...and heavy chains made up of variable regions and constant regions. Variable regions are unique to each ...Figure 1: In the isotype conversion process the variable regions of a parental antibody (blue, rat) are...resulting chimeric antibody would have the original variable regions from the parental rat antibody but the... tools. In the case of isotype conversion, the variable regions of a specific antibody are cloned into...

...Hui-wang, et al. "Hue-shifted monomeric variants of Clavularia cyan fluorescent protein: identification...tetrameric cyan fluorescent protein from the coral Clavularia sp. protein CFP484. Hui-wang Ai and colleagues... coli with a gene library of approximately 484 variants, including some potential tetramer-breaking mutations... monomeric, bright and photostable version of Clavularia cyan fluorescent protein: structural characterization...

...from muscle cells. They identified a toadfish TnC variant which had a high-affinity for calcium binding and...Methods, the FRET changes of these Twitch sensor variants were optimized by testing various linker configurations...large-scale functional screen in bacteria. Sensor variants were then refined by a secondary screen in rat...“trick” to the development of additional color variants. This resulted in the construction of redCALWY...redCALWY-1, a red-shifted FRET sensor for zinc using variants of mOrange2 and mCherry as donor and acceptor ...

...biosensor tools, we now offer the jGCaMP7c variant in AAV1. This variant exhibits high contrast between its resting...basal fluorescence of the sensor. This “contrast” variant provides improved detection for tracking large ...-WPRE 105322  AAV1 pGP-AAV-syn-FLEX-jGCaMP7c variant 1513-WPRE 111262  AAV1 pAAV-hSynapsin1-axon-GCaMP6s...Name 105322  AAV1  pGP-AAV-syn-FLEX-jGCaMP7c variant 1513-WPRE 105714  AAV8  pAAV-Ef1a-fDIO-GCaMP6s...

... active variant, the phage is not infectious. The editing speed dictates which phage variants can propagate...complete ABE protein. If the phage delivers an active variant of the base editor, a functional gene III product...stringency PACE, resulted in the evolution of TadA variants with much higher base editing activity compared... TadA-7.10 enzyme. After testing numerous TadA variants, they identified TadA-8e, which edits 590-fold...

...technology itself is constantly improving. Cas9 variants have been modified for genome editing, activating...specificity of the Cas9 nuclease with engineered variants: eSpCas9, SpCas9-HF1, & HypaCas9. The off-target...off-target effects” have included using a Cas9 nickase variant, lowering Cas9 expression, and truncating gRNA ...Berkeley recently added their own hyper accurate Cas9 variant (HypaCas9) to the pool of enhanced CRISPR tools...HypaCas9 (SpCas9 N692A/M694A/Q695A/H698A). This new variant displays comparable on-target activity and similar...

...Over 75,000 pathogenic genetic variants have been identified in humans and cataloged in the ClinVar database... potential to correct only a minority of those variants in most cell types. But prime editing, a CRISPR...research, the Liu lab created and evaluated 19 PE1 variants with RT mutations known to increase activity, ...PE2max, PE3max, etc. PE6: Specialized prime editing variants Four years after their initial publication, the...from PE6e-g produced additive improvements. These variants are worth testing if you want to make your prime... Figure 2: Decision tree for selecting a PE6 variant. PE = prime editor; RTT = reverse transcriptase...

...COVID-19 research in other labs. Spike protein, variants, and pseudotyping The SARS-CoV-2 virus depends...cellular receptor. To more easily study the spike variants, scientists have developed ways to pseudotype ... has had many opportunities to evolve. Several variants are now circulating and plasmids containing these...pseudovirus and those encoding different spike protein variants that can be incorporated into pseudoviruses. The...at neutralizing the different SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. You can learn more about their research in this...

...modified ABE7.10 accordingly which resulted in variants named “ABE8.x”: “8” stands for the eighth round...x-d.  This resulted altogether in 40 new ABE8 variants. When comparing on-target DNA editing efficiency...replaced S. pyogenes Cas9 in the ABE complex with PAM-variant Cas9 proteins: the S. pyogenes NG-Cas9 (PAM: NG...PAM: NNGRRT) to create Sa-ABE8.x-m/d. With these variants, ABE8 could target many additional locations in... base editor: ABE8e Read about xCas9, a CRISPR variant with PAM flexibility Resources on Addgene.org ...

...either transcript variant led to robust and specific upregulation of the targeted variants without inducing...activation? To summarize, CRISPRa uses a nuclease-dead variant of Cas9 (dCas9) and engineered combinations of ...inducing expression of the non-targeted variant. Moreover, isoform-specific expression of Bdnf resulted in... between the Bdnf I and Bdnf IV overexpression variants were other immediate-early genes associated with...

...utility of the system for use with low affinity variants of TEV. The new system has been demonstrated to...the evolution platform to generate TEV protease variants. Catalysis by TEV protease allows a transcription...transgene design and delivery. To overcome these variations in human pluripotent stem cells(hPSCs), Lindy...fluorescence protein-based calcium sensors (jYCaMP1), variants of the calcium indicator jGCaMP7, that are optimized...new calcium sensors include syn-jYCaMP1s (slow variant), the Cre-dependent syn-FLEX-jYCaMP1s, and the ...

...shell packages the vector’s genetic material, and variations between serotypes can change how the viral particle... mice in vivo. Though tropism depends on many variables, we suggest these serotypes as a good place to.... Directed evolution of a family of AAV capsid variants enabling potent muscle-directed gene delivery ...D. V., & Karpova, A. Y. (2016). A Designer AAV Variant Permits Efficient Retrograde Access to Projection...An Introduction to AAV Viral Vectors 101: AAV Variables that Matter Viral Vectors 101: Systemic Capsids...

...impractical to catalog every variant of a feature. Instead, we identified common variants, and then crafted a ...threshold. This issue is addressed by adding more variants to the database. Another limitation is that by...augment the database with new fluorescent protein variants. The future of DNA feature identification What...

...pH-insensitive RFP variant, DsRed.T3, that’s connected to a pH-sensitive GFP variant, super ecliptic pHluorin...fixed cells. Find the mitochondria-targeted Keima variant at Addgene! mRFP-GFP-LC3 tandem fluorescent protein...at Addgene! References Klionsky, Daniel J., Ana Maria Cuervo, and Per O. Seglen. "Methods for monitoring...

...the best advice is to try a couple of promising variants to check how they perform under your experimental... a fluorescent protein (fusion) there is huge variation in the fluorescence intensities of individual ... plasmid uptake by cells. To correct for this variation, a reference fluorescent protein that is expressed... from Addgene. Another way to dodge cellular variation observed in mammalian cells is to tag an endogenous...

...uncover new gene variants associated with conditions of interest, then studying those variants in model systems...implicated in disease or, in cases where particular variants or mutations have been reported in people, we .... You could use the kit to insert all of those variants into stem cells with the same genetic background...

...relatively pH-insensitive RFP variant, DsRed.T3 and a pH-sensitive GFP variant, super ecliptic pHluorin (...sequence. Under normal growth conditions, both variants are excluded from the vacuole and emit red and...the cytosol-targeted and mitochondria-targeted variants are available from Addgene. References 1. Rosado...

...within cell populations and over time resulting in variable gene expression that can impact observed phenotypes...overrepresented compared to those further away. As a result, variable gene expression can make data hard to interpret... in the same background resulted in a 20-fold variation of gene expression. Because pSC101 is not representative... complex, stabilized promoters can eliminate variability between the different components. When your pathway...

...Cas protein variants may also be useful for targeting ncRNAs. For example, the Cas12a variant can cleave...genomic elements (Hazan and Bester 2021). Other Cas variants Another option is CRISPR/Cas13, which targets ...specifically edit or degrade targeted lncRNAs. The Cas14 variant is a smaller and more versatile option. It can ...

...expressing variants of Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). The team identified a new YFP variant, mGold. mGold...Birsoy. Find the library here A new SaCas9 ABE variant (microABEI744) has improved on-target editing efficiency...compared to current N-terminal linked SaCas9 ABE variants. It's also one of the smallest AAV-deliverable...