...degradation of the tagged protein. Degrons are destabilizing domains which will be identified by various ...proteasome for degradation. Like several other tags described here, the dTAG uses a small molecule, a tag, and...protein for imaging. Given its popularity and widespread usage, a proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC... The auxin-inducible degron (AID) system is the oldest system reviewed here. The AID system relies on ...Thankfully, this is a hot topic with many resources! In Bondeson et al, they review all the tags discussed here...informed choice! References and Resources References Bondeson, D.P., Mullin-Bernstein, Z., Oliver, S. et al....

...amazing project. You’ve written your protocols, designed your experiments, and prepared your reagents. ...following cloning methodologies have been extensively described in other articles; so if you are interested in...homology. You might also consider FastCloning, first described by Chaokun Li and colleagues. Here you simply ...-generated insert. When mixed, topoisomerase I provides both the endonuclease and ligase function while...restriction enzymes. In Golden Gate cloning, the desired end construct does not contain the type IIS recognition...This feature biases the reaction in favor of the desired assembly to make the process close to 100% efficient...

...insertion site, the corresponding gRNA might be undesirable due to potential off-target sites or low predicted..., resulting in lower overall genome frequency. Despite the progress we’ve made, there is still a need ...bacterial polymerase subunit ω. This construct is designed to activate transcription from the accessory plasmid... stringency and promoting survival of only the broadest-targeting variants. For the final round of evolution...spectinomycin resistance. xCas9 3.7 showed the broadest PAM range, recognizing NG, NNG, GAT, and CAA PAMs...scaffold. With an NGG PAM, xCas9 3.7-VPR constructs modestly outperformed SpCas9-VPR in activating transcription...

...genetic locus when complexed with an appropriately designed small RNA, or guide RNA (gRNA). The gRNA conventionally...exploited to either inactivate a gene or introduce a desired genetic alteration. Listen to Our Podcast Interview... truncated such that it exhibits 15 or fewer nucleotides of complementarity to a target site, Cas9’s DNA...truncated gRNAs Importantly, the use of truncated guides has largely been demonstrated to result in decreased.... An additional benefit of the use of truncated guides is that they can be delivered into systems that...Cas9 species. Within a single cell, full-length guides targeting one set of genetic loci can be introduced...

...Snapp. Stop using EGFP/GFP for fusion proteins! Despite multiple studies in high profile journal articles...world examples of these situations in cells are described below (See Figure 1).   Figure 1: Each...of environmental changes that the biosensor is designed to detect resulting in false positives [2, 4]....Addgene has many of these constructs and they are designated mEGFP, mVenus, etc. A word of caution is needed... not necessarily monomeric, even if they were described as monomeric in a publication. The gold standard... [2]. Some affinity assays used in the papers describing the FPs above including molecular sizing columns...

... to imagine designing 10-gene systems with quantitative precision. There are few designers of biological...made news in March with a publication in Science describing the development of “transcriptors,” transistor-like... and observed that we humans find it useful to describe and interact with the world using words like OR...The future of synthetic biology Addgene: You've described the pieces in these kits as the beginnings of ...laying down a challenge to its users and to the design community: If you can begin to reliably put together...

... crRNAs for Cpf1-mediated cleavage are 42-44 nucleotides in length, about the same size as Cas9’s, but...SpCas9. Since Cpf1 doesn’t require a tracrRNA, crRNA guides are only ~42 nt long. Direct synthesis of these... than that of the ~100 nt crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid guides needed for Cas9 function. Since both Cpf1 and its... endjoining (NHEJ). Cas9-mediated NHEJ usually destroys the PAM site due to its proximity to the cleavage...chance” mechanism might improve the frequency of desired HDR edits, but the possibility has not yet been...to examine Cpf1 off-target editing. First, they designed gRNAs with single and double mismatches throughout...

...site, and titer. Addgene’s Viral Vector Service Besides being complex to use, viral vectors are also difficult...which include calcium and voltage sensors, are the broadest category of viral vector tools, which may help... for vectors in the “controls” category, which includes things like viral vectors that deliver GFP. ...most requested serotypes (Figure 4), our catalog includes vectors in a variety of serotypes, including the...early engagement with UPenn to our launch of the redesigned Data Hub in 2022. It’s influenced the way we ...viral vector educational resources, from eBooks to guides to protocols, which was why I was so excited to...

...of data. In this two-part blog series, we will describe the importance of bioinformatics at Addgene and...each week. Our internal software was originally designed to help us work in large formats, such as 96-well...Thanks to the flexibility inherent in Nextflow’s design, we were free to use multiple programming languages...alone! The benefits of containers are they are designed to ‘contain,’ in a complete package, all of the... who or which computer ran the process. Another design choice we appreciated about Nextflow was how effortless...small with a print statement and tested that the desired data was available so we felt confident we were...

...their BioRxiv post, the authors generated and described several improved genetically encoded fluorescent...Takayuki Iwaki, Kimiko Hara, and Kazuo Umemura have described a simple method which alleviates the inclusion...contains the signal peptide of MBP, followed by the desired nanobody (NB) sequence, an AviTAG, and 6xHis tag...expression can vary significantly depending on transgene design and delivery. To overcome these variations in human...Addgene The MoClo CRISPR/Cas Toolkit for plants includes 95 plasmids consisting of CRISPR/Cas nucleases... uses CRISPRi to control gene expression. This includes a CRISPRi-based synthetic oscillator, bistable...

...released a major redesign of how search works on our site. For Addgenies, development includes everything from...experience and the overall soundness of the software design. Each of us brings slightly different cognitive...Addgene. Another advantage of Scrum is that it provides transparency to everyone involved about the status... on a new feature. We start with a story that describes the feature and what the criteria is for accepting...our users, we are able to make informed software design choices, resulting in software that helps our users...

...promotes scientific sharing The EDGE Program is designed to expand the number of systems that can be studied...genotype to phenotype studies New organismal systems described at this meeting were extraordinarily diverse. ...generating interesting drug-like compounds especially cardenolides which have been used to treat heart disease....disease. Caterpillars that eat milkweed generate cardenolides that tastes yucky (and is poisonous) for bird ...control who a female wants to mate with and if she decides to raise their offspring or leave them to their...of basic evolution of fungi and eukaryotes and includes the fungus that is killing frogs all over the ...

... that can help with the transition.” The lab-to-desk-job culture shock is a real thing. I experienced...challenging than lab work at times.” Sometimes a desk job is defined as sitting down at a computer and...consider as you make this transition. Of course, a “desk job” could entail any number of career paths--industry...colleague Mike Lemieux told me, “I find that at a desk, it is much easier to stick to timelines. This is...from legal, Diana in finance, and Wu in graphic design. You could dread these interactions, but you could... move away from calling non-academic careers and desk jobs “alternative careers.” Realistically, based...

...iPSCs. The generation of human iPSCs (hiPSCs) now provides an opportunity to develop and use patient-specific...for reprogramming purposes. In this post, I’ll describe an episomal vector system that increases reprogramming...the CytoTune™-iPS 2.1 Sendai Reprogramming Kit designed to generate clinical grade hiPSCs is sold at $11,000...replication, OriP and the EBNA-1 sequence that encodes for the DNA binding protein EBNA-1 [7]. These two...reported efforts. The pCXLE episomal system thus provides a practical way to generate transgene-free, virus-free...factors they encode Episomal Plasmid Addgene ID# Encodes pCXLE-hSK 27078 SOX2 and KLF4 pCXLE-hUL 27080...

...Cas13a as a diagnostic tool. A pool of DNA or RNA nucleotides containing a sequence of interest (red) is amplified...Reverse-transcription RPA (RT-RPA), respectively. Amplified nucleotides are combined with Cas 13a in complex with crRNA...the target sequence is present in the pool of nucleotides, the nonspecific RNAse activity of Cas13a becomes... sequence is present in the original pool of nucleotides.   What are the potential applications of...can mediate cleavage with spacers from 20-28 nucleotides in length and does not require a specific PFS... the collateral RNA cleavage response is well described in bacterial cells, LwaCas13a does not display...

...features to consider when designing a full gene. A non-exhaustive list includes: Codon abundance relative...that their codons are more appropriate for the desired expression host. This is known as “codon optimization...as easy as it sounds. Even for relatively short peptides, there can be many possible ways to encode them...every amino acid I’d like to encode,” but, as described above, not every region of a protein should necessarily...PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4794256. This review provides a great overview of codon usage bias 8. Tuller...

...scarless mutations, ones that don’t leave any undesired scars in the chromosome. These methods roughly... recombination enzymes can also accomplish the desired genomic modification. This technique is frequently...resolution step (“double crossover”) which leads to the desired mutation and excision of the vector backbone. This...the pDS132 MCS with a versatile, synthetic MCS (designed with the help of the DNA tuner program) (Latynski...purified amplicons upstream and downstream of the desired deletion directly into cut vector with excellent... of interest, from the day primers arrive, the desired chromosomal modification can be made in 5 days....

...site-specific incorporation of phosphoserine (as described below) provides researchers with a valuable tool for understanding...organisms lacked a classic cysteinyl tRNA synthetase, despite abundant incorporation of cysteine in their proteomes...pSer-incorporated proteins on a single plasmid. This includes 4 copies of a tRNA that specifically recognizes...context-specific effects of UAG suppression, as described (6). To determine the stoichiometry of phospho-incorporated...phospho:non-phospho species on PhosTag gels as described above. Reagents and protocols Sep-OTSλ plasmid...

...Wilpitz founder and lead consutant at Experiment Designs Consulting, Inc. “How much do you need [for your...necessary resources. This is why at Experimental Designs Consulting (EDC), we instead have our clients focus...the institution/funding source. Major equipment includes large centrifuges, sequencers and analyzers, and... as many of these tools as possible, this even includes clocks, timers, and phones.  As for reagents and...passion for science. Follow him on Twitter @XpDesignsMGNT        Additional Resources Find other career...the Addgene Blog! Learn more about Experimental Designs Consulting at their website. ...

...R26R-Confetti described in Hugo J. Snippert, et al. (2010) and the MAGIC Marker strategy described in Karine...Brainbow-1 system employs Cre-mediated deletion, the design of Brainbow-2.1 cleverly combines Cre-mediated ...protein sequences are highly homologous, preventing design of antibodies specific to each fluorophore. Third...immediately following the promoter. The STOP cassette includes a mutant YFP that does not fluoresce, but can ...produces a minimum of 8 colors. The use of AAV provides spatial and temporal control without the need ...