...the surface or the inside of your cells. While proteins themselves can emit intrinsic fluorescence when...amino acids found in all proteins, so you can't distinguish the different proteins from each other. To distinguish...Lastly, there are fixable dye stains that react with free amines on and inside the cells and are thus typically...distinguish different target proteins in your flow analysis, you'll need to use fluorophores that attach...appropriate readout. A common method of labeling proteins is to fuse them with a fluorescent reporter, such... reporter's fluorescence. Another way to label proteins is through treating cells with fluorophore-conjugated...antibody-fluorophores, fluorescent reporters, and/or dye stains used in your flow cytometry experiment are known...

... of Antonello Bonci, Director of the National Institutes of Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIH-NIDA...are numerous variants for the different types of opsins available and their differences and uses have been...discussed thoroughly elsewhere (here and here for instance) [2], [3]. Karl Deisseroth of Stanford University...details about types of constructs available, instructions for obtaining a material transfer agreement,...published at this point.  In brief, some standard opsins (see table above) include Channelrhodopsin2 (Chr2...and subsequent firing of an action potential. Halorhodopsins (HR) are green/yellow-light sensitive chloride...specific opsin expression. However, the types of opsins you are able to use are obviously limited by the...

...and find an ideal antibody against Protein A and an ideal antibody against Protein B. The antibodies are...isotype? Antibodies are composed of light chains and heavy chains made up of variable regions and constant...interact. You read extensive research on the two proteins and come up with a great experimental plan that...detect Protein B and successfully visualize both proteins.     Figure 2: Two primary antibodies ...In most cases, the resulting chimeric antibody retains the binding specificity to the original target ...target and can be used with secondary antibodies against the new Fc region. In addition to increasing multiplexing...     Morelock, M. M., Rothlein, R., Bright, S. M., Robinson, M. K., Graham, E. T., Sabo, J. P., Owens, R.,...

...microbial strains. It proved to be impractical to catalog every variant of a feature. Instead, we identified... days or even weeks. Primer design was done painstakingly by hand. Records of plasmid construction were...their goals as intuitive and painless as possible. Instead of crowding the interface with every possible option... antibiotic resistance markers and replication origins, but there is extensive heterogeneity in the feature...efforts, such an algorithm has limitations. For instance, it could miss a common feature if the sequence... inaccurately. The best example is fluorescent proteins, which often come in closely related versions ... genomes of newly sequenced bacterial or viral strains. We are working on a way for SnapGene users to ...

... generally preferred for large insertions such as fluorescent proteins or selection cassettes. This class...conditional and insertion alleles using long ssDNA donors and CRISPR ribonucleoproteins. Quadros RM, et...Stroik January 24, 2023. DNA damage drives genome instability and contributes to cancer, premature aging, and...sticky or blunt ends and often introduces small insertions and deletions along the way. HDR uses homologous...overhang. This will serve as both a substrate for proteins required for strand invasion and a primer for ...template to create mutations HDR donors can contain insertable sequences or specific mutations, along with homologous...target sequence to be modified. In general, the insertion sites of the modification should be very close...

...transgene.The AAV encoding part A of the transgene contains a promoter and the 5’-fragment of the transgene...donor. The AAV encoding part B of the transgene contains a splice site acceptor followed by the 3’-end ...methods. The AAV encoding part A of the transgene contains the promoter, the 5’ half of the transgene, a ...homology. The AAV encoding part B of the transgene contains the region of homology, a splice acceptor sequence...help prevent the accumulation of such truncated proteins. Examples of use:  Ghosh et al., 2008 used a...directed repairs (HDR) with CRISPR/Cas9. Donor A contains: 400bp homology arms to the site in the genome...stuffer DNA after the gRNA target site. Donor B contains: 400 bp homology arms to donor A,and “part B” ...

...apolitical process for seeking knowledge. The process begins with a testable hypothesis - an educated guess ...scientists then revise their hypotheses and the cycle begins again. No part of this process is inherently political...States government? Politics and science are intrinsically linked: governments exist in reality and science...Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Institutes of Health endanger scientists’ ability to uphold...consequences While frustration and anxiety have inspired people to rally for science, others are concerned... themselves can come to conclusions themselves instead of depending on scientists or politicians to interpret...lines (18). Feeling like an apple will fall up instead of down when dropped will not make it happen. In...

...binding with Rep proteins and mutations in the trs site reduce Rep nicking. Since Rep proteins are important...with the viral rep (replication) and cap (capsid) proteins, which bind to the ITRs and initiate replication... with ITRs that flank the gene cassette, which contains a promoter, the gene of interest, and a polyA ...flip” or “flop” (Figure 2). Additionally, the ITR contains a 4-nucleotide Rep binding element (RBE) that ...resolution site that serves as the target site for Rep proteins (Savvy et al. 2013). Figure 2: AAV2 wild type...type ITR in flip and flop orientation. The ITR contains three palindromic sequences (A-A’, B-B’, and C-C...sequences. Using recombinant-deficient bacterial strains such as NEB Stable, Stbl3, JC8111, SURE2, or XL10...

...Plasmids expressing fluorescent proteins will be used to tag individual strains of bacteria. Their interactions...diabetes mellitus. Recombinant human proteins that play a role in insulin regulation and diabetes will be ...and the activity of the plant compounds on these proteins will be tested. Investigating changes in neuronal...after ischemic brain injury Dr. Gohar Tsakanova, Institute of Molecular Biology of the NationalAcademy of...condition is crucial. Plasmids expressing fluorescent proteins and a new two-photon laser scanning microscope...manipulate neural populations in order to get new insights into functional network interactions. Combining...bacterial strain. The sensor will be transported inside a small 3D printed robot that will “swim” in the...

...Alex Chavez, researcher at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and member of the Addgene... vectors (~8.5 kb of insert) and the reduced titer associated with large inserts can make lentivirus production...particular, the Church lab at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the Zhang and Doench.... For example, we’ve teamed up with the Broad Institute to provide lentiviruses for delivery of SpCas9...already expressing Cas9. As John Doench (Broad Institute and member of the Addgene Advisory Board) says...Doench/Root labs from the Broad Institute for providing us with advice and expertise as we’ve gotten these...

...exists to prevent substances in the blood, like proteins and viruses, from crossing into the brain. While...increase the chances of inducing an immune response against the capsids or transgenes. Sensory neurons and ...as the type of transgene delivered: fluorescent proteins, optogenetic sensors, CRISPR elements, etc... ...capsids express differently in different mouse strains, a phenomenon that we are calling “strain-specific... but is more effective than AAV9 in many other strains, including FVB/NCrl, 129S1/SvImJ, DBA/2J, and C57BL...table from Huang et al, 2019 for affected mouse strains). However, other capsids cross the BBB via interactions...interactions with LY6C1 are effective in both mouse strains. It is therefore important to review the literature...

...If you study proteins, you’re probably quite interested in the canonical 20 amino acids. But in your ... add in fluorescent or chemically reactive side chains, all of which can help determine structure and ...for the ncAA integrated into the cell’s genome, instead of incorporation via plasmid or media. Theoretically... systems – the cells growing and producing the proteins – are not, and many of the existing GCE tools ...recombinant expression of phosphoserine-including proteins in E. coli (Zhu et al., 2022). It uses the TAG...for the phosphoserine and, because it uses ∆serB strains, does not require exogenously added phosphoserine...checking out all of the plasmids and bacterial strains (available at Addgene for GCE work. Plus, keep ...

... a VSV-G envelope expressing plasmid. Envelope proteins determine which types of cells a virus can infect...invariant sgRNA scaffold and cloning sites for inserting the guide sequence (pSpCas9(BB)). The 2A-GFP allows...pCMV-VSV-G was deposited by the Bob Weinberg lab and contains an envelope protein for producing lentiviral and...lentiviral packaging plasmid from the Trono lab contains the rev gene. It’s meant to be used with pMDLg...lentiviral packaging plasmid from the Trono lab that contains the gag and pol genes. It also requires pRSV-Rev...lab is a 3rd generation lentiviral vector that contains a scrambled shRNA. This scrambled shRNA is used... cloning vector. Tet-pLKO-puro - Tet-pLKO-puro contains all the necessary elements for packaging, reverse...

.... Antibody heavy chain proteins as well as the genes that encode those proteins are designated by the ...antibody isotypes. Binding to complement system proteins, which can initiate a cascade that helps attack...their own. The antibody’s heavy-chain constant domains, or Fc region, can be bound by special receptors...location of disulfide bonds, the number of constant domains, and the hinge region length. Now for some essential...minor differences in their heavy chain constant domains. These are typically numbered, i.e. IgG1, IgG2,...IgG3, and IgG4. IgE IgE antibodies help protect against parasites but also play a role in allergies. They... any of the other isotype heavy chain constant domains. This switching helps B cells adapt during the ...

...However, there are instances where traditional base editors are preferred. For instance, if target nucleotides...genome editing technique that mediates targeted insertions, deletions, and all possible base-to-base conversions...pegRNA) that both specifies the target site and contains the desired edit (or edits) engages the prime ...combined with any of the PE2-PE5 strategies. PEmax contains a reverse transcriptase with a sequence optimized...strategies to evolve more effective prime editor proteins, but found that the mutations that emerged depended... PE6a and PE6b are small prime editors with RT domains derived from the E. coli Ec48 retron RT and the... ✓ ✓ ✓ Evolved reverse transcriptase domains Smaller size and/or improved efficiency   ...

...Some bacteria possess plasmid-borne toxins like colicins and subtilisins to kill other bacteria in the area...microbial defense Genes allowing bacteria to survive toxins are the clearest example of a plasmid benefiting...Conveniently, plasmids carrying genes for bacterial toxins like colicin typically also carry the necessary... the host immune system, and those that produce toxins that cause disease. While these plasmids can be...DNA and other molecules to host organisms. For instance, vectors derived from the Agrobacterium Ti virulence... resistance to that toxin, CcdA. Knowing which strains of E. coli contain this F plasmid is critical for...about some other common plasmid features, such as origins of replication and promoters, check out our other...

...markers. Need fewer components? A spacer can be inserted instead, allowing everything to stay in the correct...spontaneous insertion)   Drosophilia Plasmid pRDB_053 (for transgenic flies; gypsy insulator sequences... the right CRISPR vectors on Addgene and found instead ones that were… pretty close, or at least close...approach, it’s easy to switch out reporters, Cas proteins, guide cassettes, promoters, N’ and/or C’ terminus...various delivery methods, along with compatible inserts. All destination vectors contain an ampicillin ...also why you can’t skip a module entirely, but instead will have to replace it with a spacer.) Each component...expression) Mammalian Plasmid pRDA_791 (contains only orio and ampR) Drosophilia Plasmid...

...difluoride (PVDF) membrane, which is sturdier and retains the blotted protein better than a nitrocellulose...methods. If you are planning to detect multiple proteins through several rounds of stripping and reprobing...membranes recommend re-wetting with methanol before rinsing with wash buffer, as dry PVDF won’t evenly re-absorb... buffer. Be sure to check the manufacturer’s instructions for the membrane you are using. Dry nitrocellulose...20. Once your solution is made, you’ll want to: Rinse the membrane in water or fresh buffer. Cover the...bad!), so be sure to use it under a fume hood. Rinse the membrane in water or fresh buffer. Cover the...imaging step to check if any secondary antibody remains, whether that involves adding fresh chemiluminescent...

...each mutated allele.  Cre-lox expressing strains Cre-lox strains are a common example of mice that are derived... Crossing mice to generate a desired phenotype Instead, genetic engineering should be used to separately...independently into different mice, and then these strains should be crossed to generate double-mutant offspring...experiments. You should also maintain your parental strains throughout this process. In the F1 and later generations...genetically engineered mice with a single mutation or strains that have been crossed, there are many considerations...gene randomly into their genome, some transgenic strains are difficult to breed. Some problems with transgenic...expression level of the transgene. In existing strains of mice, the transgene can be maintained on a hemizygous...

...and identified interactions of these proteins with human proteins. Their deposited plasmids expressed ...over 75 countries. Figure 1: SARS-CoV-2 proteins and other components. Image from Maya Kostman ...infection and how to interfere with it in a BSL-2 lab instead of a BSL-3 lab. Jesse Bloom’s lab published a protocol...receptor for SARS-CoV. The lab also found that cathepsins play a role in SARS-CoV infection and deposited...Biering et al., 2021). In their search, they found mucins have an important role in viral entry, which are...viral infection.  Expression of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins In the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, the...expressed 26 of the 29 SARS-CoV-2 proteins which all but one are cloned into pLVX vectors (for lentiviral packaging...