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TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 4, 2021, 1:15 p.m....detect, purify, quantify, deplete, and visualize proteins of interest (Greenfield, 2014). Traditionally,...Therefore, researchers from over 100 scientific institutions have proposed a shift to recombinant DNA-based...expression. If starting from a protein sample (for instance, affinity purified antibodies from a patient’s...the line and subsequent cloning of the antibody chains (Crosnier et al., 2010; Andrews et al., 2019). ...well in animals because of similarities to host proteins. After the antibody of interest has been cloned...non-antibody based affinity reagents (e.g., monobodies, DARPins) (Helma et al., 2015). The Many Benefits of...and sequences for antibodies are not shared. For instance, through open plasmid sharing, the CRISPR community...
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Experimenting in an Open Source lab: from CRISPR to Cats
TypeBlog PostPublishedJuly 23, 2015, 2:30 p.m....student and then instructor at Singularity University at NASA Ames, and an instructor at Biocurious.org...makerspaces around the world. Hackerspaces.org maintains a list of active spaces near you. Learning ...complexity using existing C. elegans mutants. For instance, we use a mutant known as CX51 that exhibits motor...Minnesota has declared our makerspace an educational institution meaning that we can obtain known mutants at $7.00...motor behaviour, and ultimately submit our new strains back to the CGC for other researchers to use. Although...equipment that would otherwise be discarded. For instance, the centrifuge in the picture had a broken controller... the fantastic optics and fluidics platform it contains. Biotech equipment becomes obsolete amazingly ... -
Streaking for Single Colonies: The Streak Plate Challenge
TypeBlog PostPublishedMarch 2, 2021, 2:15 p.m....add a bit of fun. He mixed together 10 E. coli strains producing different pigments, and tasked the students...perfect fit for the streak plate challenge. Chromoproteins are a subset of the fluorescent protein family...off color in ambient light. Expressing these chromoproteins in E. coli would make it easy to distinguish...single colonies, these chromoprotein-expressing strains are easily amenable to other experiments to teach...have the students transform them into different strains of E. coli,” says Westenberg. During the transformation... how different genetic backgrounds of the host strains affect transformation efficiency. Aside from the...blog Read our other blog posts on fluorescent proteins Check out educational resources on the blog Resources... -
CrispyCrunch: High-throughput Design and Analysis of CRISPR+HDR Experiments
TypeBlog PostPublishedFeb. 7, 2019, 2:16 p.m....coding genes in the human genome with fluorescent proteins. For each gene, we needed to design guide RNAs...ranked by specificity of targeting or by cut-to-insert distance for HDR. (The notable exception is TagIn...compressed CFD score) * (gaussian normalized cut-to-insert distance) This gives each guide a score ranging... can be used in the rank equation above. Cut-to-insert distance was fitted to experimental data of its...the greater this distance between the cut and the insert, the more poorly the guide performs HDR. Optimal...sequences to prevent re-cutting of the sequence inserted by HDR. Although this practice is generally advised...enough to prevent re-binding. Lastly, the sequence inserted by HDR may inadvertently re-create a match for... -
Plasmids 101: Degron Tags
TypeBlog PostPublishedMarch 14, 2024, 1:15 p.m....modulation of endogenously and exogenously expressed proteins. Here we will review what advantages degron tags... the tagged protein. Degrons are destabilizing domains which will be identified by various enzymes and...manipulate endogenously and exogenously expressed proteins. Thirdly, degrons and their drugs are titratable...not amenable to being tagged, e.g. tagging some proteins can affect their function, the SMASh tag self-...developed as an affinity tag for visualization of proteins of interest. A fluorescent Halo ligand can be ... molecules which target E3 ligases to specific proteins by simultaneously binding both their target protein...their effectiveness with over a dozen different proteins. In the end, you can’t predict with absolute certainty... -
Plasmids 101: Multicistronic Vectors
TypeBlog PostPublishedSept. 9, 2014, 8:20 p.m.... pC5Kan-P2A P2A Insect pUltra P2A and T2A Lentiviral Ac5-STABLE2-neo T2A Insect For the co-expression...vectors simultaneously express two or more separate proteins from the same mRNA. We've discussed promoters ... detect your gene of interest, scientists have instead developed novel methods to co-express your gene...IRES Elements Translation in eukaryotes usually begins at the 5’ cap so that only a single translation...site, thereby resulting in co-expression of two proteins from a single mRNA. IRES was originally discovered...between your genes of interest and you can then insert the whole multicistronic cassette into a backbone...Although it is recommended to use the 2A peptides instead of an IRES when stoichiometrically equivalent levels... -
Drew Endy Introduces the Biobrick Public Agreement Plasmid Collection
TypeBlog PostPublishedDec. 12, 2013, 3:35 p.m....translation of RNA to make proteins. That's central to everything that goes on inside a cell. Until we get ...of enough sensor domains. Ultimately, we'll need a couple thousand or so sensor domains for everything ...DNA systems capable of storing data and computing inside living cells. He's also a co-founder of the BioBricks...BioBricks The BioBrick Foundation's Linda Kahl explains the Addgene collaboration this way: "Addgene is...strategy that organizes how we start the work, and it begins with the central dogma - replication of DNA, transcription...and expensive. There's the promise that we could instead have things like peptide or RNA aptamers that act... -
With an Eye Towards the Future, We Look Back at the March for Science
TypeBlog PostPublishedOct. 24, 2017, 1:54 p.m....for Science. Cold and overcast with intermittent rains, it was weather befitting of the ominous political...Science and Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He also studies energy markets in his spare time...cause breast cancer and infertility or to argue against unnecessary clinic regulations, evidence-based ...issues hit hardest. According to the Guttmacher Institute, most women of reproductive age live in a state... how planets form around young stars and the instruments we use to study them. You can follow her at alexandrazgreenbaum.wordpress.com.... I worried that, because we were speaking out against legislators and because the march had been so well-publicized...scientists – including global warming skeptics – insisted that more data and research funding are critical... -
An Introduction to Adenovirus
TypeBlog PostPublishedOct. 3, 2023, 1:15 p.m....Harrach, 2014). Given that the early genes encode proteins essential to initiating the whole process – such...used to house a recombinant sequence (transgene) instead. Although the late genes are usually present...absent, and the late genes (and their structural proteins, which would encapsidate new virions) are not ... is transient due to the fact that AdV surface proteins (especially fiber’s knob domain, and hexon), as... as well as other intracellularly-exposed proteins and downstream cellular events, all recruit strong ...sense of what AdVs are about – and we hope that it inspires further use of existing vectors, as well as research...resources References Bauzon, M., Castro, D., Karr, M., Hawkins, L. K., & Hermiston, T. W. (2003). Multigene expression... -
Getting to Know Expansion Microscopy
TypeBlog PostPublishedJune 20, 2023, 1:15 p.m....now available. In this post, we’ll review the inspiration behind ExM, how it works, and some of the limitations...most SRM techniques also require specialized instruments and technical expertise, limiting their accessibility...a straightforward answer to the space problem. Instead of imaging smaller, what if we just made the sample...chemical dyes, and genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (Gambarotto, et al. 2019; Tillberg, et al. 2016...adapted for detecting nucleic acids as well as proteins (Klimas, et al. 2023; Wassie, et al. 2019). Perhaps...et al (2021) Expansion microscopy provides new insights into the cytoskeleton of malaria parasites including...Saad O, Bewersdorf J (2020) Light microscopy of proteins in their ultrastructural context. Nat Commun 11... -
Cpf1: A New Tool for CRISPR Genome Editing
TypeBlog PostPublishedOct. 14, 2015, 2:30 p.m....classified as a type V CRISPR system. Like Cas9, Cpf1 contains a RuvC-like endonuclease domain, but it lacks ...off-target editing efficiency. Kim et al. and Kleinstiver et al. characterized genome-wide editing efficiency... to single mismatches, but variably so, with Kleinstiver et al. reporting that Cpf1 can tolerate mismatches...essential function in Cpf1-mediated editing, as Kleinstiver et al. saw no decrease in Cpf1 activity with ... are indicated below each graph. Figure from Kleinstiver et al., 2016. Cpf1’s strength may lie in ...activity than that previously observed with SpCas9. Kleinstiver et al. suggest that AsCpf1’s off-target rate ...eSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF1. Both AsCpf1 and LbCpf1 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) failed to induce off-target editing... -
Advancing Biology with Zebrafish: Genetic Tools for Developmental Studies and More
TypeBlog PostPublishedAug. 13, 2019, 12:58 p.m....days inside the mother, the zebrafish is an ideal system to observe embryogenesis live. The origins, divisions...implemented in zebrafish. Developmental biology insights using lineage tracing in zebrafish To highlight...lineage tracing approaches that led to important insights in developmental biology. Microscopy-based lineage...example, neuronal activity can be tracked in whole brains of swimming, actively learning larvae, providing...resistance (so far) to facile CRISPR/Cas9-mediated insertion of foreign DNA. Despite these caveats, several...highlight how these advantages can translate into insights in developmental biology, and advances in this...zebrafish behavioral studies Download the fluorescent proteins 101 eBook Read our plasmids 101 blog series Resources... -
Viral Production at Addgene
TypeBlog PostPublishedOct. 24, 2023, 1:15 p.m....of the viral capsid proteins are analyzed. The abundance of viral capsid proteins as a fraction of total...relative stoichiometric ratios of the viral capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3. Samples of viral preparations...subjected to gel electrophoresis. Viral capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 are shown relative to the total.... Three to five days later, cell cultures are inspected for sterility. Transducibility Some viral vectors...virus from Addgene, read our detailed recipient instructions for next steps. Plan an experiment using our...plasmid in the viral preparation by performing PCR against unique regions of the transfer plasmid. Lentivirus... -
Hot Plasmids Spring 2024
TypeBlog PostPublishedMay 23, 2024, 1:15 p.m.... In this iteration, the size of the lentiviral insert was minimized to reduce recombination and avoid...transcriptase enzymes, inhibition of host cell proteins, and modifications to the pegRNA. The Britt Adamson...nucelocapsid protein, one of the virus’s most abundant proteins and a critical component for viral genome packaging...-LV [+M], negative control) were immunoblotted against Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein antibodies...middle panel). Samples were also immunoblotted against vinculin as a loading control (right panel). Image... of ssAAV, a targeting sequence of miR124T was inserted into the vector to silence transgene expression...editing, and delivery of disease-relevant large proteins. They demonstrated REVeRT in various contexts ... -
Data Freedom: The Expansion of Data Sharing in Research Publications
TypeBlog PostPublishedAug. 5, 2014, 6:51 p.m....form that can be understood by others, balanced against how often such data is likely to be accessed. Adding...not averse to making data available, but there remains concern about the extra work this may entail. ...parsed by someone other than the actual author. Instead, selected images are said to be representative ...another issue of proprietary data formats. Many instruments store raw data in formats that require specific...supported/readable. Is the author or their host institution expected to provide data in formats exported ...integrate datasets with their resultant figures. Instead of providing a “dead end” figure or table, clicking...natural, albeit unintentional, tendency to work against transparency. This opens science to charges of ... -
New Norepinephrine Indicators: nLightG and nLightR
TypeBlog PostPublishedDec. 12, 2023, 2:15 p.m....that red fluorescent proteins tend to be less sensitive than green fluorescent proteins. nLightR did perform... corresponding pixel-wise ΔF/F0 heatmaps. White insets indicate surface expression of the indicators over...based on alpha-1a adrenergic receptor; nLightG contains circularly permuted green fluorescent protein ... alpha2-AR antagonist, nLight sensors are not. Instead, they are blocked by alpha1-AR antagonist. This...and resources References Feng, J., Zhang, C., Lischinsky, J. E., Jing, M., Zhou, J., Wang, H., Zhang, ...More resources on the Addgene blog Fluorescent proteins 101: Fluorescent Biosensors Which Fluorescent ... -
Advice on Career Paths and the Green Card Process for International Researchers and Entrepreneurs
TypeBlog PostPublishedDec. 20, 2017, 2:33 p.m....cap: institutions of higher education nonprofit entities related to or affiliated with institutions of ...application on their behalf. If an individual obtains a cap subject H-1B (last year less than 30% of ...exempt from the cap if the applicant works at institutions of higher education, a related or affiliated... lead role or critical role at a prestigious institution: This criterion is consistently under scrutiny...to self-petition. You need the support of your institute to do this one. Universities will usually only...professors. Casseus Law has seen that research institutions are willing to sponsor postdoctoral researchers...application is reserved for long term employees of the institute. For the EB-1B, you need to prove 3 threshold ... -
The CRISPR Software Matchmaker: A New Tool for Choosing the Best CRISPR Software for Your Needs
TypeBlog PostPublishedNov. 3, 2015, 3:30 p.m....contributed by guest blogger Cameron MacPherson at the Institut Pasteur CRISPR software and the piñata effect ... group (Biology of Host-parasite Interactions, Institut Pasteur, Paris) that changed genome editing in... perspective, the Plasmodium falciparum genome contains only 0.66 million targetable NGG PAM sites whereas...and on-targeting likely more efficient. These insights are hard to appreciate without computational support...each item changes from what the reviewers so painstakingly assessed to something a bit more representative...tools The goal of this post is to provide some insight into available CRISPR software tools, what problems... is already covered in the published articles. Instead, I have broken down the tools into the individual... -
3 Tips to Improve HDR Efficiency for CRISPR Editing in Human Cells
TypeBlog PostPublishedSept. 5, 2017, 1:58 p.m....NHEJ) pathway, leading to nonspecific nucleotide insertions, deletions or other mutations, referred to as...single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN), which contains the intended sequence changes to be incorporated...over 90% of the HDR edited alleles had unwanted insertions/deletions, therefore making those alleles useless... allele is accurately edited, the other likely contains unwanted indels. Following this observation, we...cut-to-mutation distance, the mutation may only be inserted at one of the alleles, but not the other – the...equally mixed with another ssODN template that contains the same CRISPR/Cas-blocking mutation but not ...currently a Professor for Neurobiology at the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University... -
Plasmids 101: Positive and Negative Selection for Plasmid Cloning
TypeBlog PostPublishedAug. 22, 2019, 12:43 p.m....For example, if the DNA you’re inserting into the plasmid backbone contains a kanamycin resistance cassette...your inserted DNA) and further screening will help you determine if the plasmid backbone contains your...Selection is straightforward in cases where the inserted DNA includes an antibiotic resistance marker. ... the critical amino acid). Many common E. coli strains used for cloning are auxotrophic for specific amino... found on the original plasmid and either the insertion of a DNA fragment within the gene or loss of the...