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...sensitivity, which can be problematic if you are trying to show that your antibody can distinguish between...results so that others in the community can benefit and we can all help improve antibody reproducibility...antibody has been appropriately validated so that you can have confidence in your results. But what is appropriately...that you receive; citing existing validation data can be acceptable. However, it is your responsibility...for the target antigen - Just because an antibody can bind to its target, does not mean that is all it ...represent five experimental strategies researchers can use to show that their antibody performs as expected... types are amenable to genetic manipulation, nor can all genes be easily knocked down or out.   Example...

...lab alumni as you can or schedule video/calls if they are not local. Alumni meetings can be the most informative...lab such a big deal? It’s actually something you CAN choose and it will make a huge difference for your...right and responsibility to choose a lab where you can thrive and do your best work. This post is focused...choosing a lab, but almost all of these guidelines can apply to any workplace or job. It amazes me when ...questions in the sections below. Mentoring relationships can help identify your priorities and needs, but sometimes...informative way of gathering data. Former lab members can give open, revealing information about the culture...opportunities with the lab head. Former lab members can give you a fuller picture. Consider talking to people...

...nuclease, can be used in conjunction with Cas13 to amplify the signal of a single target. Csm6 can cleave...laboratories. In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, qPCR can be used to diagnose the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA...reporter. The detectable signal from this reporter can be measured and quantified to determine the presence...an RNA guided RNase (Abudayyeh et al 2016). Cas13 can be guided by a single CRISPR RNA (crRNA) to cleave...non-specific ssRNA cleavage. How does SHERLOCK work? Cas13 can be programmed with crRNA to target an ssRNA of interest...recognizes and binds to the programmed sequence, it can promiscuously cleave surrounding ssRNA molecules....speed, ease of use, and portability. This method can be used for an array of applications including clinical...

...not all cell types can be labeled, and that while multiple copies of the transgene can integrate into cells...recombination is required before fluorescence can occur. Cre recombinase can be used alongside common, existing ...label an organ or entire organism. Because each cell can have multiple copies of the transgene that will recombine...express the construct but do not undergo recombination can be detected by immunostaining of the truncated YFP...and fluoresce in the same color as the fused XFP can be used to amplify the signal. Imaging endogenous... extremely versatile technology as recombination can be induced in developing fish via Cre protein microinjection...mouse (Snippert et al., 2010), a reporter mouse that can be used to track any cell type when crossed with ...

...may not be clearly picked up by the sensors. You can adjust this by changing the voltage for the particular...1). Based on where the GFP- population ends, you can draw a gate which selects anything to the right of...expression, instead of its presence or absence, the plots can look quite different. You might have high expression...upregulated or downregulated based on your experiment. You can see from Figure 2 that determining where to place...quantify smeary plots For smeary expressions, you can quantify shifts in signal using the mean fluorescence...peak that shifts to the left. When using MFI, you can still continue gating populations of interest with...expression to the baseline/negative control. You can see how it is easier to visualize these four populations...

... with large inserts can make lentivirus production frustrating - a researcher can complete an entire lentiviral... SpCas9 and Cas9 nickase for genome editing. You can also enhance expression of your gene of interest ...EGFP, BRAF, and MAP3K4. The gRNAs targeting EGFP can be used as positive controls for gene editing or ...repository are CRISPR pooled gRNA libraries that can be used to screen for genes involved in a wide variety...Getting these quality-controlled reagents from Addgene can greatly expedite a researcher's ability to make discoveries...you’ll also receive transfer plasmid DNA that you can use along with lentiviral packaging plasmids to create...standard lentivirus production protocol here and you can find more tips and protocols for working with lentivirus...

...protein cannot bind. After an inducer binds to the activator protein, the activator protein can bind to...this post, we’ll discuss inducible promoters, which can be switched from an OFF to an ON state, and how you...inducible promoters regulated? Inducible promoters can be regulated by positive or negative control. Positive...temperature, and light are all examples of factors that can lead to the induction of a promoter. Below, you’ll...cAMP complexed with cAMP activator protein (CAP) can also stimulate AraC binding to I1 and I2 sites. Supplementing...near-zero expression at regular temperatures but can be induced by heat or cold exposure. Examples include... pBad is likely a better option since expression can be repressed by glucose. Temperature inducible promoters...

...If there’s a plasmid or AAV tool that you can’t find, you can always suggest a plasmid to us, request that...including a team that created a novel form of AI that can learn new tasks and beat humans at the ancient Chinese...I met one researcher studying how the microbiome can affect Alzheimer's - a connection I wouldn’t have... get into the field, there’s likely some way you can use the tools and skills you’ve developed in your...maybe your favorite FRET-based biosensing technique can be applied to an important neuronal signalling pathway...ve got a useful tool, there’s likely someway you can apply it in neuroscience. AAV tools from Addgene ...useful, these vectors require a bit of expertise and can be difficult for individual labs to make efficiently...

...modification systems, yet can still affect whether certain restriction enzymes can effectively cleave DNA...of mutated plasmids which can later be verified by Sanger sequencing. How can I tell if my enzyme will ... of the DNA surrounding your restriction site(s) can help you quickly predict which (if any) of those ...sequence visualization software (we used Snapgene here) can help you assess whether your restriction site will...in Lane 2. Controlling methylation Finally, you can control methylation by altering your choice of bacteria...that will be blocked by Dam or Dcm methylation, you can ensure this site remains unblocked by first cloning...

...undergo nick repair. This method can work well, but poor template digestion can result in a high number of ...Cloning, and SLIC can all be used to assemble multiple fragments, but these methods can be expensive because... causation in molecular biology and genetics. It can be used to characterize the function of certain regions...biomedical research, modeling patient mutations using SDM can help determine if a variant is causal for a given...strategies, only 3-4 phage proteins are needed and these can be provided via a separate plasmid or be inserted...machinery is induced using L-arabinose. These cells can be made and frozen in large batches suitable for ...

... to our “real” work. However, a well-run meeting can have quite the opposite effect. A great meeting should... meeting. Follow the tips below to learn how you can run a top-notch meeting. Define the meeting Define...some other commitment. An announcement of purpose can help everyone to ‘land’ in the meeting and get focused... direction you’d like to pursue? Undefined scope can lead to long meetings spent on details that do not... sure to keep them manageable. At Addgene, teams can add as many points as they like to the written agenda...we like to send around a Google doc where people can make comments. At meetings, we just focus on the ...meeting (see “defining the scope” above) or if you can cut it down to thirty minutes. Keep it moving: ...

..., which can be difficult to predict. Slower Dephosphorylation Rates: FRET-based reporters can have slower...measuring kinase activity at the single-cell level can aid in drawing connections between signaling activity...spectral properties that limit which fluorophores can be multiplexed together. Challenging  to Design: ...cytoplasm and/or nucleus, while FRET-based reporters can be used to measure kinase activity in specific subcellular...and the cytoplasm, nuclear export and import rates can influence KTR translocation. Work from the Covert...

... DNA strands - a double-strand break (DSB). DSBs can be caused by intracellular factors such as nucleases...identical to the original DNA sequence at the DSB, or it can introduce specific mutations into the damaged DNA...displaces one strand of the homologous DNA donor and can template repair off the other strand; this results... loop (D loop). The recombination intermediates can then resolve to complete the DNA repair process ...Homology directed repair pathways HDR mechanisms can be divided into two main camps: non-conservative ...presence of only one invading strand at a DSB that can be used for repair (a one-ended DSB). This single...HDR is a powerful site-specific knock-in tool that can be harnessed by researchers for many applications...

...methods and machines one team can learn so linking together expert teams can push a scientific project to...too), we will often look for partnerships where we can leverage another organization’s expertise to our ...meeting people with different mindsets and approaches can truly broaden your mind. When I first began collaborating...Getting companies to come to these types of events can be very tough. First I needed to find the right contacts...guidance. The relationships you establish in this way can, of course, lead to jobs and even favors, but you...don’t forget about collaborations and projects you can do with others after work. Get sponsors for a training...accomplish with people at your organization. You can meet collaborators  for lunch, make a point of talking...

...your lentiviral vector will infect, pseudotyping can help. In pseudotyping, you produce viral vectors ...cytotoxicity and the mechanisms behind the cytotoxicity can vary. For example, the popular VSV-G envelope protein...syncytias that cause the cells to die. Cytotoxicity can also be cell type dependent: if a cell has few receptors...lentivirus (Crawford et al., 2020). That way, they can study the spike protein’s role in infecting cell ...methods.  In terms of preparation, VSV-G is stable and can withstand ultracentrifugation which helps scientists...cells and neurons. However, VSV-G’s broad tropism can be undesired for in vivo studies since there’s the...the potential for off-target infectivity as it can bind and transduce many cell types before reaching ...

...control of DNA recombination and gene expression can be advanced by the coordinated use of fellow SSR ...asymmetric core. Recombination between these sites can lead to excision, inversion, and translocation of...Continuous inversion of the DNA sequence of interest can lead to poor expression of genes within that sequence... for Cre and FLP function. Because recombination can only occur between target sites of the same sequence...recombinase - keeping Cre out until needed But what can be done when the recombination should only occur ... cortical neurons and their synapses.   How can you label a single neuron and its synapses in the...the living brain? Cells of a specific brain area can be transfected by in utero electroporation. To achieve...

...research as well. For example, CRISPRa can be used to find potential cancer drug targets by finding genes that...these can be difficult to construct and deliver when compared to gRNAs. Additionaly, cDNAs cannot be used... the potential to be used in therapeutics, as it can increase gene expression at certain loci to create...al., 2016). Additionally, CRISPR-based activation can be made inducible upon environmental triggers. This...This is done by creating a split dCas9 protein that can reassemble when exposed to specific UV wavelengths...under native conditions, the less activation you can achieve using a CRISPRa. Your gene of interest might... four guides directed towards that gene as there can be a large difference in guide potency. Thus, in ...

...plasmids can be used to do include: Produce large amounts of a protein so that scientists can purify and...one-stop reference guide for plasmids, so that you can spend less time researching the basics and spend ...point for PCR amplification or sequencing. Primers can be exploited for sequence verification of plasmids...make more of the plasmids as they grow, scientists can easily make large amounts of plasmid to manipulate... Produce proteins that glow so that scientists can track their location or quantity inside a cell ...genome engineering) Produce synthetic viruses that can be used in research or for therapeutics Addgene ...

...against CRISPR positive plants, but screening these can be challenging and requires specialized equipment...mutant plants, but the seeds needed for experiments can only be collected from heterozygous individuals. Only..., T., Sun, H. et al. Hortic Res. (2020).   I can do this by expressing a gene that rescues the mutations... (Top right, second panel) Transformed seedlings can be selected without antibiotics. (Top left) Mature...homozygous RUBY plant. (Bottom panels) RUBY expression can vary from different transformation events likely ...microscope. First, red CRISPR-positive transformants can be produced. In the following generation when CRISPR...to prevent further editing, then green offspring can be selected instead of red ones. Other innovative...

...and can’t be contained to a specific area. Blue light, however, is spatially confined and you can see ...in the shakerTurn the LEDs onAnd when you wantYou can just turn them offNo need for any washNo need for...cloned gene of interest, under the pBAD promoter, can be controlled with light without the need of any ...have less heterogeneity in the population and you can do all of these more spatially confined experiments...are exposed will fluoresce. With these images, you can see just how spatially precise the activation is....'s lab have created and shared with Addgene. You can find all the plasmids deposited from Di Ventura's...here. Optogenetic plasmids from the Khammash lab can also be found here.   References and Resources References...