We narrowed to 859 results for: ELL

... be introduced into host cells, such as bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cells, for antibody production ...Nanobodies and recombinant binders in cell biology. Journal of Cell Biology 209:633–644 . https://doi.org...animals and bleed dates and even clonal hybridoma cell lines can produce more than one mAb (Bradbury et...plasmid or from an integrated sequence in a stable cell line. The genes encode the heavy chain and light...antibody protein binds an antigen. Image from Fvasconcellos.     How are Recombinant Antibodies Made...to create antibodies to targets that may not work well in animals because of similarities to host proteins...light chain recombinant monoclonal antibodies as well as other forms of antibody-based (e.g., nanobodies...

...CRISPR-Cas System. Cell. 2015 Sep 23. pii: S0092-8674(15)01200-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.038. PubMed...characterized two Cpf1 nucleases, distant cousins of well-known Cas9. Cpf1 cleaves DNA in a staggered pattern...editing than Cas9, confirming that this protein is well suited for genome editing.  Find Cpf1 Plasmids at...RNA-guided endonuclease of a class 2 CRISPR-Cas system." Cell (2015). PubMed PMID: 26422227.   Potential ...particularly helpful for targeting non-dividing cells, which are difficult to modify through homology-... smaller than SpCas9. These nucleases should fit well into AAV vectors, especially given that Cpf1 gRNAs... Cpf1 orthologs known to be active in mammalian cells, LbCpf1 and AsCpf1. In both reports, on target editing...

... systems in multiple cell types. Cell, 186, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.034 Resources...Integrated in Parallel. Cell, 154(4), 914–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELL.2013.07.018 Anzalone, A....epigenetic manipulation of prime editing. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.020 Mathis, N., Allam, A...suited for prediction of very diverse edit types and cell contexts. Figure 1: High-throughput screening...train ePRIDICT (Figure 3), a model that predicts how well a genomic site can be edited based on its chromatin...https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9249 Koeppel, J., Weller, J., Peets, E. M., Pallaseni, A., Kuzmin, I., Raudvere...double-strand break repair pathway balance. Molecular Cell, 81(10), 2216-2230.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/...

...the algae cell is just the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus will not grown...bacteria Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus is a predatory bacteria that attaches to the cell wall of green algae...Molecular and cellular endocrinology 215.1-2 (2004): 1-10. PubMed PMID: 15026169. Soo, Rochelle M., et al.... (Soo et al., 2015). There, it divides into two cells. At the same time, it sucks out its contents (hence...Grasshopper parasite The parasitic worm Spinochordodes tellinii‘s larvae makes its home inside grasshoppers and... the predatory cyanobacterium Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus." PeerJ 3 (2015): e968. PubMed PMID: 26038723...

... the green, red, yellow, cyan, blue, and orange spectra. A comprehensive list of cell markers all tagged...of fluorescent proteins and their use for imaging cell biology, Michael Davidson’s lab at Florida State...matching a relatively easy proposition, explained Michelle Baird, who has created plasmids as a technician...From F-Actin to mitochondria, from the nucleus to cell membrane, this collection has fluorescently tagged...of many proteins known to localize to specific cellular structures.The Davidson lab even included some... where your protein of interest localizes in the cell, use these markers as your guide. As Michael Davidson...Fluorescent proteins are] a whole new way of seeing cell biology, seeing what interacts with what, what affects...

...expansion depends on how well the gel components penetrate the sample, how well the gel polymerizes, and... for EM is not something you find in the average cell and molecular biology lab, and EM is limited in ...ultrastructural relationships that influence everything from cell division to memory, but don’t have access to the...fix (and maybe label) your sample (i.e. cultured cells or tissues).  Step 2: attach anchors to your sample...properties of the sample itself. For example, cultured cells are typically easier to expand than mouse brain ...techniques, and adapted for detecting nucleic acids as well as proteins (Klimas, et al. 2023; Wassie, et al...., Mohar B, Eddison M, et al (2022) Visualizing cellular and tissue ultrastructure using Ten-fold Robust...

...reach essentially every cell or else small pools of antibiotic resistant cells could repopulate the environment...strategies are nonspecific - they harm any bacterial cell without a resistance gene, allowing resistant bacteria...antibiotics target one of three essential processes: cell wall synthesis, DNA replication, or protein synthesis...eliminated from the bacterium, which may also induce cell death. CRISPR also enables increased specificity...Treating a mixed population, represented here by cells of different colors, specifically targets bacteria...bacteria. Targeting a genomic sequence results in cell death. Plasmid targeting may result in plasmid loss...and antibiotic resensitization, or may also cause cell death. Image from Beisel et al., licensed under ...

... light sensitive proteins (opsins) to manipulate cell activity, enables researchers to silence or incite...organism because their larval stage lends itself well to studies of neuroscience. The larvae of zebrafish...channels that allow charged particles to cross the cell membrane when exposed to light. Neuronal firing ...channel LiGluR both cause ion movement that results in cell depolarization. They therefore function as a neuron...in negative chloride ions which hyperpolarize the cell. It therefore functions as a neuron “off switch....stimulus. While the escape response neural pathway is well characterized, there is much left to be discovered...They found that photostimulating the Kolmer-Agduhr cells was sufficient to trigger the symmetrical tail movement...

...to amplify fluorescent signals. Named for the "stellar explosion SUperNova," SunTag can help you turn ...time to get enough signal. This workaround risks cellular phototoxicity and eliminates the possibility of...potential to form aggregates and may be toxic to the cell. Here comes the SunTag How does SunTag fix these...enables single molecule tracking  within living cells without affecting protein function, thereby creating...creating a single-molecule reporter of intracellular processes. Initially, Tanenbaum et al. observed some...attempted single-molecule imaging deep inside the cell, in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Again, they found...SunTag constructs would avoid negative effects on cell physiology. Having seen that mitochondrial tracker...

... out of 10,000 cells on average! Without some means of quickly determining which cells successfully received...detail selection in non-bacterial cells such as yeast or mammalian cells.   Name Class Mode of Action...Inhibits cell wall synthesis Bactericidal 100-200 ug/mL Carbenicillin beta-lactam Inhibits cell wall ...the bacterium's perspective – a plasmid-containing cell must replicate the plasmid in addition to its own...easily detect plasmid-containing bacteria when the cells are grown on selective media, and provides those...kill bacteria (bactericidal) or slow growth/prevent cell division (bacteriostatic); however, the distinction...witin 1 month for optimal efficiency. Beware of satellite colonies! Carbenicillin is more stable than Ampicillin...

...mammalian cells. This was the first codon optimized membrane protein expressed in mammalian cells. In this...sequence. That means there are 61 possible tRNAs. Cells however, may not express all 61 of these tRNAs and...may be found at very different levels (Mauro and Chappell, 2014). Due to this variation in tRNA expression... are also optimized for expression in mammalian cells. For example, Henry Lester’s lab optimized the C...sites and even affect protein function (Mauro and Chappell, 2014). Different rates of translation by different...and in biotechnology and therapeutics (Mauro and Chappell 2014).  Ultimately, it is important to take a ...//doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1793-7 Dresios J, Chappell SA, Zhou W, Mauro VP (2005) An mRNA-rRNA base-...

... SELEX could be used to classify DNA aptamers as well, and over the course of the next two decades, these..., peptides, amino acids, drugs, metal ions, and cells (even pathogenic bacteria). That range is possible...with such techniques can be problematic, however. Well designed aptamers can help reduce such background... over half a century; the Addgene blog has an excellent primer and tips from experts on FRET techniques... combination of SELEX and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of E. coli transformed with aptamer...and FACS, Broccoli is inherently more stable in cells. The new aptamer also has a higher melting temperature...cassettes, thereby extending their use into mammalian cells. They’ve also dimerized Broccoli to further enhance...

...expanded since its adaptation for use in mammalian cells in 2012-2013. Researchers are now using this system...successfully adapted for use in screening experiments as well). Therefore, if you’ve started down the CRISPR path...500bp is best) and select the organism. It will then tell you the available gRNA targets in that region. The...plasmids containing sgRNA sequences into HEK293T cells. The fluorescence intensity was classified into ...is then a simple matter of transfecting HEK293T cells with your modified pCAG-EGXXFP plasmid along with...incubation, you assess the level of fluorescence in your cells under a fluorescence microscope. The higher the ...you’ve validated your gRNAs for use in mammalian cells, it’s time to use them in mouse embryos. When researchers...

...to reproduce itself as it must to survive within cells. The replicons of plasmids are generally different...sequences are generally high in As and Ts. Why, you ask? Well, A-T base pairs are held together with two hydrogen...’s sake, we've ignored those used in eukaryotic cells and viruses and focused only on those found in bacteria...pMB1 (which comes in a few slightly different but well known derivatives), pSC101, R6K, and 15A. Not all...example, the pMB1 ori maintains about 20 copies per cell, while pUC – which differs by only two mutations...mutations – will produce as many as 700 copies per cell. Figure 1: A plasmid map showing the standard ...positives? Will you have only one plasmid type in your cells at a time? Do you want to make a lot of your plasmid...

...expressing target cells. Any neutralized pseudoviruses would be unable to get into the target cells and this can...Khan K, Bernstein M, Balazs AB, Gosnell BI, Hanekom W, Moosa M-YS, Lessells RJ, de Oliveira T, Sigal A (2021...disease severity and survival. Cell 184:476-488.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.015 Garcia-Beltran...vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell 184:2372-2383.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013 Additional resources...variant), B1.1.298, and B.1.429 (Epsilon), nearly as well as they could for the wild-type. However, variants...vaccines and allows the virus to gain entry into human cells via human ACE2 receptors. In their assay, the pseudoviruses...

...coordinated by the eukaryotic cell for the execution of many complex cellular behaviors, such as differentiation...avoiding toxic intermediate buildup as well as controlling cell fate decisions. By using an orthogonal...or metabolism. Our attempts to manipulate these cellular behaviors often fall short with the generation...bottlenecks and their scope is limited by the lack of well characterized inducible promoters. Far removed from...for sequence-specific control of gene expression. Cell, 152(5), 1173-1183. (2013). PubMed. Zalatan, J...Transcriptional Programs with CRISPR RNA Scaffolds. Cell, 160(1), 339-350 (2015). PubMed. Find the Plasmids...crispr/qi/ Plasmids described in  Zalatan et al. Cell  (2015) can be found here: https://www.addgene.org...

...CRISPR-Cas Immunity. Cell, 161(5), 1164–1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.027 Stella, G., & Marraffini...and is able to target and edit RNA in mammalian cells. Type IV Type IV is the middle child (like me!) ...and more. Type II Type II is the most popular and well-known type, as this is where Cas9 falls. The mechanism...mechanism of type II is, unsurprisingly, well understood, and the first taught when introducing CRISPR ...., Belanto, J. J., Verdine, V., Cox, D. B. T., Kellner, M. J., Regev, A., Lander, E. S., Voytas, D. F....Suberski, A. J., Mears, K. S., Demircioglu, F. E., Moeller, L., Kocalar, S., Oshiro, R., Makarova, K. S., ...Gootenberg, J. S., Abudayyeh, O. O., Franklin, B., Kellner, M. J., Joung, J., & Zhang, F. (2017). RNA editing...

...plant protein TIR1 in non-plant cells, which interacts with the cells’ endogenous ubiquitin ligase, the...able to translate AID to yeast, as well as mammalian and human cell lines (Nishimura et al., 2009, Natsume...degradation using AID Article contributed by Alyssa Cecchetelli Auxin Inducible Degradation (AID) uses plant ...based method to tag endogenous proteins in HCT116 cells with mAID. Using this method, the lab was able to... protein of interest to create conditional human cell lines. Lastly, the Kanemaki lab demonstrated that...the target sites adjacent to an NG PAM in human cells. The increased versatility of the engineered SpCas9... just a 2-D linear molecule snaking through our cells’ nuclei--our chromatin is comprised of thousands...

... of all of the mRNA bound-ribosomes in a cell. When cellular mRNAs are digested with ribonucleases, ribosomes...Regulating translation is key to cellular function, especially during development or stress. With ribosome...explore the complexity of translational control in cellular physiology. Ribosome profiling Ribosome profiling...the fluorescent signal: untranslated RNAs appear yellow, and translated RNAs appear red. To enable this...are bound to the reporter, causing it to appear yellow. The act of translation pushes NLS-PCP-GFP off ...the effects of 5’ UTR variants in translation of cell cycle protein Emi1, showing that ~80% of transcripts...powerful tools for studying translation in various cell types and physiological states. References 1. Ingolia...

...path.   Yeast as a model organism Yeast are single cell, eukaryotic organisms formally classified as fungi...and S. cerevisiae (budding). Yeast make for an excellent model organism for a few reasons: Affordable...yeast? It’s actually not new at all, but it’s not as well-known in the general research community. Phillips...methanol as its sole source of carbon and energy (as well as glucose or glycerol). K. phaffii is only distantly...similarity to the ancient yeast strains and metazoan cells.   Applications for K. phaffii There’s a number ...protein bang for your media buck - it grows at higher cell densities than most of its counterparts, yielding...studies Peroxisomes are small, membrane-bound organelles essential for sequestering certain enzymes and...