...may not be clearly picked up by the sensors. You can adjust this by changing the voltage for the particular...1). Based on where the GFP- population ends, you can draw a gate which selects anything to the right of...expression, instead of its presence or absence, the plots can look quite different. You might have high expression...upregulated or downregulated based on your experiment. You can see from Figure 2 that determining where to place...quantify smeary plots For smeary expressions, you can quantify shifts in signal using the mean fluorescence...peak that shifts to the left. When using MFI, you can still continue gating populations of interest with...expression to the baseline/negative control. You can see how it is easier to visualize these four populations...

...modification systems, yet can still affect whether certain restriction enzymes can effectively cleave DNA...of mutated plasmids which can later be verified by Sanger sequencing. How can I tell if my enzyme will ... of the DNA surrounding your restriction site(s) can help you quickly predict which (if any) of those ...sequence visualization software (we used Snapgene here) can help you assess whether your restriction site will...in Lane 2. Controlling methylation Finally, you can control methylation by altering your choice of bacteria...that will be blocked by Dam or Dcm methylation, you can ensure this site remains unblocked by first cloning...

...undergo nick repair. This method can work well, but poor template digestion can result in a high number of ...Cloning, and SLIC can all be used to assemble multiple fragments, but these methods can be expensive because... causation in molecular biology and genetics. It can be used to characterize the function of certain regions...biomedical research, modeling patient mutations using SDM can help determine if a variant is causal for a given...strategies, only 3-4 phage proteins are needed and these can be provided via a separate plasmid or be inserted...machinery is induced using L-arabinose. These cells can be made and frozen in large batches suitable for ...

... to our “real” work. However, a well-run meeting can have quite the opposite effect. A great meeting should... meeting. Follow the tips below to learn how you can run a top-notch meeting. Define the meeting Define...some other commitment. An announcement of purpose can help everyone to ‘land’ in the meeting and get focused... direction you’d like to pursue? Undefined scope can lead to long meetings spent on details that do not... sure to keep them manageable. At Addgene, teams can add as many points as they like to the written agenda...we like to send around a Google doc where people can make comments. At meetings, we just focus on the ...meeting (see “defining the scope” above) or if you can cut it down to thirty minutes. Keep it moving: ...

...protein cannot bind. After an inducer binds to the activator protein, the activator protein can bind to...this post, we’ll discuss inducible promoters, which can be switched from an OFF to an ON state, and how you...inducible promoters regulated? Inducible promoters can be regulated by positive or negative control. Positive...temperature, and light are all examples of factors that can lead to the induction of a promoter. Below, you’ll...cAMP complexed with cAMP activator protein (CAP) can also stimulate AraC binding to I1 and I2 sites. Supplementing...near-zero expression at regular temperatures but can be induced by heat or cold exposure. Examples include... pBad is likely a better option since expression can be repressed by glucose. Temperature inducible promoters...

...If there’s a plasmid or AAV tool that you can’t find, you can always suggest a plasmid to us, request that...including a team that created a novel form of AI that can learn new tasks and beat humans at the ancient Chinese...I met one researcher studying how the microbiome can affect Alzheimer's - a connection I wouldn’t have... get into the field, there’s likely some way you can use the tools and skills you’ve developed in your...maybe your favorite FRET-based biosensing technique can be applied to an important neuronal signalling pathway...ve got a useful tool, there’s likely someway you can apply it in neuroscience. AAV tools from Addgene ...useful, these vectors require a bit of expertise and can be difficult for individual labs to make efficiently...

... with large inserts can make lentivirus production frustrating - a researcher can complete an entire lentiviral... SpCas9 and Cas9 nickase for genome editing. You can also enhance expression of your gene of interest ...EGFP, BRAF, and MAP3K4. The gRNAs targeting EGFP can be used as positive controls for gene editing or ...repository are CRISPR pooled gRNA libraries that can be used to screen for genes involved in a wide variety...Getting these quality-controlled reagents from Addgene can greatly expedite a researcher's ability to make discoveries...you’ll also receive transfer plasmid DNA that you can use along with lentiviral packaging plasmids to create...standard lentivirus production protocol here and you can find more tips and protocols for working with lentivirus...

..., which can be difficult to predict. Slower Dephosphorylation Rates: FRET-based reporters can have slower...measuring kinase activity at the single-cell level can aid in drawing connections between signaling activity...spectral properties that limit which fluorophores can be multiplexed together. Challenging  to Design: ...cytoplasm and/or nucleus, while FRET-based reporters can be used to measure kinase activity in specific subcellular...and the cytoplasm, nuclear export and import rates can influence KTR translocation. Work from the Covert...

... DNA strands - a double-strand break (DSB). DSBs can be caused by intracellular factors such as nucleases...identical to the original DNA sequence at the DSB, or it can introduce specific mutations into the damaged DNA...displaces one strand of the homologous DNA donor and can template repair off the other strand; this results... loop (D loop). The recombination intermediates can then resolve to complete the DNA repair process ...Homology directed repair pathways HDR mechanisms can be divided into two main camps: non-conservative ...presence of only one invading strand at a DSB that can be used for repair (a one-ended DSB). This single...HDR is a powerful site-specific knock-in tool that can be harnessed by researchers for many applications...

...research as well. For example, CRISPRa can be used to find potential cancer drug targets by finding genes that...these can be difficult to construct and deliver when compared to gRNAs. Additionaly, cDNAs cannot be used... the potential to be used in therapeutics, as it can increase gene expression at certain loci to create...al., 2016). Additionally, CRISPR-based activation can be made inducible upon environmental triggers. This...This is done by creating a split dCas9 protein that can reassemble when exposed to specific UV wavelengths...under native conditions, the less activation you can achieve using a CRISPRa. Your gene of interest might... four guides directed towards that gene as there can be a large difference in guide potency. Thus, in ...

...methods and machines one team can learn so linking together expert teams can push a scientific project to...too), we will often look for partnerships where we can leverage another organization’s expertise to our ...meeting people with different mindsets and approaches can truly broaden your mind. When I first began collaborating...Getting companies to come to these types of events can be very tough. First I needed to find the right contacts...guidance. The relationships you establish in this way can, of course, lead to jobs and even favors, but you...don’t forget about collaborations and projects you can do with others after work. Get sponsors for a training...accomplish with people at your organization. You can meet collaborators  for lunch, make a point of talking...

...your lentiviral vector will infect, pseudotyping can help. In pseudotyping, you produce viral vectors ...cytotoxicity and the mechanisms behind the cytotoxicity can vary. For example, the popular VSV-G envelope protein...syncytias that cause the cells to die. Cytotoxicity can also be cell type dependent: if a cell has few receptors...lentivirus (Crawford et al., 2020). That way, they can study the spike protein’s role in infecting cell ...methods.  In terms of preparation, VSV-G is stable and can withstand ultracentrifugation which helps scientists...cells and neurons. However, VSV-G’s broad tropism can be undesired for in vivo studies since there’s the...the potential for off-target infectivity as it can bind and transduce many cell types before reaching ...

...control of DNA recombination and gene expression can be advanced by the coordinated use of fellow SSR ...asymmetric core. Recombination between these sites can lead to excision, inversion, and translocation of...Continuous inversion of the DNA sequence of interest can lead to poor expression of genes within that sequence... for Cre and FLP function. Because recombination can only occur between target sites of the same sequence...recombinase - keeping Cre out until needed But what can be done when the recombination should only occur ... cortical neurons and their synapses.   How can you label a single neuron and its synapses in the...the living brain? Cells of a specific brain area can be transfected by in utero electroporation. To achieve...

...that now can be deposited at Addgene. What makes these fluorescent proteins unique and what can they be...mWasabi can be used with Sapphire (excitation maximum 399 nm) because it does not significantly excite ...green and yellow fluorescent protein wavelengths, it can be imaged either with standard green fluorescent ...reduction in emission readout, respectively. mNeonGreen can be used as a fusion tag for a wide range of applications... other common fluorescent proteins and therefore can be used in immunoprecipitation experiments with other... mCerulean imaged with a standard CFP set. mTFP1 can be used as a FRET donor to mCitrine and mOrange or...

...and can’t be contained to a specific area. Blue light, however, is spatially confined and you can see ...in the shakerTurn the LEDs onAnd when you wantYou can just turn them offNo need for any washNo need for...cloned gene of interest, under the pBAD promoter, can be controlled with light without the need of any ...have less heterogeneity in the population and you can do all of these more spatially confined experiments...are exposed will fluoresce. With these images, you can see just how spatially precise the activation is....'s lab have created and shared with Addgene. You can find all the plasmids deposited from Di Ventura's...here. Optogenetic plasmids from the Khammash lab can also be found here.   References and Resources References...

...2002) and many downstream complexes involved, it can be difficult for scientists to understand how GPCR...transducers (collectively known as the transducerome) that can be activated downstream of GPCRs that are not involved...by a GPCR on the cell’s surface into action that can result in the initiation of a vast number of signaling...downstream signaling pathways.  This dissociation can be measured using a technique known as Bioluminescence... a decreased GFP2 emission. The activation state can be measured by a BRET2 ratio, which is the ratio ...GFP2 emission to RLuc8 emission (see figure). What can TRUPATH be used for? The Roth lab used the TRUPATH...transducerome from different GPCRs. This collection can be used to study endogenous ligands, the pathways...

...plasmids can be used to do include: Produce large amounts of a protein so that scientists can purify and...one-stop reference guide for plasmids, so that you can spend less time researching the basics and spend ...point for PCR amplification or sequencing. Primers can be exploited for sequence verification of plasmids...make more of the plasmids as they grow, scientists can easily make large amounts of plasmid to manipulate... Produce proteins that glow so that scientists can track their location or quantity inside a cell ...genome engineering) Produce synthetic viruses that can be used in research or for therapeutics Addgene ...

...against CRISPR positive plants, but screening these can be challenging and requires specialized equipment...mutant plants, but the seeds needed for experiments can only be collected from heterozygous individuals. Only..., T., Sun, H. et al. Hortic Res. (2020).   I can do this by expressing a gene that rescues the mutations... (Top right, second panel) Transformed seedlings can be selected without antibiotics. (Top left) Mature...homozygous RUBY plant. (Bottom panels) RUBY expression can vary from different transformation events likely ...microscope. First, red CRISPR-positive transformants can be produced. In the following generation when CRISPR...to prevent further editing, then green offspring can be selected instead of red ones. Other innovative...

...background. [We ask them,] 'Can you read this lab. Can you test this experiment? Can you follow and understand...subject matter expert in the educational sphere, it can range from researching an area, to writing an introduction...and operations departments at eScience Labs. This can involve traveling with the sales team to meet faculty... since the eScience warehouse is onsite, Caitlin can visit the operations team to make sure “that everything...and look at new technologies in education and ask ‘Can we implement that?’ [And think about] where we [eScience... staff writer at the non-profit Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. And make sure to subscribe to ...

...constitutive high level expression? Finally, you can add bells and whistles to your construct. If you ...specific antibody against the protein available – you can always add an epitope tag or a fusion protein. Mammalian...visualize YGOI in vivo (try pcDNA3-EGFP). If you can get away with generating transiently transfected ...selection cassette (e.g. 1435 pSG5L Flag HA). You can also upgrade your basic mammalian expression system...containing pDEST-HisMBP). After purification the protein can be released from the resin and used for various binding...Consider your applications and experimental design. You can create a new strain with a disrupted gene by transforming...under the Gal4 inducible UAS promoter. Other vectors can be expressed in fly culture cells like S2 and carry...