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... are sensitive to pH. Anything between orange and light orange usually indicates that the cells have grown...culture media contain the pH indicator phenol red (pH range 6.0 (yellow) - 8.0 (red)). Blood pH normally lies...too young and should not be used for important transfection experiments right after they’ve been thawed.... spent organizing, an hour is earned (Benjamin Franklin)! It’s good practice to label your plates and/...

... 0.07 ml Skill required: advanced Intranasal instillation Intranasal instillation is very similar to its...behind the eye. IV injections are used for a broad range of substances, as it circulate what is injected ...target the lungs. The main differences are that intranasal is easier, less invasive, and only requires a...Anesthesia Trachea 20–23 (tubing) < 0.07 mL Advanced Intranasal Anesthesia Nose n/a < 0.05 mL Beginner Oral...

...generate a classic double-stranded break, while modulators regulate transcription and chimeric efforts make...Countries shown are the top 10 requesting countries. FR=France; KR=South Korea; CH=Switzerland; AU=Australia.  ...Pyhtila et al., 2023). Our thanks to Rodolphe Barrangou for his authorial contributions to, and support...References Pyhtila, B., Kasowitz, S., Leeson, R., & Barrangou, R. (2023). The Expanding Dissemination and Distribution...

... work has always been focused on gene transfer, from transgenes to plants, chloroplast to the nucleus,...to expand the toolkit. We have included a wider range of terminators than are commonly used as we have...well in plants and give similar stability to transcripts as the ones that people use all the time. Now...Plant SynBio Reading: Quick, Versatile Plant Transgenesis with GreenGate Plasmids  ...

... that this simple procedure is often taken for granted. In this post, we take a moment to review what ...a characteristic absorption spectra across this range of wavelengths with maximal absorption at 260 nm...present in the sample also absorb light in this range of wavelengths (Figure 1B-D). These other molecules....  In common practice, a pure sample of double-stranded DNA should give an A260/280 ratio of ~1.8 and ...Proteins absorb light to varying degrees across the UV range used in NanoDrop systems. Peak absorption occurs...

...requires more photons. For example, moving from transient overexpression of protein fusions to gene-edited... lipoic acid ligase, biotin ligase, phosphopantetheinyltransferase) – These enzymes catalyze the covalent... tag (Figure 1c). Click chemistry (e.g., transcyclooctene–tetrazine)– Nonnatural amino acids can be ...improved brightness, photostability, and spectral range. Nevertheless, these fluorophores were designed ...analogs without sacrificing their small size and membrane permeability (Figure 2c). These cell-permeable...

...high-impact journals, and the requirement for a high grant success rate. At this point, candidates are highly...requirements (and maybe also the proposed salary range) should help. In smaller companies, technical support... The benefit is that these skills are highly transferable and will help you enter other roles in project...departments such as research and manufacturing, quality assurance, product management, marketing, and sales (to ...drive to help others. These roles offer an easy transition from an academic lab to industry without being...

...to be translated into Modern Greek to be easily accessible today. Roughly speaking, we translated our software...see these improvements, you are benefited with reassurance your plasmids will not get lost in a freezer ...Another advantage of Scrum is that it provides transparency to everyone involved about the status of each...accelerating research and discovery. We work with transparency, gladly share our knowledge, and love to collaborate...

...PRIME, PASTE relies on single-stranded nicks instead of the double-stranded breaks used in other insertion...target. In addition, when they looked at the transformed E. coli expressing Cas7-11, they found no evidence...broadly similar to shRNA and Cas13 systems in a range of mammalian cell lines. However, in those same ... of landing sites via Cas9-directed reverse transcriptases, followed bylanding site recognition and integration...

...methods of ‘horizontal gene transfer’. Resistance can also arise from random mutations in the genetic sequence...didn’t develop, either through random mutation or horizontal gene transfer, means to defend themselves from...bacterium sharing genes with another, an accidental transmission of genes from one bacterium to another through...

...best gRNA Figure 1: Validation of double strand break (DSB) mediated homology dependent repair ...repair (HR, homologous recombination; SSA, single strand annealing) took place and reconstituted the EGFP...site. (c) The pCAG-EGxxFP target plasmid was co-transfected with pX330 plasmids containing sgRNA sequences...efficacy of your gRNAs is then a simple matter of transfecting HEK293T cells with your modified pCAG-EGXXFP...fluorescence, the better that gRNA is at causing a double stranded break at the target site, allowing the two halves...

...examples I’m personally interested in include: intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and place preference...(viral expression, efficiency of laser light transmission to the target neurons, appropriate stimulation...optogenetics is performed in this species. However, transgenic rat technology is improving and may one day reach... reach the sophistication of mouse transgenics. Everything that has been described is intended for the...References 1. Stuber, Garret D., et al. "Excitatory transmission from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens facilitates...

...supporting datasets must be logically annotated and arranged, as in an actual publication and not require interaction...responsible for storage.  If datasets are too large to transfer to a journal repository, they are likely too large...albeit unintentional, tendency to work against transparency. This opens science to charges of elitism and...opportunities for research as well as increasing transparency. Thank you to our guest blogger! Jim Woodgett...Will Pay for Public Access to Research Data? - by Francine Berman and Vint Cerf (Science, August 2013) PLOS...

...software in order to generate signals in a reasonable range. If colleagues in your group already have experience...experimentally-specific gates. Two-dimensional staining (quadrant gating) For our last example plot, I will show...cells (CD8+) from dendritic cells (CD11b+) using a quadrant gate. Within my “lymphocyte + single cell + live... two stains in relation to each other. Using a quadrant gate, I can divide my cell population into DN,...for each stain respectively). (B) Instead of a quadrant gate, I am free to use multiple individual gates...

...strong transcriptional terminator BBa_B1002 (from IGEM) upstream of the MCS to reduce transcriptional readthrough...rely on exogenous enzymes, require multiple transformation and plasmid curing steps, and can generate ...worked too. Rhamnose induction relies on the transcriptional activator rhaS. To allow manipulation of bacteria...Anirudh S. Channarasappa, and Howard M. Salis. "Translation rate is controlled by coupled trade-offs between...

...generating long overhangs which allows the single stranded regions with homology to anneal a polymerase, ...hour or so, the sample is immediately ready to transform into competent cells. The master mix of enzymes...Gibson assembly master mix for 1 hour, and then transform into competent cells. The success rate of this...if the ends of the fragments have stable single stranded DNA secondary structure, such as a hairpin or ...would directly compete with the required single-stranded annealing and priming of neighboring assembly ...

...across samples and equal protein transfer from the gel to the membrane. A loading control is critical for...identically, used to assess naturally occurring random biological variability. If one were studying the...purple) and nonspecifically through the Fc region (orange). The Preimmune serum control will not bind to .... Always probe the loading control on the same membrane that the target protein was measured on.    Flow...

...the department? Are they successful at getting grants and funding? Beware of bullying Your mental health...careers?    Will you be encouraged to develop transferable skills by attending career events or being involved...your aspiration? Will you help or at least observe grant writing? Get equipment quotes? Understand administrative...consider less expensive, portable areas of research (transgenic mice—out, zebra fish—in) Team attitude vs. dog...resources on the Addgene blog Check out our transferable skills guide Learn about careers in science ...

..., and effective for wide range of mycoplasma. These methods cannot guarantee complete removal of mycoplasma...the media after autoclaving hence, there is no assurance of the serum being contamination free. The aerosols...commonly infecting mycoplasmas are used. A broad range of primers encompasses almost all the infecting ...filters, for media filtration. There is no 100% assurance that this process can avoid contamination but ...

... have a specific mutation in mind. Generating a random library of mutants using error-prone PCR might ...metal cofactor and the dNTP ratio. The resulting random errors can give you new and unexpected sequences...a DNase. Then you run a PCR without primers to randomly anneal and extend the DNA fragments, followed ... have a full-length antibody sequence, but with random combinations of the different sections. Structure-guided...acs.chemrev.1c00260 Wilson, D. S., & Keefe, A. D. (2000). Random mutagenesis by PCR. Current Protocols in Molecular...