increases quantum yield for BFP Y145A and H148D Stabilizes...to identify particular cell populations in drug screens, to visualize micrometastases in nude mice in cancer...

...s lab performed a series of positive selection screens in bacteria to identify mutants of S. pyogenes ...sequences (Kleinstiver et al. 2015). From these screens, they identified four novel SpCas9 variants with...some cleavage with an NGA PAM. This variant may increase the specificity of genome modifications at DNA...allows for expanded PAM recognition as well as increased specificity and lower off-target activity (Hu ...proteins has and will continue to dramatically increase the number of CRISPR applications. The first non-Cas9...formation of “sticky ends” rather than the blunt ends created by Cas9. Cas12a  displays lower off-target editing...) system fuses Cas13b to RNA deaminase ADAR2 to create a specific RNA editor. Cas13 enzymes are advantageous...

...significant knowledge gap in your field or even creating a new field. A knowledge gap is an impediment ...of experiments or a laundry list of molecules to screen has unclear utility. You cannot predict what will... have no hook. A battery of new assays for your screen result may or may not actually help. Ultimately...distinguish mechanistic questions from open ended screens and data collection. Organize your research vision...want to know the answer to your research problem. Creating a coherent unified story and model can help make...Consider going beyond the whiteboard. You may wish to create a sculpture or print a 3D model to better illustrate... His interests include the quality control of secretory proteins in the Endoplasmic Reticulum, optimization...

...level of antigen in the sample. This figure was created with BioRender.com  Direct ELISAs A direct ... bind non-specifically to assay components and increase background staining. Direct ELISAs also lack the... antibody. Incorporating a secondary antibody increases the sensitivity of the assay, since multiple secondary... both primary and secondary incubation steps, increasing the workload and time commitment for users. This...antibodies for the capture and detection steps, which increases the specificity of the assay. The assay is also...antibody availability Longer protocolLess specificityIncreased chance of cross-reactivity Sandwich ... High specificityHigh sensitivity Longer protocolIncreased chance of cross-reactivityChallenging to develop...

...they function in nature can inform us on how to create better recombinant vectors. In this blog post, ...provide tips on how we can harness those features to create broad host range recombinant vectors.  A plasmid... host range in plasmids? Not all plasmids were created equally. Only a handful of plasmids have been identified..., from broad host range plasmids can be used to create recombinant vectors that can replicate in different...vinelandii, Brevibacterium methylicum, Caulobacter crescentus, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Erwinia carotovora, ..., Bordetella spp., Brucella spp., Caulobacter crescentus, Escherichia coli, Gluconacetobacter xylinus,...recombinant vectors can be modified further to increase the range of hosts in which proteins can be expressed...

...USA have used AAV1 and AAV2 serotypes in order to create an atlas of the mouse brain. This atlas enables...antibody recognition of epitope tags. Thus they have created antigenic protein tags called “spaghetti monster... FPs fused to multiple epitope tags. Indeed, to create the smFPs Looger’s team strategically inserted ...antibody-based amplification of their signals is weak and increases background fluorescence. Furthermore, many of ...instance, smFPs have been used to visualize “thorny excrescence” (TE) spines in the Hippocampal CA3 pyramidal...sites and primary antibody-based detection, smFPs create much brighter signals for weakly expressed proteins...: Making the journey from axon to nucleus AAVs CREATEd for gene delivery to the CNS and PNS Resources...

...Villarreal. By the late 1980s, scientists even created a codon adaptation index (CAI) that is based on... (Sharp and Li, 1987). In 2000 the Ikemura lab created the Codon Usage Tabulated from GenBank database...interest based on an organisms codon usage bias to increase translational efficiency and thus protein expression...across an entire polypeptide. Many researchers have created codon-optimization algorithms/resources (Athey ...study, codon optimization resulted in a 6-9 fold increase in expression of these channels providing scientists...to codon optimize? Although codon optimization increases protein production in certain systems, synonymous...optimization may not always be the optimal strategy for increasing protein production. If you are trying to express...

...limitations to facilities and indirect costs, and increased tariffs present an unprecedented challenge to ...to help research institutions maximize their increasingly limited resources: Preserving scientific assets...authenticated materials at a fraction of the cost of creating and verifying them independently — particularly..., and antibody production that labs may find increasingly difficult to maintain or access. These services...with industry and public and private partners to create additional pathways for critical scientific work...community has demonstrated remarkable resilience and creativity in the face of funding challenges. By strengthening...

...was Addgene's first distributed plasmid and was created in the lab of my thesis advisor, Dr. Bruce Spiegelman...requested item of 2005. shRNA - In 2006, we saw an increase in popularity of empty backbones for shRNA expression...requested. Ubiquitin - One particular gene we saw increased interest in from 2008 to 2009 was ubiquitin. The...popular with scientists, but 2012 was marked by increased deposits (and requests) of biosensors, optogenetics...and for so many different purposes that we had to create a CRISPR page to keep up with all the new plasmids...of plasmid sharing? Check out this infographic created by our own Addgenie, Laura Veckerelli. Click on...

...also helps confirm that lanes are loaded evenly. Created with BioRender.com. Loading controls are even...normalized values for the two conditions are equal. Created with BioRender.com. This kind of normalization...must be addressed with separate controls (green). Created with BioRender.com. Researchers often rely ... of the assay is between the two dotted lines. Created with BioRender.com. To see why this S-shaped...protein abundance versus band intensity (right). Created with BioRender.com. On this gel, the protein...loading control that can be used for normalization. Created with BioRender.com. Assumption #1: The loading...protein approach. By eye, it’s difficult to see an increasing concentration of β-actin in panel A. Indeed, ...

...Harvard. There’s an astounding number of ways to create chromosomal mutations in bacteria, so many that...of surrounding genes. However, there are ways to create scarless mutations, ones that don’t leave any undesired..., CRISPR-Cas9 technology has also aided in the creation of scarless mutations, both in stand-alone systems...systems (Jiang et al., 2013), and those which increase the efficiency of Lambda red (Pyne et al., 2015;... recombineering (Khetrapal et al., 2015). They created vectors for Lambda Red that contained one of eight...aeruginosa. These toxins were a mix of Type VI secreted effector toxins, toxin-antitoxin type toxins, ...Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia marcescens and have created dozens of deletions as well as insertions with ...

...therapeutic interventions for cancer. This screening platform is an incredible boost to the cancer research community...Barcoding (HiTMMoB) technique (Tsang et al., 2016), creating a collection of plasmids each carrying a single...mutations The researchers used the collection to screen individual perturbations in vitro using Ba/F3 and...~22% of the mutations, however, significantly increased cell viability, and these “activators” may be ...annotation of rare gene aberration drivers of pancreatic cancer." Nature communications 7 (2016): 10500...