We narrowed to 859 results for: ELL

...genetic access to cortical cell types. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.002 Hunker, A. C.,...Although all cell types share the same DNA sequence, not all enhancers are functional in every cell. Differential...expression in a cell type-specific manner also makes them useful tools for targeting those specific cell types ...Brain Map portal, and cell science-focused tools at the Allen Institute for Cell Science. There are also...generate highly specific tools to target different cell populations and regions of the brain. This has culminated... end_module_block %}   Using enhancers to target cell populations Enhancers are non-coding sequences of...sequence serving as a functional enhancer in one cell type but not in others. The same mechanism that ...

...untreated cells—but can we be certain? Do we know whether the plasmid delivered into the cells successfully...test plasmid or transfected into a separate well of your cells. Regardless, the amount of reporter protein...amount of DNA transfected into the cells and the ability of the cells to express the protein.   In analysis...because the purified plasmid, cells, and media used in each of the wells are not independent: they were...Gene X in backbone Y) was transfected into human cells. From this result one could simply conclude that...didn’t work, as the expression level of Gene X in cells treated with Plasmid A is similar to the expression...or transfection process) may have on the target cells. One transfection control is an empty vector control...

...it first infects one cell (the “starter cell”). It then replicates within that cell, and nascent RABV cross...the starter cell, RABV was modified to only infect user-defined starter cell types, as well as to only ...dictate infection of target cells through their interactions with target cell surface receptors (Callaway...Callaway 2008). Based on this, cell type specificity of the starter cell can be achieved by using EnvA-pseudotyped...studied biological processes, like how our stem cells are housed in specific locations and give rise to...Tracers Due to their ability to efficiently enter cells and deliver a variety of cargoes, genetically engineered...replicate, and for a virus to cross a synapse from one cell to another, it must replicate. Modified Rabies Virus...

...the producer cells and purification protocols often describe a process that begins with cell lysis to release...producer cells into the supernatant during the production phase. However, this has not been well characterized...particles is able to infect more cells (as demonstrated in different cellular environments such as retina ... steps to separate cell culture supernatant containing exo-AVVs from producer cells, and then to enrich...Exosomal vesicles secreted from producer cells also contain cellular macromolecules (e.g. proteins, nucleic...effectively target less accessible cells, such as brain tumor stromal cells in a mouse model of glioblastoma...Standard AAV vectors are generated with a producer cell line like the widely used 293T. During vector production...

...fluorescence images of C2C12 cells stably expressing pTRE-Tight-MitoTimer and rtTA. The cells were pulsed with 2µg...newly synthesized (green) protein and organelles with older (yellow to orange) protein. Image courtesy of... Robinson et al., Dev Cell 2010 Feb 16;18(2):324-31. Cheeseman et al., J Cell Sci 2013 May 1;126(Pt ... targeted to subcellular regions or protein complexes for proteomic mapping in live cells. Lam et al...neighboring cells in imaging applications and the mapping of neuronal projections to their associated cell bodies...been used by several groups to monitor protein and cell ageing, as the spectrum shift occurs during Timer...(pTRE-Tight-MitoTimer) to show its usefulness in cell culture to report changes in mitochondrial turnover...

... Overview. Cells, 12(5), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12050785 Kanaan, N. M., Sellnow, R. C., Boye... where many different cell types, or even different phenotypes of the same cell type, are intermingled... of the same species. What works well in a mouse may not work as well in a rat or non-human primate. Likewise...postsynaptic cells when used at very high titers (Zingg et al., 2017), which can lead to cells in far away...Therapy: An Overview. Cells, 12(5), 1–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12050785 Murlidharan, G., Samulski...experimental conditions and measurements; (2) the cells you’re targeting; (3) how much expression is needed... capsids, which determine how a virus enters the cell. Different serotypes utilize a number of different...

...activated T cells, precluding analyses of T cell differentiation beginning with naïve T cells. The Framework...screens have been used to interrogate T cells, an important immune cell type, in more complex and physiological...naïve T cells. More broadly, this system can be used to perform in vivo screens in other cell types. A...screens to assess T cell responses and clonal dynamics in lymph nodes (LN) and tumor cells. Figure used with...FITS In vitro CRISPR screens in immune cells have identified many putative regulators of immunity. However...screens cannot faithfully model the complex spatial, cellular, metabolic, and cytokine microenvironment that...Framework for In vivo T cell Screens (FITS) approach (Milling and Markson et al., 2024), developed and deposited...

...molecular level, at the cellular level there is a universal theme - uncontrolled cellular proliferation. We ...cancerous cells Luckily, there are several safety mechanisms in place to protect us from rogue cells when ...process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is one such mechanism. When a cell or its genetic material... directly inhibit the ability of a cell to undergo programmed cell death while simultaneously stimulating...eliminate every cancerous cell. Even so, to pose the greatest threat, cancerous cells still need to successfully...universally-dividing behavior of cancer cells, attacking the cellular machinery necessary for division. This...proteins that, when expressed, normally encourage cell survival, growth and proliferation, while tumor ...

...heterogeneous population of mutant cells, with each cell or set of cells containing a mutation in a different...separately.  Mutant cells are enriched using either drug selection or fluorescence-based cell sorting and screened...mutant cells can be used in drug screens to identify genes that confer drug-resistance. Mutant cells are ...generate lentivirus (B). Cas9-expressing cells or wild-type cells are treated with lentivirus containing...plus Cas9 to generate the mutant cells, respectively (C). Mutant cells are screened (D) and "hits" are ...lead to skewed results. Selecting a cell type - Theoretically, any cell type can be used in a CRISPR screen...requires a massive amount of cells as starting material. Therefore, cell types that are of low abundance...

...unstable, meaning that the cells must continually produce antitoxin to avoid cell death. In the case of plasmids...addiction systems” require dividing cells to retain plasmids - if a cell does not inherit plasmid due to ...will be degraded leaving the cell to be killed by the more stable toxin. Cells only survive if they retain...10% of cells while plasmids containing the plasmid addiction system were retained in 75% of cells. They...consist of a toxin which can affect a variety of cellular processes and an antitoxin that suppresses the...designated this fragment as the ccdB region (for “coupled cell division”). The encoded toxin-antitoxin system consists...cleaved complex. This results in DNA breakage and cell death. Conversely, CcdA binds to and blocks the ...

...Cellular communication and function depend on potential energy. Cellular activities like action potentials...Indicators As previously mentioned, cellular voltage is measured at the cell membrane, and this voltage is ...endocrine cells. It follows that the specific targeting of these voltage indicators needs to be cell type ...electrical events! Voltage indicators are voltmeters for cells! In this blog we will review how these indicators...related to the electrical impulse of the cardiac cells. To study this phenomenon you will likely want to...the voltage change across the membrane of cardiac cells. Similarly, neuronal signaling is carried out by... electrical charges propagated through multiple cells to do things like translate perceived signals to...

...challenging to track intracellularly, but aptamers permit the study of intracellular RNA dynamics. Aptamers...RNA aptamers are used to track cellular processes by transforming cells with plasmids encoding aptamer-tagged... been used to investigate intracellular viral DNA dynamics in neuronal cells (Nilaratanakul et al., 2017...be used to simultaneously target cellular RNA to specific intracellular locations using Cas9 and track ...PMC4244833. Kellenberger, Colleen A., et al. "RNA-based fluorescent biosensors for live cell imaging of...and later introducing the small molecule into the cell. The fluorescence that is generated allows for qualitative...). DFHBI is membrane permeable and non toxic to cells. Because it rapidly photobleaches, DFHBI can only...

... and hexon), as well as other intracellularly-exposed proteins and downstream cellular events, all recruit... AdVs is dependent on modulation of the host cell’s cell cycle; inhibition of the innate immune system... in the producer cells where there is E1 and E3 gene complementation. In target cells that are infected...death of adenoid cells in vitro (Rowe et al., 1953). While overt death of the targeted cells is less likely... & Verma, I. (1998). Cellular immune response to adenoviral vector infected cells does not require de ...infection for efficient cell lysis and release of adenovirus from infected cells. J Virol, 70(4), 2296.... some unprecedented combination of the three (Servellita et al., 2023). Normally when children have acute...

... between living cells by TransitID. Cell, 186(15), 3307–3324.e30. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.044. PMID... efficient prime editors. Cell, 186(18), 3983–4002.e26. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.039. PMID: 37657419...lentivirus and MMLV gag, to specific cell types. It can also make CAR-T cell therapy more accessible by simplifying...Optogenetic proximity labeling and TransitID Tracking cellular history with protein ticker tape Teaching an old...called DIRECTED (Delivery to Intended REcipient Cells Through Envelope Design). This modular approach ...viral surface, expanding the range of targetable cell types. DIRECTED is compatible with fusogens from...process and could even enable the creation of CAR-T cells directly within the body. Overall, DIRECTED can ...

...of proteins, organelles, and cells. Similar to FPs, PA-FPs allow for non-invasive labelling, but in contrast...Tetrameric PA-FPS are better for whole cell imaging and studying organelle trafficking. Monomeric PA-FPs are...localization, turnover, and trafficking, as well as organelle trafficking and dynamics (fission, fusion,...offer scientists a simple yet powerful way to tag cellular proteins and investigate protein localization,...continuously synthesized and degraded within the cell, so at any given time, an FP-chimeric protein may... reported was PA-GFP. PA-GFP was derived from Jellyfish (Aequorea victoria) GFP (wtGFP) by mutating Threonine...Since emission of green light is more phototoxic to cells, most scientists working on in vivo imaging models...

...the caffeine of the cell!)—ATP. There are biosensors for intracellular, extracellular, and even the ADP:... as proxies for a cellular process or directly measure a cellular process. Cellular phenomena such as ... measure real-time cellular reactions to stimuli and as well as changes in cellular dynamics during so-called...type of cells the viral particles infect. This can direct your biosensor to specific tissues or cell (sub...biosensor is the thing that you care about within your cellular or animal system. This ‘thing’ could be a neurotransmitter...blog we will focus on those which can be applied in cell culture and animal models primarily. Fun fact: Almost...These ion sensors can be targeted to different cellular locations or tissues depending on the biology ...

... properties and processes with our own cells. Like human cells, yeast DNA is packaged into chromosomes...differentiation of β-cells in the the developing zebrafish pancreas. They first tagged these cells using plasmids...By Alyssa Cecchetelli and Lukas Morgan Model organisms are vital tools used by researchers around the...recapitulate the complex interactions between cancer cells, therapeutic drugs, and the rest of the body than...than studies in other model organisms or cell culture. For example, Scott Lowe’s lab utilized mice to study...to identify a set of mutations that made cancer cells more resistant to chemotherapy. You can find these...to optimally control gene expression in specific cells of the fly (Pfeiffer et al., 2010). Yeast (Saccharomyces...

...fluorescent in acidic organelles (Figure 1), showing that its acid tolerance is maintained in cells.   GFP is big...proteins to study mRNA trafficking in living cells." Methods in cell biology 85 (2008): 273-292. PubMed PMID...genomic loci in living human cells by an optimized CRISPR/Cas system." Cell 155.7 (2013): 1479-1491. PubMed... fluorescent protein in almost all organisms and cell types, (ii) no need to add a co-factor, (iii) easy...toleration in fusion proteins. Since GFP is such a well-validated, all-round good performing probe, it is...introducing two mutations (F64L, S65T) in the original jellyfish GFP (AvGFP) to create enhanced GFP (EGFP), a variant... the bathing solution and require uptake by the cells. Which of these strategies works best for a specific...

...that it appears “newly synthesized” to the cell. Thus, the cell repairs the DNA using the U-containing strand..., which may lead to cell death rather than NHEJ repair, thus removing these cells from the edited population... starting point, Gaudelli evolved the base editor into 40 new ABE8 variants (Gaudelli et al., 2020). Compared...target modification in primary T cells, making them a promising tool for cell therapy applications. Dual base...editing than ABE7.10 Gaudelli et al., 2020 ABE8e   Efficient editing in primary cells Zhang et al., 2020...., Peraro, L., Young, L., Lee, S.-J., Ciaramella, G., & Gaudelli, N. M. (2023). Improved cytosine base...relatively low frequency, especially in nondividing cells. Scientists everywhere wistfully imagined being ...

...and yeast cells are cost-effective and faster-growing than mammalian cells, but mammalian cells can perform...your cells with your plasmid(s), and then wait 7-14 days (in mammalian cells) to collect the cell culture...production system, cell lines typically used include Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) cells and Chinese Hamster...An antibody that performs well in immunohistochemistry may not perform well in a western blot. This can...recombinant antibodies with some molecular biology and cell culture experience. Let’s go over the basics of ... place in bacterial, yeast, plant, or mammalian cells. Each of these systems has their advantages and ...post-translational modifications that bacterial and most yeast cells cannot. Your choice of production system may depend...