...multiple secondary antibodies can bind to a single primary antibody, this approach can greatly increase the sensitivity...that a complete Western blot can be run in a single day, I really cannot recommend it except in the most...isotype subclasses, such as mouse IgG2 or IgG4. This can be important for some applications. Assay use While...conjugated in the lab. In the indirect approach, you can simply keep a stock of conjugated secondary antibodies...specific isotype subclasses of primary antibodies can increase the possible number of target proteins.   ...method. But in reality, multiple primary antibodies can and do attach to a single target protein, so this...analysis of a sample. Instead, relative quantification can be done using either the direct or the indirect method...

...Secondly, fluorescence imaging of living organisms can be challenging due to issues with tissue autofluorescence...contains 11 β-strands and one central ɑ-helix that can be split into 3 parts: (1) β-strands 1-9 (β1-9) and...so that they are parallel to each other and thus can no longer fit with β1-9. They connected β10-11 with...DEVD). Upon cleavage of the sequence, β10 and β11 can rearrange to their normal antiparallel position and...proof of concept that the designed used in FlipGFP can be applied to other fluorescent proteins to create...demonstrated that the FlipGFP-based caspase reporter can be used to visualize apoptosis of enterocytes in ...die or cells dying at the wrong time and/or place can lead to an array of diseases and pathologies such...

...embryonic, stem cell-like, or cancerous it is (Levin et al., 2017). These states can even be necessary and sufficient...This state, known as the resting potential (Vmem), can be measured as the imbalance of electrical charge...junction proteins cx43 GJB1 GJB2 Bioelectric states can alter cell types and patterning There is mounting...proteins which connect the cytoplasm of two cells) can also affect patterning and in some cases even override...despite having an otherwise normal genomic background, can even lead to the formation of whole eyes from cell...challenges of studying bioelectricity is that it can be hard to visualize or perturb these slower-changing...exhibits stabilized activity for over 30 minutes and can be deactivated using yellow light (590nm). BLINK2...

...endogenous RNAi pathways. These mutations however can interfere with other genetic pathways making it difficult...proteins within minutes, but requires H2O2, which can be toxic in living cells. BioID was derived from ...for labeling, but the process is much slower and can take as long as several days. In 2015, the laboratory...stomach flu and food-borne illnesses, noroviruses can infect millions annually. Because it is highly contagious...solution: a low-cost, cell-free detection assay that can be completed without special equipment. What’s more...detected through a toehold switch, an RNA sensor that can be used to detect the presence of any specific RNA...specific to a particular strain of norovirus, it can be tailored for the detection of other norovirus ...

...proteins and the places in the genome where they can be found more quickly and efficiently, they’ve recently...already looking like it’s making a big difference. We can now look at many more transcription factors. Addgene... onto the transcription factors. By the way, you can actually use this for tagging any protein in all ...cells antibiotic resistance to neomycin so that you can select the population of cells with the tagged transcription...of 100 or 50 event. Cloning of the second plasmid can be done in one day in one assembly reaction. This...labor. That’s a huge deal. With Addgene, now these can be available to anyone for a modest cost without ...but the system is so flexible. Other investigators can easily adapt these vectors for use with their favorite...

...optimize how we can deliver these tools because obviously, unlike the mouse, we can’t rely on genetic ... large one.  The question for her then was this: Can you engineer CRISPR-Cas9 activators that work well...to test each one and make sure it’s working. You can only do that screen with a system you are really ...which expresses the activation helper protein. SAM can be combined with a human genome-wide library to activate...shown that the SAM system is robust, specific, and can facilitate genome-scale gain-of-function screening...of control in the system. First of all, the Cas9s can be turned on and off, to reversibly activate or repress...no theoretical limit on the number of genes that can be manipulated at one time. Weissman’s group has ...

...responses (Gunaydin et al., 2010). This can affect how rapidly you can activate or inhibit a cell in succession...only light. Optogenetics, or light activated tools, can control everything from electrical activity to gene...they activate downstream signaling pathways that can change both the membrane potential and a host of ...intracellular proteins come into play. Photoswitches can be used to activate or suppress secondary signaling...pharmacology techniques allow. Multiple photoswitches can be used in a single pathway to activate various protein...vectors have an optimal wavelength to use but can be activated by a range of wavelengths. While this may...flexibility when activating the optogenetic tool, it can also cause problems when using multiple optogenetics...

...reverse transcriptase so they can transpose. Both class I and II transposons can be autonomous or non-autonomous...transposon lands. For example, in bacteria, transposons can move antibiotic resistance genes between plasmids...result in human disease. While transposon insertions can be detrimental, it also drives genomic evolution ... (RT) enzyme to convert back into DNA. Then they can be inserted into new target sites. Created in BioRender.com...BioRender.com.   Autonomous vs. non-autonomous TEs You can think of autonomous transposons as “complete transposons... is provided in trans so that a gene of interest can be inserted between the transposon’s LTRs, similar... DNA footprint sequence after excision. piggyBac can mobilize DNA over 100 kB in size and is active in...

...off-target sites that they can later sequence for mutations. One method a researcher can use to test predicted...and assayed phenotype. Verifying these connections can help alleviate the reproducibility crisis in biology... DNA. When these strands hybridize, the nuclease can detect strands with mismatches and cleave them. The.... These techniques differ in important ways, but can also complement one another by providing both broad...genome sequencing. Used in concert, these approaches can provide the researcher with a reasonable level of...2015). Low detection rates mean the investigator can be relatively certain that their samples don’t have...2015) for cell-based experiments. These strategies can be used in concert with in silico prediction to create...

...GAL80 repressor can bind to GAL4, partially inhibiting the binding of GAL4 to UAS. One can therefore place...previous post, we discussed inducible promoters, which can be switched from a default OFF to an ON state, and...Today, we’ll look at repressible promoters, which can be switched from a default ON to an OFF state, as... Like inducible promoters, repressible promoters can be regulated via positive or negative control. Positive...binds the repressor protein, the repressor protein can bind to the operator. The bound repressor then prevents...native context, the tetracycline repressor (TetR) can bind to the tetracycline operator sequences (TetO...in mammalian cells, and TRE-containing promoters can be used in the repressible manner described above...

...table below and can be requested through Addgene. Their plasmid maps and GenBank files can be found on their...on the state cannot be undone and also limit the set of possible downstream states that can be achieved...leveraging qPCR data from multiple primer pairs, one can infer the predominant state of registers within a...register. However, each Sanger sequencing reaction can only be performed on one register at a time. If a...be considered as an alternative. The qPCR method can be performed on a sample of multiple registers. However...based on transcriptional regulation, as long as they can control recombinase activity. For example, post-transcriptional...software that automates the design of registers that can be used to execute user-specified two-input gene ...

..., these challenges can be considerably reduced. The piggyBac™ transposon system can be combined with CRISPR... known upper limit [1]. The piggyBac™ technology can be used for numerous applications, including transgenesis...with piggyBac™, the number of integration copies can be tightly controlled by titrating the transposase... of integrations per cell and a super-piggyBacTM can be used to get an even greater number of integrations...interest. Importantly, by varying these ratios, you can either maximize or minimize expression levels of ...dominant-negative mutant. Reducing the copy number can also mitigate the deleterious effects of expression...overcome this obstacle, a positive selection cassette can be incorporated, and used during the differentiation...

...lindy hop swing dance event,” Zheng says (networking can happen anywhere!). The pair quickly teamed up to ... phage matches. Email [email protected] if you can help! — Dr Steffanie Strathdee, 🗡️Superbug Slayer...right phage for the job. Phages are viruses that can infect and then kill bacteria they enter. But to ...have been exhausted. Theoretically, phage alerts can be sent out to the directory earlier, but the researchers...phage therapy, acceptable endotoxin levels, etc. can vary depending where treatment occurs. In addition...Sacher hopes that as Phage Directory expands, it can also fill this role by cataloging and archiving information...

... Protein purification can be one of the most stressful lab activities. Working with proteins requires...the best way to express one’s protein of interest can save a lot of time later. Protein purification specialists...protein - two parameters that affect how well E. coli can produce your protein. Structural information for ...and PDBsum. After acquiring this information, you can then pick an expression vector and expression system...properly. If a TEV protease site is present, TEV can remove these tags from the purified protein. For ...the use of a thioredoxin A (TRX)-containing vector can improve disulfide bond formation. pCri also includes...

... microscope, you too can become an artist. Scientists moonlighting as artists can compete in the Nikon...modern biologists focus on one aspect alone. They can study molecules, analyze terabytes of information... of the creature they deal with.” So photography can be used as a way to better understand and appreciate...biological importance. More of Daniel's stunning work can be found on his website http://www.microworldsphotography.com...holding scientific art competitions where creations can go on display for all to enjoy. The largest competition...

...essential to sharing plasmids around the globe, it can be a bit of a mystery for those who aren’t familiar...like MTAs.  Addgene does a lot to ensure that we can facilitate a fast and agile MTA process. This is ... the depositing organization signs one form that can be used for every MTA request going forward.  After...Once they've signed and returned the MTA, Addgene can move forward with shipping the material to the requestor...requestor.  Why the MTA?  The MTA process can be a bit confusing, and it’s certainly frustrating to find...Golden Stopwatch award and seek feedback as to how we can make our process easier for others.  If you’ve still...still got questions about our MTA process, you can check out our Tech Transfer Webpage, help center articles...

...position that requires travel can show that you are self organised, reliable, and can work independently. Practical...might not lead to a career you actually want, you can feel lost. Use this post to explore the wide range... employers. These skills show employers that you can fully investigate and solve a problem or complete...valuable skills acquired from a science degree that can be applied to many roles. These types of skills show...what is portrayed in the media and in films, which can often be misleading. Key aspects to determine are...and volunteer experiences, as well as work history can really show that you have some of the abilities listed...sectors such as forensics currently have too many applicants compared to the number of available roles). Make...

...strict database design (schema).  Registered users can submit new fluorescent proteins, add data to existing..., or edit inaccuracies as they find them (anyone can register with a valid email address).  One may also... is finding information on a particular FP; this can be done directly using the search bar on the homepage...addition, the FPbase Fluorescence Spectra Viewer can be used to compare excitation and emission spectra...that specific protein (for instance: EGFP).  Users can “favorite” certain proteins, or create custom protein...comparison or ease of retrieval.  These collection pages can be kept private, or shared publicly (so feel free...fpvis.org with the proteins of your choosing!), and they can be downloaded in JSON or CSV format to quickly retrieve...

...replicate.   How can I prevent recombination in my samples? Plasmid recombination can affect viral vectors...support team at Addgene, I get to see everything that can go wrong with a plasmid. One of the most frequent... sequences. Repeating sequences within a plasmid can undergo intramolecular DNA recombination. This naturally...recombination-prone plasmids and testing your prep can save you the headache of troubleshooting failed experiments...100 μg/mL Amp), or using more nutrient rich media can improve growth and DNA yield. Test multiple, small... plasmid and the recombined vector backbone, you can try re-streaking for single colonies and testing ...MK, Rudolph C (2019) Segmented poly(A) tails significantly reduce recombination of plasmid DNA without ...

...hybridoma cell lines can produce more than one mAb (Bradbury et al., 2018), and hybridomas can lose gene expression... be neuroscience reagents and data, the platform can be expanded for any recombinant antibody tool and...compared to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. You can learn more about recombinant antibodies in this blog...to create such a resource, we need your help. You can participate by depositing your plasmids encoding ...sufficient number of distributions to cover costs, which can limit expansion into new services. “We appreciate...create a fully transparent resource where researchers can easily share, edit, and access the affinity reagents...