...enough that their bulk can be a barrier at times. Smaller, slimmer affinity reagents can have deeper penetration..., meaning that each scFv can target a different antigen; binding of each can be either simultaneous or...kD but can have weak signals due to their monovalent nature. They are stable up to 80°C and can refold...readily available for a large number of targets, and can require specific conjugates. And, of course, once...often used in clinical applications. Fab fragments can be created in lab in situations where a suitable ...orientation of the two fragments. However, rigidity can be introduced through mutation, allowing diabodies...repeats, have high specificity and binding affinity, can be produced in E. coli, and are both soluble and ...

...for clear information on costs. Can you suggest some coaches? Yes I can. Please note that Addgene does ... many scientists.  Sometimes it can be helpful having a coach that can offer extra support for issues ...Professional Career Coaching can be an excellent tactic for scientists making a career shift or who wish...wish to improve their current job situation. What can a coach do that is different from an adviser, boss...accessible. Sometimes only a few hours of coaching time can make an enormous difference so don’t assume that ...offices, postdoc offices or professional organizations can provide referrals. There are bad coaches out there... a good one that is a style match for your needs can take some research.  It helps to spend some time ...

...that can be done.  Note that each type of transfer requires different equipment. Wet transfers can be done... and can help amplify a weak signal. However, they have high cross-reactivity, vary significantly from...light-insensitive. They can detect femtogram levels of protein. These enzymes cannot be used for multiplexing...? What membrane? What should you block with? It can be so overwhelming that you might just stick with...monoclonal Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies can work well for a western blot. Polyclonal antibodies...batch-to-batch variation. Confirmation of sequence can be done from relatively cheap plasmid sequencing....of different rAbs that target the same protein — can be used to reproduce the benefits of polyclonal antibodies...

...procedure can be used to incorporate each element into the final construct. This strategy can be used to... each other, a third module cannot be placed between them, but rather, can only be added to the 5’ or ...synthetic biology for example, high-throughput cloning can be used to combine the functions of different genetic...reporter constructs. These fluorescent reporters can be used to detect structure and protein localization...sequences, and more. By combining these components, one can generate constructs to visualize cell cycle dynamics...directional, meaning that (in the previous example) one can control whether the third module is added to the ...References Golden Gate Type II restriction enzymes Can assemble up to 10 modules in a single step. Through...

...drugs, the diseases they can treat, and diagnostic advancements. Consultants can help these teams develop...of time can sometimes become cauldrons on the verge of boiling. On other occasions, clients can be excessively...are just examples, and healthcare consulting firms can be involved in many similar activities depending ...shifting goal posts” as a part of a case, consulting can sometimes be challenging. The fast paced nature of...working hours and the unpredictability of schedules can take on employee morale and productivity, and many... any highly collaborative work place, challenges can arise due to conflicting work styles, team situations...abruptly change needs and expectations. Such situations can get stressful and to help manage that, most consulting...

...the line, and can include assays for authentication and contamination) and cell lines can become cross ... The exact number of passages can vary between cells lines, as this can be dependent on the mutation rate...approach, the many mistakes of the past can be prevented and we can progress faster to desired clinical endpoints...retracted and there is a loss of reputation that can impede collaborations, especially with industry. ...test known as Short Tandem Repeat (STR) profiling can be used to ID the cell line. The same test is so ...forensic technique (aka DNA fingerprinting) that can place suspects at the scene of a crime (every human...human in the world has a unique STR profile) and can also be used as a paternity test. The test is accurate...

...into the brain can usually be achieved by a directed brain injection, but some serotypes can cross the blood...-associated viral vectors (AAV), neuroscientists can combine classical genetic tools with the manipulation...defined cell types. Specific transgene expression can be also achieved in nontransgenic animals by using... viral strategies Combining different approaches can increase the specificity of cell targeting even further...further. For example, injecting AAVs at one location can result in expression of an optogenetic payload in...the brain. A more locally defined set of neurons can then be targeted with optical stimuli. The restricted...targeted cell population.  Combinatorial strategies can also be used for retrograde tracing: visualizing ...

...searchable, which can help exclude the data that you are not interested in. You can use the carats in ... with CRISPR, using one of these validated gRNAs can save you the time that would be spent making and ...and testing entirely new gRNA designs. You can now easily find many validated gRNAs in our newly curated...sequence will yield a useful gRNA.  Alternatively, you can select a target sequence which has already been shown...therefore usually transcribe your gRNAs in vitro, you can send us the sequences of your effective gRNAs, and...sequences here. Features of the validated gRNA table You can access the datatable here. Current table columns ....  The data in any column are searchable and you can search by any part of the data. For example, entering...

...what information is necessary and what can be left out, which can be a big challenge!  The resolution Throughout...glimpse into the world of science communication and can use what you've learned to share your science with...over again until you don’t.” As every researcher can attest to, science is nothing if not solving your...navigating conflict. In literary terms, conflict can be defined as (1) the struggle between two opposing... forward - and this drive is so powerful that it can entice an audience to come along on a journey even...or even by introducing a person that the audience can relate to. It doesn’t need to be anything fancy; ... provide enough information so that the audience can understand the conflict. A science-based conflict...

...….I can sense it….sound like a plot to an biology scifi movie? Or maybe it’s a biosensor?! You can do ...molecules What type of small molecules can you monitor with biosensors? You can keep tabs on my personal favorite... ‘sense’ biological compounds and reactions; you can quantify them with biosensors! In this blog we will...research are very sophisticated, but at their core they can all be boiled down pretty simply – they are systems...So now that we know what makes up a biosensor, we can discuss what flavors of sensors exist and are ready-to-use...physics, in this blog we will focus on those which can be applied in cell culture and animal models primarily...magnesium, potassium, and zinc. These ion sensors can be targeted to different cellular locations or tissues...

... protein tag which can be added to either the N or C terminal of a protein and can inducibly facilitate...Protein degradation can be induced by the addition of a small molecule, and protein levels can return to normal... concentration can yield intermediate protein abundance. Finally, some degron tags can do more than just...you can’t predict with absolute certainty how a degron will behave with a new protein, but you can make... Here we will review what advantages degron tags can offer over other protein control methods and compare...addition of an exogenous small molecule). Degron tags can range in size from several kDas up to ~35 kDa and... unlike many other methods. Secondly, these tags can be used to manipulate endogenously and exogenously...

...understanding the scientific process can help us understand how new therapies can be developed and applied. The... it can be tempting to try to plan out a very distinct and certain path, embracing uncertainty can help...for undergrads, or anything else you can think of to ask! You can DM me on Twitter @EleanorWang. I will...too. You can follow her on Twitter @EleanorWang.     References and resources References Canning EA, LaCosse...the first step into the world of academic research can be quite daunting. During my first year of college...continue my scientific endeavors. I hope that this post can provide some perspective and advice to any undergraduate...strange and exciting revelation. Science in any field can generally be applied to improve our lives and solve...

...for recombineering can be found in Thomason et al and Sharan et al (a few strains can also be found at ...Colony PCR can be used to screen for positive clones in most cases, and restriction enzyme digest can be used...biggest limitations is that sequence modifications can only be made at restriction enzyme cut sites. The... lambda red system is an alternative method that can be used for cloning or genome engineering and is ... recombination-mediated genetic engineering.  It can be used to make an assortment of modifications: insertion...a few base pairs.  dsDNA Substrate dsDNA inserts can be made by PCR using primers that amplify the DNA...introduced during PCR. ssDNA Substrate ssDNA substrates can be generated by ordering synthetic oligonucleotides...

...3 you can see how I gated out my lymphocyte population from a tumor sample. Many cell types can be found...used a fluorescent dye that can only enter dead cells, while living cells can protect themselves from it...causes it to scatter (FSC/SSC), the detected photons can be represented through a graph of photocurrent vs... under the curve (A).   While flow cytometry can be used for virtually all kinds of experiments and... processing prior to running my flow analysis, I can however clearly identify my lymphocyte population...The voltage describes an electric potential that can be applied to the photomultiplier inside the cytometer...acquisition voltage (not shown) used in my flow analysis I can spot my lymphocyte population distinct from cellular...

...Pray, 2008). Scientific discoveries in yeast can then can be further studied in other model organisms ...transparent. Thus scientists can easily observe early developmental stages which can be difficult in other vertebrate...set of mutations that made cancer cells more resistant to chemotherapy. You can find these plasmids at Addgene...reproduce as often as every three weeks so scientists can simultaneously observe several generations of mice...organisms is that they are genetically tractable. Mice can be easily manipulated with tools like CRISPR to make...straightforward to manipulate genetically. Scientists can make a new line of flies in only 6 weeks compared...expression is possible in other model systems but can be quite difficult and time consuming. GAL4/UAS was...

...academic researcher at a nonprofit institution, you can order plasmids covering a wide range of fields from...highlighting just a few of the many useful kits you can order from the repository: FX Cloning Kit BIOFAB...information about what these kits contain, how they can be used, and how they’ve been used to date . If you...encoding small leader peptides) downstream of which you can clone your gene of interest. Translation of the standardized...bicistronic design (BCD). The 49 vectors in this kit can be used to drive production of your favorite gene...characterized in Cambray et al., 2013. These terminators can be used to precisely tune your polycistronic E. coli... the epitope tags. Different plasmids in the kit can be used to purify proteins from E. coli, Bacillus...

...Protein can then be purified from the cellular debris. There are several popular DNA vectors that can be used...first be transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA can then be translated at the ribosome into polypeptide...biotechnological, and medical applications. Researches can visualize proteins in vivo by tagging them with fluorescent... structure, interactions and functions. Proteins can also be purified for use in molecular biology research...medicine (e.g. insulin). Proteins, unlike DNA which can be relatively easily synthesized, must be produced...modify your protein of interest. Modified proteins can then be extracted from lysed cells through the use... expression post-transfection. Mammalian systems can express proteins both transiently or through stable...

...panels, as fluorophores that cannot be distinguished using conventional flow can (sometimes) be distinguished...However, emission spectra of certain fluorophores can “spill over” into detectors that are not the primary...the emission spectra of the fluorescent molecules can be quite broad, detectors will usually only pick ...rainbow box” plots are unique to spectral flow and can be thought of as a series of histograms flipped onto...and R4 channels. These unique peaks in the spectra can be used to distinguish these two fluorophores from...markers that needs to be used with spectral flow—you can run a three color panel or a 40 color panel! When...level of fluorescence called autofluorescence (you can see this in your unstained flow controls). Spectral...

...line that can be transfected at high efficiency. Lentiviral transduction Cas9 and gRNA can be present... For CRISPR experiments, the following framework can help get you started: Determine what type of outcome...reporter protein such as GFP? All of these outcomes can be most effectively achieved with different CRISPR...mutations and tags, while a catalytically dead dCas9 can be used in conjunction with activator or repressor...domains to control gene expression. Base editors can help you make precise point mutations near the gRNA...components based on your model system. CRISPR reagents can be delivered via transfection, nucleofection, viral... have identified the best expression system, you can then choose the best method for introducing those...

...experiment can shed light on the mechanism by which cells gain resistance to drugs and can identify future...specific gRNAs can lead to skewed results. Selecting a cell type - Theoretically, any cell type can be used ...Identifying which genes are important for a phenotype can lead to a wealth of additional experiments investigating...sequence within the gRNA is defined by the user, and it can be easily modified to target Cas9 to virtually any...loss-of-function mutation within the target gene. CRISPR can also be used to activate or repress target genes ...genes involved in a particular phenotype. CRISPR can be readily scaled up for genome-wide screening due...-to-use lentiviral preparation from Addgene, you can skip the steps above! Cells are then transduced with...