...diabodies to be used for assembling protein nanostructures. Diabodies readily co-crystalize, a major advantage...only affinity reagent on this list derived from nature. Single-domain antibodies are extremely small at...but can have weak signals due to their monovalent nature. They are stable up to 80°C and can refold correctly...Books. Bates A, Power CA. David vs. Goliath: The Structure, Function, and Clinical Prospects of Antibody ...single-domain antibodies. Annu Rev Biochem. doi: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-063011-092449.             ...

...and designing future experiments. Being able to work through these types of bigger picture problems systematically...problem solving!  You might think that being able to figure out what went wrong with a PCR is a pretty niche...helping to resolve problems, but even so, I wasn’t sure how to best define this skillset. After sifting ...your problem solving skills can help convince a future employer that you are well equipped to work through...

...intellectual disability after Fragile X. There is no cure for CTD, which arises due to mutations in the SLC6A8...characterized by development delays, speech delays, seizures, and other symptoms as discussed in this educational...help the lab identify therapeutic targets in the future. Congratulations Mark Mellett! Siddharth Prakash... and is characterized by autism-like symptoms, seizures, and muscle weakness. So far, there have been ...patients with GNB1 mutations, the lab hopes to capture the signalosome of different receptors upon stimulation...

... to increase capture. Longer histidine tags are also recommended if you need a very pure sample. Because..., alternative fusion tags were used, such as S. aureus’ Protein A (Moks 1987). These tags, however, tended...denaturant. Not all proteins will refold once denatured, however, so take care when using this method....purification of human insulin-like growth factor I from culture medium of E.coli. Bio/Technology. 1987, 5:379-382...

...mammalian cells. Here, we will cover how these structures are generated, why it’s important for cells to...proteins of interest. RNAi has even made it into agriculture as species-specific pesticides and insecticides...one strand of a dsDNA molecule; the 3-stranded structure produced is known as an R-loop. During transcription... transcription-coupled R-loops are transient in nature and will dissociate when gene transcription is ...vulnerable to various forms of DNA damage, and these structures can in turn lead to genome instability. Thus,...

...I was studying a synaptic protein, I wanted to measure it’s levels in its normal neuronal context. In ...noncanonical amino acid tagging (FUNCAT, Dieterich et al. Nature Neuroscience, 2010) and allows the visualization...synthesized proteins in rat hippocampal neurons." Nature neuroscience 13.7 (2010): 897-905. PubMed PMID:...protein complexes in situ by proximity ligation." Nature methods 3.12 (2006): 995-1000. PubMed PMID: 17072308... of newly synthesized target proteins in situ." Nature methods 12.5 (2015): 411-414. PubMed PMID: 25775042...

...There are a variety of methods that can be used to measure your fluorescent protein’s propensity to aggregate...likely in an antiparallel configuration), typical structures known as Organized Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum...your protein of interest will be problem-free. In figure 1 we provide an example of the OSER assay with ... positive and negative controls for proper ER structure. Based on these data, we conclude that mKOk has...gathered can be shared by publishing it as (part of) figure 1, uploading it as a preprint, or documenting it...

...career in science. Supervisors in the academic infrastructure are not always as effective in mentoring for.... Talk to the coach about their “style” and make sure this is a style that will help you. A good coach...also a very popular speaker and workshop leader. Lauren Celano of Propel Careers is not a professional ...afraid to ask and to make an investment in your future. Additional Resources on the Addgene Blog 6 Steps...Little about The Academic Labor Environment from the Future of Research Symposium Resources on the Addgene...

...particles at the cell membrane. Mature Nanoblades then bud into the cell culture supernatant and can be purified...following four components into 293T cells. Figure 1: The key components of Nanoblades. Image from...iPSCs and BM cells after Nanoblade treatment as measured by their maintenance of pluripotency marker expression...Nanoblades loaded with Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins." Nature communications 10.1 (2019): 45. PubMed PMID: 30604748...

...each part of a split fluorescent protein (FP) and measure the signal produced when the candidate proteins...interaction brings the pieces of the FP back together (Figure 1). This method is generally known as Bimolecular...Addgene is here to help!  General Design Figure 1: Two proteins are fused to the FP(11) and FP(...interact, the FP fragments can assemble the full structure of the fluorescent protein, producing fluorescent...number of strands in the canonical beta-barrel structure. Most frequently, the proteins are split between...

...modifications). Ready to get started?   Figure 1: Break free from the ball and chain!   Epigenetics... lot of things were cool: Walkmans, Back to the Future, and big hair. To what was perhaps a slightly smaller... (Hrit et al. 2018, Kaas et al. 2013). Figure 2: CRISPR TET-based epigenetic editing. In reality...expression (Sapozhnikov and Szyf 2021).    Figure 3: A simpler approach - dCas9 blocks DNMT1 methylation...some human cancers from their normal counterparts. Nature 301, 89–92. https://doi.org/10.1038/301089a0. Galonska...

...expression of certain viral components; according the manufacturer these changes result in yields up to 25x higher...harvest is best for larger genes such as Cas9. See figure 1 for an example of how changing transfection ratios...While this option is attractive because the same procedure for a single 10 cm2 dish can be easily applied...consequently, this may not be the best method when pure virus is required downstream. When assessing lentiviral...titering your lentivirus Visit the viral vector featured topic page Resources on Addgene.org Lentiviral...

...challenging for amateur scientists. Planarians, wormy creatures commonly found in freshwater ponds, provide a ...preparation of the tissue sample, several washes, and temperature changes to visualize the expression of specific... purified dsRNA with liver paste, and feed the mixture to the worms. The phenotypes of RNAi knockdown ...use these published protocols and want to share pictures, feedback etc. please write to [email protected]... double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 391 (1998), pp. 806-811. PubMed PMID: 9486653....

... very little signal detected along the neurite (Figure 1.) Moreover, the group was able to demonstrate...are available at Addgene. Shemesh OA, et. al. Nature Neuroscience. 2017. PubMed PMID: 29184208.        ...methylxanthine drugs like theophylline. To facilitate future work with this goal, the Barrick lab has deposited...fLuctuation INcrease by Contact (FLINC)-based biosensors measure fluctuations of TagRFP-T fluorescence intensity...use to detect PKA activity can be generalized to measure phosphatase activity, second messenger activity...

...optimize more protocols in the future - something that will be key for our future growth. One of the biggest...pipette samples in and out of it, you can set up a procedure for it using the Biomek FxP. For example, we added...us to put a label on each tube by hand. We’ll be sure to tell you about more lab updates as we develop...have any great lab automation tips and tricks, be sure to share them in the comments section.   Additional...

...format that was stable for up to a year at room temperature (Pardee et al, 2014). As a demonstration of the...switches and amplification primers. This helped make sure that we had a number of successful sensors to draw...switch-based RNA sensors within an extensive infrastructure of molecular and electronic companion technologies...without purification or concentration of the virus. Future work Going forward, our short-term efforts are ...rapid prototyping and sensor assembly pipeline for future emerging pathogens or health crises. Many thanks...

...DH5α, grown at 30 °C instead of 37 °C. If you’re unsure about the integrity of your virus, perform a diagnostic...ultracentrifugation, you can reduce the volume of cell culture medium on the packaging cells immediately following...5 mL medium on a 10 cm plate). By reducing the culture volume into which the virus is released, a more...experiments later. Stay tuned to the Addgene blog and be sure to check out our viral vector guide pages to get...DNA and hepatitis C virus RNA quantification as measured with branched-DNA technology." Journal of clinical...

...on-target and off-target editing efficiency Figure 1: Effects of (A) double and (B) single base pair...Mismatch positions are indicated below each graph. Figure adapted from Kleinstiver et al., 2016. Until... failed to induce off-target editing in a cell culture model. What we still don't know about Cpf1 In ... its proximity to the cleavage site, preventing future edits. In contrast, since Cpf1 cleaves relatively...specificities of CRISPR-Cas Cpf1 nucleases in human cells." Nature Biotechnology (2016). PubMed PMID: 27347757. Find...

...industry through epigenetic effects on the Cover of Nature. So what is epigenetics and what tools are available... contain the same DNA but have very different structure and function, and can have a specialized role ...syndrome is characterized by low muscle tone, short stature, cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and...specifically to the histone protein of interest (in the figure above, H3 at K9 or K27). Joined to this by a flexible...underlies the mantled somaclonal variant of oil palm." Nature 525.7570 (2015): 533-537. PubMed PMID: 26352475...

... you can afford them). I am talking about making sure the audience is interested, educated and talking...interesting questions and topics in advance is key. Make sure all your panelists have the correct date, location...colleagues to events for this purpose. If possible, make sure the panelists are prepared to stay around to meet...the moderator and program organizers can help make sure the event stays on schedule. People can only sit...the attention of the audience – phones come out, postures shift, they are checking out. If you can, plant...