...Foundation, an organization working to advance biological engineering openly so as to benefit all people...with the BioBricks Foundation to distribute the physical DNA samples, for when that's the preferred mode...parts must flow.' People must be able to use genetically encoded functions - the words in our language...operating system for engineering an entire cell. Typically when people use plasmids, they are trying to do...the entirety of a cell. That's a big long-term technical challenge. We have a strategy that organizes how... engineering of the central dogma at the genome scale, it's going to be tricky to tame the rest of a cell...gates collection of parts implements the basic logical functions, which we know and love. Boolean is in...

...the gut side of things, the authors optigenetically and chemically excited a class of enteroendocrine ...behavior, or the animals being monitored were physically hooked up to invasive, cumbersome systems during...and stimulate or manipulate responses through neurological means like electric stimulation, drug administration...and whistles. The fibers are made from a process called thermal drawing, essentially where blocks of polymers... added - the ‘bells and whistles’ – including microscale light emitting diodes, thermal sensors, and microfluidic... previous implementation of optogenetic tools, calcium sensors, and other common neuroscience tools into...programmable microcontroller, NeuroStack coordinates optical stimulation of its associated fibers across multiple...

...higher specificity and reduced technical variability compared to chemical tracers. rAAV2-retro also has...memory, a special type of memory which includes autobiographical events (see Jin & Maren, 2015). Directional...Further, the connections between regions are often reciprocal, forming a neuronal loop which is activated and...pathways in neurons. Anterograde transport is typically used for the trafficking of organelles, such as... with other neuroscience methods such as electrophysiological recordings. The origins of these methods...serotypes, have been found naturally or have been genetically engineered to have differences in their capsid...plasmids at Addgene). The Gradinaru Lab at the California Institute of Technology generated novel AAVs ...

...Miller-Rhodes from the University of Rochester Medical Center.  You’ve probably heard of Forster Resonance...used the method to interrogate the subcellular localization of interactions between basic leucine zipper...it requires can lead to aberrant subcellular localization of the studied PIPs. The straightforward nature...2018), the generation of such resources in less genetically tractable organisms lags behind. BiFC can also...to the N- and C-terminal end of each PIP and empirically test which combination provides the best fluorescent...counterparts using western blotting. The subcellular localization of BiFC constructs should also be compared against...example), as this can also be perturbed by supraphysiological expression levels. BiFC quantification This...

... patients, specifically children and patients with skin disorders for research and clinical trials, as...system thus provides a practical way to generate transgene-free, virus-free clinical grade hiPSCs from easily...22422317. 6. Diecke, S., et al., Recent technological updates and clinical applications of induced pluripotent...Their work opened up vast possibilities for the clinical and therapeutic applications of iPSCs. The generation...SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC [1]. For the derivation of clinical grade hiPSCs, reprogramming methods that do not...therapy trials and remains a safety concern in the clinical field [4]. Three major reprogramming methods are... are considered when generating hiPSCs for clinical purposes: mRNA transfection- this allows transient...

...D) teams at pharma companies carry out preclinical and clinical research to discover and test the best...molecular behaviors of chemicals and proteins to learn how a particular drug or medical device works. This... consulting? Healthcare consultants advise pharmaceutical companies, biotech start-ups, health insurance...efficient ways of delivering healthcare. Clients typically engage consultants as short-term experts to work...different kinds of challenges that consultants get called upon to tackle, depending on the part of the company...acquisitions of or collaborations with other companies. Medical Affairs groups work on building awareness among...among physicians and scientists about clinical research, drugs, the diseases they can treat, and diagnostic...

... tools for all-optical electrophysiology A major challenge in the field of all-optical electrophysiology...response to blue light, which will ultimately co-localize the VP64 transactivator with a dCas9 that has ...expression Brilliant technologies adopt basic biological concepts and employ them in creative and innovative...protein multimerization is seen in many important biological contexts, such as the enhancement of transcriptional... of a transcription factor to a promoter and localization of a protein via the presence of multiple copies...system occurs via antibody-peptide labeling; specifically, cognate peptide epitopes fused to the protein...fluorescent and luminescent siganls and a ratio is calculated (the BRET ratio), which allows for compensation...

...next logical step after technical mastery. However, being a great scientist doesn’t automatically translate...transition While a PhD equips you with exceptional technical skills, transitioning into management often means...stepping into unfamiliar territory. Unlike solving technical problems in the lab, management involves a different...time, I discovered that I not only enjoyed the technical aspects of my work but also found fulfilment in...your team's—can lead to frustration. Clinging to technical tasksDelegation can feel unnatural for those accustomed...myself to focus on my core responsibilities, which typically revolved around the broader vision rather than...insights, lessons from their experiences, and practical advice for overcoming challenges. Experimenting...

...revolves around synthetic humans called replicants which are genetically engineered by a powerful corporation...fused a catalytically impaired Cas9 protein to a DNA-editing enzyme to generate the prototypical base editor...STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES. The Journal...Rallapalli, a graduate student at the University of California, San Diego. The revolution in genetic engineering...technology led to the development of many important medical and agricultural products. But it also made SciFi...break at the target genomic location. This is typically followed by non-homologous end-joining that results...sees the USS Enterprise crew fight against a genetically engineered superhuman Khan. The novel, Inferno...

...intramuscular (IM), intrathecal (IT), and intravenous delivery (IV). In mice, IV injections are typically administered...rather than being geographically constrained to the brain. In cases where it’s critical to minimize or eliminate...crossing into the brain. While helpful from a biological standpoint, it makes delivering AAVs to the brain...throughout the organism to target large or diffuse biological structures. Of primary interest here are systemic...peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Capsids, if you recall, are the outer shell of an AAV vector, which determine...Where do they come from? Systemic capsids are typically derived from AAV9, which is one of a handful of...capsid applications. For example, AAV-PHP.eB is typically administered at a total dose between 1 x 1011 ...

...the nucleus, also called the 4D nucleome. Visualizing specific loci has historically been difficult, as...successfully resolved loci with physical map distances of 2 and 75 Mbp, with the calculated fluorescent distances...to label certain loci, but this approach is not scalable for every locus...unlike CRISPR. Early CRISPR ...Figure 1: CRISPRainbow was used to track the localization of 6 chromosome-specific loci in the U20S cancer... every genomic locus, and to do so in vivo. Catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) cannot induce gene editing... to a given genomic locus, you can track the localization and movement of this locus in live cells! This...distances correlating with the previously established physical map. In comparing pairs of targets ~2 Mbp apart...

...plates and gels, which either don’t scale or have limited scaling. The downside of high-throughput work...Designing precise calculations for any of the numbers in this post is a mathematical story well beyond... Addgene provides large-scale savings. How large? Using Doench’s calculations and the 2018 numbers for...Debate of ’18, Blue Flame depositor John Doench calculated the time to make a plasmid. Doench’s lab in the...time it takes to make a plasmid could increase dramatically if you are piecing together several PCR products...long does it take in total? While much harder to calculate, in both our 2018 and 2023 poll, most people said...much does it cost to make a plasmid? Doench also calculated the cost of consumable reagents used to make ...

... a slightly slower scale.  All living cells with a membrane possess an electrical state. This state, ...potential (Vmem), can be measured as the imbalance of electrical charge between the inside and the outside of ...bioelectricity is revealing the important role of bioelectrical signaling mediated by ion-channels and pumps...affect patterning and in some cases even override genetically encoded patterning. Based upon trends in studies...formation of whole eyes from cell types that don’t typically give rise to eyes (Pai et al., 2011).  Additionally...head and a tail, and when gap junction-mediated electrical communication is briefly inhibited in the entire... two-headed worm, despite the fact that it’s genetically wild type  (Oveido et al., 2010). One of the ...

... brainstorming new technological innovations. Let’s take a look at three historical techniques: southern...computers, cell phones, and cars become more technologically advanced leaving earlier versions obsolete,...that save both time and money. Yet, knowledge of historical techniques comes in handy whether you are perusing...cloning or knockout experiments to forensics and clinical diagnostics. One example of southern blotting ...fragments of a DNA sequence of interest to create a physical map of the DNA. Starting in the 1970s, restriction...keep restriction enzymes on hand for cloning and analytical digests. A researcher can test the orientation...). Sanger sequencing uses modified nucleotides, called dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs), lacking the 3’ hydroxyl...

...Sensitivity in Western Blotting. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 64, 233–237. https://doi....to get right. If you’ve thoughtfully done the technical design of your blot, but are still finding yourself... be done at 4 °C or on ice, whichever is more practical. If your lysing method is not resulting in your...Most people will simply load an extra ladder or technical replicate (ie, leftover sample) to fill the relevant...you may want to consult Tables 1 and 2 in our Technical Design of a Western Blot post to make sure you...transfer. Troubleshooting The two most common (non-technical) issues with transferring are smaller proteins...than just high background, your issue is likely technical. White circles, for example, could indicate that...

...UCIBIO) focused on understanding the physiological and pathological roles of human cell glycans. Accordingly... biosynthetic pathway and have a wide range of clinical manifestations. PMM2-CDG is the most frequent ...reported that PMM2-CDG patients suffer from immunological defects. These are characterized by a predisposition...these lines to study how immune processes and biological pathways are altered in PMM2-CDG. These studies...reducing their risks for infection and other pathological conditions. References: Monticelli, M., Ferro... J., dos Reis Ferreira, V. & Videira, P. A. Immunological aspects of congenital disorders of glycosylation...Biology at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, Colorado, USA. The primary focus...

...notable in recent years. A variant of V-U, paradoxically called V-K, is a CRISPR-associated transposase ... CRISPR-Cas systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 374(1772),...What’s in a type? That which we call CRISPR, by any other name would…probably still edit genomes. Understanding...function and composition; subtypes and variants are typically based on species of origin. There are currently...systems. Type III systems are unique, as they can technically target both RNA and DNA, though it is largely...systems function, a III-E effector was developed, called Cas7-11. Despite being in Class 1, Cas7-11 is a... that other CRISPR types do, due to a lack of canonical CRISPR features (Pinilla-Redondo et al., 2019;...

...signal is in hot and the anatomical B-mode images are in greyscale. (scalebar = 2mm)   We hope you...the tumors was overlaid with the anatomical B-mode images in greyscale.   ARG expression in mammalian...production of air-filled protein nanostructures called gas vesicles, which scatter sound waves and thereby...contrast in E. coli. We deleted an unannotated hypothetical protein, improving expression, and named this...of the mARG plamsids into HEK293T cells using a chemical transfection reagent (e.g. PEI-MAX). Simply cotransfect...images of GV expressing MDA-MB-231 cells (top, scalebar = 10µm) and TEM of GVs purified from MDA-MB-231...cell lysate after 4-days of expression (bottom, scalebar = 0.5µm). (d) Ultrasound imaging of MDA-MB-231...

...said to be representative or the statistical variation is calculated and placed in the legend. Widely ...publication called Scientific Data, which aims to act as a peer-reviewed repository for “scientifically valuable... errors in assumptions, use of inappropriate statistical methods, omission of some data, etc.  The firestorm...months or years before others. In some cases, typically consortia involving genomic screens, the data ...  This means that supporting datasets must be logically annotated and arranged, as in an actual publication...published, this data is usually condensed into a statistically evaluated set of values.  However, to evaluate...likely to improve research. What is published is typically a tiny fraction of what was actually carried out...

...backgrounds with technical expertise that ranges from astronomy to bioethics to chemical engineering and...explore their Local Engagement Playbook for step-by-step guides on how to engage in your local community....societal pressures including economic, cultural, and political. Science policy looks differently depending on... p” policy.  “Big P” policy is what you might typically think of. It occurs in a government setting: drafting...in Congress, or can also happen at the state and local level. The big secret about science policy that ...STPF cohort members came to DC to do either a sabbatical year or transition away from academia as tenured...supplement to your career through engagement with your local or state governments. Most communities have opportunities...